J.0
THE MOSNING OBEGONIAV -THURSDAY, JANUARY 11, 1900.
SHAKESPEARE'S LAST GREAT TRAGEDY
(Copyright, 1899,
THE OREGONIAN'S HOME STUDY CIRCLE:
POPULAR STUDIES
IN SHAKESPEARE.
Contributors to this course: Dr. Edward Dow
den. Dr. WllHwn J. Koife. Dr. Hamilton TV.
Mabte, Dr. Albert S. Cook, Dr. Hiram Corson,
Dr. Isaac X. Dommon, Dr. Vlda D. Scudder
and otners.
30 CORIOLAXCS.
The Date of Composition.
There Is no external evidence as to the
date of "Coriolanus," but we know from
the proportion of light endings and from
the characteristics of diction and style
that It is one of Shakespeare's later plays.
It is evidently one of that group of trage
dies in Which the dramatist Went deeper
than ever did plummet sound into the hu-
roan heart. Coriolanus the man, is a
companion of Hamlet, -Macbetn, utneuo -
and Antony. Commentators are warranted
in placing this play next to "Antony and
C eopatra." by reason of the Roman back-
ground ana its general cnaractensucs. n
s the last of the creat trasredles. for "Ti
rnon.of Athens." although of later date,
does' not deserve to rank with the high
est. "We may then say with Dowden that
the date of the play is 109S, or perhaps a
little later.
Haslitt's MiKtalce As to the Piny.
Xowell said of Chaucer that whenever
he found anything addressed to Geoffrey
Chaucer lie took It and made the most of
It. Shakespeare must have found a great
many things addressed to him in North's
translation of "Plutarch's Lives" (pub
lished -in 1579). for out of it he got the ma
terial for "Julius Cnesar," "Antony and
Cleopatra," "Tlmon of Athens" and "Cor
iolanus." He was not at all careful about
adopting the scenes and incidents; some
times he even used the very language of
Plutarch. It would be a profitable task
for a student of "Coriolanus" to take
down his North's Plutarch and compare
it with the play. He would be struck by
the decided similarity of the two, and if
he has fine ears and what De Qulncey
cal's an understanding heart, he would
have a valuable lesson in distinguishing
between the dramatist and the historian,
between themyrmd-mindedness of Shakes
peare and the limited range of Plutarch.
Source of the Plot.
Hazlitt, who was at times a discrim
inating critic of Shakespeare, was very
wide of the mark when he said, with
his characteristically revolutionary spirit:
"The whole dramatic moral of 'Corio
lanus' is that those who have little shall
have less, and that those who have much
shall take all that others have left. The
people are poor, therefore they ought to
be starved. They are slaves, therefore
they ought to be beaten. They work3iard,
throfore they ought to be treated like
beasts of burden." When Hazlitt wrote
this he must have had in mind the tragedy
of the French revolution, of which he was
one of the belated prophets. He might
have come from a meeting at Godwin's or
a conversation with Shelley. Such per
sonal criticism Is of a kind with Col
eridge's criticism of Hamlet. It Is too
much after the order of early German
criticism that sought to reduce all of
Shakespeare's plays to certain moral
truths that the dramatist tried to Incul
cate. There are many striding things said in
this play about the mobs, just as there
are In "Julius Caesar.- But I doubt if
Shakespeare himself understood fully the
nature of the struggle between the ple
beians and the patricians. He certainly
does not make as clear in the play as one
might expect, the issue between them,
which shows that Shakespeare did not
care much himself for local coloring and
evidently did not wish to teach certain
facts about the plebeians. It is always
dangerous to say that Shakespeare teach
es anything; certainly he does not identify
himself with Coriolanus in this play. He
'looks at him from the same absolute
standpoint from Tvhich he views the pop
ulace. The Character of Coriolanus.
No, In this play we do not have a study
of political parties in Rome; the "study,"
if we may use that term in an undldac
.tic sense, Is Coriolanus himself. It is his
figure that dominates every scene in the
play. He is a character of heroic propor
tions. The oftener one reads the play the
more he feels that here is one of Shakes
peare's most Imposing characters. He Is
a man of power and in e. cry way is the
protagonist of the drama. Hamlet is not
more essential to the play that bears his
r.ame than is Coriolanus to "Coriolanus."
One may not admire him in many ways,
and no one is drawn to him as a friend,
but there is something about him that is
gigantic and wonderful. He is a charac
ter of the early Roman world not weak
ened as Caesar was by personal infirmi
ties, or' as Antony was by love and lust.
or as Brutus by an inability to cope with
practical affairs. Coriolanus is a tower of
strength. His body is of gigantic propor
tions; he can fight against an entire army
when once within the walls of the en
emy; his voice is thunderlike, so that his
enemies shake as if the world were fever
ous and did breathe. One knows the sound
of Marcius' tongue from every meaner
man. His will is imperious to Tram, to
threaten and to command.
He carries about with him the badge of
his strength even when disguised as a
peasant. The servants of Aufidius recog
nize him as no common man. "My mind
gave me his clothes and made a false re
port of him." ""What an arm he has: He
turned me about with his finger and his
thumb as one would set a top." "I knew
by his face that there was something ;n
him. He Is simply the rarest man In the
-world." "Whether talking with the mob,
fighting battles or speaking to his soldiers,
he is always the same heroic figure:
"He Is their god; he leads them like a thing
Hade by some other deity than nature,
That shapes man better."
One thinks of him In connection with
Swift, whose fall, to Quote the wcrds or
Thackeray, was like that of an empire.
"He wants nothing of a god but eternitj
and a heaven to throne in."
The Contral Point in the Tragedy.
Now, in what does the tragedy consist?
In "Hamlet" there is a passage that might
bo taken as the keynote to many of Shake
speare's tragedies (L, 4):
"So oft It chances In particular men
That for some vicious mole of nature in them
Shall in the general censure take corruption
From that particular fault; the dram of eale
Doth all the noble substance of a doubt
To his own scandal."
I know there has been a decided reaction
in recent years against the tendency to
treat Shakespeare's tragedies from an al
together subjective standpoint. Especially
is this true of "Hamlet" and "Bnmon ti
Ju.l-t." TVe are believ'ng more and more
that the tragedy consists In the one case
In the conflict between Hamlet and his
cnvironmr.t, and in the other play to view
Romeo and Juliet as "star-crossed lovers"
whose happiness is blasted by the fury of
their two houses. And yet there is some
thing else in the old criticism, too; some
how, Hamlet can't adjust himself to cir
cumstances; with a greater will, a saner
judgment and a more fixed faith he could
do otherwise. After all there i3 "the dram
cf calc" m his nature when viewed from
the absolute standpoint (and that is Shake
speare's standpoint, for he was indeed one
of God's spies, and, as Hered th suggests
the recording angel himself might have
taken his pen).
The tragedy in "Coriolanus" arises from
the "dram of eale" In Coriolanus nature.
Shakespeare does not express hi1? cwa
views throve Cr-riclamis as Hazlit:
thought. TtT'th all his power and mt.ni
magnificent qualities of mind, he stnnds
p it man were author of himself and had I
by Seymour Eaton.)
DIRECTED BY PROF. SEYMOUR EATON
no kin. He lacks the touch of nature that
makes the whole world kin that sym
pathy that so charms us In Brutus. Cor'o
lanus has much, undoubtedly, to vex htm
one almost sympathizes with him as he
thinks of the world into which he Is
thrown, a world that will but aggravate
his faults. The fickle populace that had
once hailed him as the savior of his coun
try and now curses him; the avaricious
army that in the war against the Volsclan
seeks to plunder before the battle is over;
above all. that brace- of demogagues, th.
triounes these are enougn to can rorta
into greater prominence nis natural cynic
ism and misanthropy. Hamlet finds the
world out of joint the very worst Dosslble
world for him Romeo and Juliet, with
their intensely passionate natures, come
face to face with a cold, conventional
"Wfirlfl jinrl fnrtnlnmic ymist h lirmip-Vit In
! pnnfn,f with th onmmnn nonnlo whnm nn
, ioathes and the tribunes whom he detests,
The tragedy Is due partiy to tnls etubborn
, conflict between the people and himself,
DUt more especlally to the inner nature of
tne her0- In act 2, scene 2 the officers
discuss Coriolanus In a very interesting
j wayt ana from the property point of view
One or tnem says that there have been
many great men that have flattered the
tfu Ik .
Facsimiles cf the mark-signatures used by Shak espeare's parents In the year 1570, when they
executed a deed con eying their Interests In two houeea In Snitterfleld.
people, who ne'er loved them, thus the
Indifference and scorn or Marclus. The
other answers, with rarer wisdom and in
sight: "He seeks their hate with greater
devotion than they can render it him, and
leaves nothing undone that may fully dis
cover him their opposite. Now to seem to
affect the malice and displeasure of the
people Is as bad as that which he dislikes,
to flattter them for their love." Corio
lanus has the contempt for the fickleness
of the mob that all thinking people have,
but he is apt to consider that all people
who are not patricians are beneath his
notice and worthy of contumely. Mene
nlus has no use for them either, but he
laughs and jests with them in his hearty
good humor. "Volumnia treats them with
cold indifference: but Coriolanus loses his
dignity in his blind rage against them.
For once he Is like a child, he who is gen
erallya giant Onewonders if the same man
can be at once so powerful and eo weak.
To this pride and passionate hatred of the
people he sacrifices the happiness of his
family and the prosperity of his country,
and finally is willing to lead an army
against the walls of Rome. It is this
weakness, this "rift within the lute," that
causes the tragedy of the play "the fail
ure of a great soul to recognize the bonds
that bind him to other men."
An Important Scene.
There are few more impressive scenes
In Shakespeare than act 5, scene 3, of
"Coriolanus." Coriolanus has with Au
fidius led the Volsclan army into the very
gates of Rome. Comlnlus has pleaded
with Coriolanus, only to be dismissed with
"his speechless hand," and then Menen
ius, his most faithful friend, has con
jured him to pardon Rome and his peti
tionary countrymen, but is told that he
speaks to no purpose.
At last Virgllia and Volumnia and the
little son of Coriolanus come to his tent.
Coriolanus, with hatred toward the popu
lace still In his soul, and with the desire
for revenge burning within him, says, as
he sees them coming:
"But, out. affection!
All bond and prlllege of nature, break!"
He cannot but feel the ties of the old
love and kneels before them. Then begins
the dialogue between Volumnia andCorio
lanus, the former rising to the height of
motherly love and the most ardent patri
otism (she Is Indeed the noblest Roman
of them all), the latter strongly maintain
ing his point for a while, only to give
way before the final appeals of his mother
(11, 94-125, 131-182).
"Thou shalt no sooner
March to assault thy country than to tread
Trust to It, thou shalt not on thy mother's
womb,
That brought thee to thla world.
Come, let us go;
This fellow had a Volsclan to his mother;
His -wife Is In Coriolo, and his child
Like him by chance, et give us our dispatch;
I am husVd until our city be afire.,
And then I'll speak a little."
He cannot stand in the face of that, and
arranges a peace between the two nations,
only to meet his fate at the hands of the
treacherous Aufidius. He is grand In
death, "the most noble corse that ever
neraia aia iouow to nis urn." it Is a
pity that one cannot hear along with the
dead march a eulogy by one nobler than
Aufidius such a one as Antony pro
nounced upon Brutus or Horatio upon
Hamlet.
Trinity college.
Remedy for the Locust Plague.
Chambers' Journal.
The plan consists In catching and
smearing a few of the locusts with "lo
cust fungus," a preparation which Is cul
tivated in the bacteriological institute at
Grahamstown. Cape Colony. The Insects
are then aliened to return to the swarm,
which they Infect with what Is, presum
ably, a fatal disease. The same prepara
tion applied on damp soil in places where
It is known locusts will swarm leads to
their complete destruction. Twenty
swarnv are said to have been destroyed
in this manner. Although this statement
1 open to tloubt. it may be remembered
that a celebrated bacterlolcgist once pro
posed to deal with, the rabbit pest in Aus
tralia, Jn much the same way. Jt is quite J
possible lhaf a similar remedy toight be
found for the malarial mosquito, for it
is only by such means that Its extirpation
could be brought about.
AN UNFORTUNATE ATTITUDE
German Views of Seizures Do Not
Throw Much. Uglit on the Question. s
Chicago Tinges-Herald.
"While official Germany appears to be'
acting with the same diplomatic prompt
ness and firmness that distinguishes our
state department in its treatment of Brit
ish seizure of German vessels on the east
coast of Africa, the German press seems
to have lost its head over the subject of
search and seizure of vessels suspected of
or actually carrying articles of contra-
band of war. The reason for this apparent
, lack of knowledge as to the right of search
as a belligerent right in German Journals
is undoubtedly due to the fact that It Is
only very recently that Germany has be-
i come a factor In the maritime affairs of
j the world.
I German experience of belligerent rights
Viae tian nn-nAjt nimt A.-i.Ai. . i.4
I Mt r.ll ,. loin v.;i n.,.. ,..,u
of a navy to figure in the statistics of the
world, and her maritime interests were so
. inconsiderable as to justify her neglect of
. that branch of the service to which she is
now devoting so much attention.
' In 1880. when the annroxlmate shinnlntr
of the world was over 4,000,000 tons, 'Ger-
many was credited with only 150.000 tons.
By 1842 this had risen to 550,000 tons out
of 9,380,000 tons, but Germany was still
outranked by the United Kingdom, the
United States, the British colonies, France
and Norway.
Only within the last 10 years has the
German merchant marine risen to be the
third greatest in the world. Trie latest
figures from Llody's Register of British
and Foreign Shipping, 1899-1900, are as fol
lows: Tons.
Britten 13,088,008
United States 2.405.387
German 2,453,334
Norwegian '. 1,604,230
As the total for the world is 27,673,528, it
will be perceived that Germany and tho
United States run about one-eleventh each
and the British empire a half.
But the law of belligerent and neutral
rights on the sea had been fought out by
the fleets and in the courts of Great Brit
ain, France and the United States before
Germany was in a position to take a hand
In their settlement. The United States
supreme court has held that:
By the modern law of nations, provisions were
not generally contraband, but they might ber
come so on account of the particular situation
of the war, or en account of their destination.
If destined for the ordinary use of life In the
enemy's country they were not contraband, but
It was otherwise If destined for the army or
navy of the enemy, or for his porta of military
or naval equipment.
It is also a rule of American courts that
contraband articles are of an Infectious
nature, and contaminate the whole cargo
belonging to the same owners. Each case
rests on its attendant circumstances, and
it has been held that false destination and
false papers prejudice the case of a ves
sel carrying contraband of war.
It is now reported that the captured
German steamer Bundesrath had on board
uve oig guns, 50 tons of shells and 180
trained artillerymen. If this should prove
true the German government will have to
abandon her to her fate. The fact that she
was an "imperial mail steamer," Instead
cf protecting the Bundesrath, will only
aggravate her offense if she was carrying
contraband articles. The rule of our su
preme court on this point Is:
That the master of a merchant vessel having
a government mall In his charge Is bound by
that circumstance to strict performance of neu
tral duties and to special respect for belligerent
rights.
This is a wholesome view, and it Is one
which the United States Is fully as in
terested In maintaining as Great Britain
or any other first-class maritime power.
Touching the right of search, our su
preme court holds:
The right of search is not a right wantonly to
vex and harass neutral commerce or to indulge
in the Idle and mischievous curiosity of looking
into neutral trade or the assumption of a right
to control it. It is a right growing out of and
auxiliary to the right of capture, and can neer
exist except as a means to that end.
Our state department has held that a
belligerent nation may visit neutral ves
sels "for the purpose of seizing merchan
dise either belonging to he"r enemy or
considered as contraband destined fof hen
enemy, and soldiers or other combatants
In the service of the enemy."
It follows that If such things are found
on board a searched vessel her seizure Is
justified. If they are not found a seizure
would not be justified, and the nation to
which the seized vessel belongs would be
entitled to redress.
As to the seizure of German vessels and
American provisions by British cruisers
in the neighborhood of Delagoa bay, its
character will be ascertained by an inves
tigation of the facts in response to the
protests cf the German and American gov
ernments. If the cargoes or any part of
them were destined for use of the Boers
the British confiscation will be justified.
"What is called the usus belllcl will deter
mine the contraband character of the car
goes. '
Just as we declared coal contraband
during our war, Great Britain can regard
all manner of provisions destined for the
Transvaal as establishing Its contraband
character. ,
The amazing thing is that the German
press should be ignorant of these well-settled
principles of International law. It
will not affect tho law or the facts, But It
will help the emperor to realize his dream
of a mighty German navy.
a p '
The product of tho potato farms in De
troit in 1899 was 10.430 bushels, produced
at a cost of about 8 cents per bushel.
A
METHODS OP THE TRANSVAAIi OH
GARCHY EXPLAINED AT LENGTH.
Krusrer--an 'Autocrat, rmd, if Evidence
..Can Be Believed, Corrupt as
"Well as Stubborn.
First In lS84paul Kruger was In Lon
don, He was so poor mat he could not
pay his hotel bill, and it was paid for him
"by a generous Englishman. He then ex
pressly and publicly Invited Englishmen
and Americans to settle in the Transvaal
and to conduct mining there, writes
Thomas G. Shearman, In the New York
,Tlmes.
Second Mr. Kruger afterward sold one
of his own farms fo Englishmen for $500,
000, paid in gold. His friends and neighbors
sold other farms at even greater prices,
receiving altogether fiom foreign settlerS
(principally English, although including a
considerable number of German, French
'men and Americans) many millions of dol
lars. Third These foreign settlers produce
every dollar's worth of wealth which can
be exported from the Transvaal, and every
dollar In excess of what will suffice for a
very bare and dirty existence to the old
residents. Every dollar of the wealth now
possessed by Mr. Kruger, his sons-in-law,
his officials, and, Indeed, any part of the
Transvaal population, has been produced
by these settlers.
Fourth The taxes levied annually in
the Transvaal have exceeded $20,000,000.
Nine-tenths of this amount have been col
lected from the foreign settlers, whom Ml.
Kruger invited into the country.
Fifth No appreciable part of these taxes
is expended for the benefit of the foreign
settlers. If this sum were equally divided
among all the Boers It would furnish an
annual income of about $2000 for each fam
ily, which would pay three times over all
their living expenses.
Sixth No such equal division Is made,
but half these taxes has been spent in
making preparay,on for war( and the other
half devoted to the payment of enormous
salaries to and Jobs for Mr. Kruger, his
sons-in-law, friends and political support
ers. Mr. Kruger himself has avowedly
received $35,000 a year salary, while on re
peated occasions sums of $15,000 and $2o,C00,
have been paid out of taxes for his direct
and exclusive benefit, as appears by the
public records. How much more has been
spent 'without public record can only be
guessed. His son-in-law and private secre
tary possesses, so says Mr. Hillegas, a
single house costing ?:50,000, and rolls In
wealth besides, as he must to support such
a house.
Tranovanl Bribery.
Seventh The official records in a Trans
vaal lawsuit, arising upon a quarrel be
tween two sets of Boer plunderers, show
that every Boer official worth bribing, in
cluding, Kruger's ,son-in-law, received
bribes from a Boer railroad company,
Tho amount of each bribe was set forth in
a bill of particulars filed in open court.
Not one of these men ever denied the re
ceipt of these bribes.
Eighth The foreign settlers, exclusive
ly, built Johannesburg, a fine town, wth
(formerly) 50,000 Inhabitants. They were
not merely denied any right to govern
that city; they were denied any munici
pal government whatever. This is
proved not only by the explicit statements
of Mr. Hillegas, the American represen
tative of the Boers, but also by a proc
lamation of Paul Krugr himself, dated In
January, 1S9G, a copy of which I have. Mr.
Hillegas states that not $5 could be ex
pended In repairing a road or a bridge
without first receiving express authority
from Pretoria.
Ninth As a consequence of this total
lack of good government, the death rate
in Johannesburg has been constantly
three or four times as great as even in
our own badly governed u:ty of New Fork.
There Is no use In comparing It with ordi
nary mining camps, because Johannesburg
is a fine city, built by intelligent and ed
ucated men.
Tenth The foreign settlers In the Trans
vaal were denied the right to bear any
'arms, while every male Boer, from 10
years old upward, is heavily armed and
drilled, at the expense of the foreigners.
Eleventh By a press law, passed for the
avowed object of crushing the foreign set
tlers, all newspapers were placed at the
mercy of President Kruger, who can sup
press them at his pleasure.
Twelfth By another law, passed for the
same purpose, all meetings of more than
seven persons in the open air are absolute
ly prohibited, while all other meetings can
be dissolved in an Instant, at the discretion
of any pblfceman.
Thirteenth Another law was passed, ab
solutely prohibiting the presentation by any
foreigner or even so much as a petition
for redress.
Fourteenth When Mr. Kruger invited
foreigners to settle in the Transvaal, full
naturalization could be obtained within
two years. After foreigners had accept
ed his invitation, he repealed all natural
ization laws absolutely. Then, under
pressure, he restored the laws, but made
the term 14 years; but any foreigner de
siring naturalization must renounce all
protection, even from his own government
or the Boer government, for 14 years, dur
ing which time he would be a citizen of no
countrv whatever, and have no rierhts
which any Boer' would be bound' tO'respect.
During these 14 years he must be ready to
serve in the Boer army on 12 hours' no
tice, and he would be frequently called up
on to serve, without pay, clothing, or even
food, which he must provide for himself.
At the end of these 14 years of degrading
humiliation he would not be allowed to
vote for any office worth voting for un
less his humble petition was approved
by two-thirds of his district and finally
by Mr. Kruger himself. Neither would
he be allowed to vote, even then, unless
he were 40 years of age.
Fifteenth "While nearly two-thirds of
all persons residing in the Transvaal spoke
only the English language, and less than
one-third either spoke or could under
stand the barbarous Boer Dutch, the Boers
insisted that all English-speaking children
must take their education exclusively in
Dutch.
Sixteenth President Kruger resisted the
Introduction of railroads for years in or
der to compel the miners to hire his pri
vate ox teams at enormous prices. When
finally he did permit railways to be built,
he granted the privilege exclusively to
persons who would agree to give to his
relatives a big share of the profits. He
granted monopolies of several Indispens
able articles of supply to the mines, with
the result of doubling the price at which
they could otherwise have been obtained.
A Rotten Government.
Seventeenth The whole Transvaal gov
ernment was corrupt and rotten from top
to bottom. No business could be done
with them without bribing the president's
sons-in-law and hangers-on.
Eighteenth Having remonstrated
against these things for many years In
vain, and having received frequent prom
ises of reform, which were never kept and
were never meant to be, a number of for
eign residents, including more Americans,
in proportion to their total number, than
of any other nationality, conspired to
gether to compel these reforms to be
granted by force of arms. They collected
rifles", gunpowder, etc., but never made
any use of theni, and never committed
any over act. Their offenses were such
as could not have been punished in the
United States by more than a short term
of Imprisonment or fines not exceeding
$1000. They neither planned nor desired
to beeome a British colony.
Nineteenth The conspiracy being dis
covered before the conspirators carried It
out, CO of them, including six Americans,
wore arrested, cast Into an Indlscrlbably
filthy jail, andjnformed that unless they
pleaded guilty they would all be hanged,
but that- if they did plead guilty they
would be let off with fines.
Twentieth Being brought into court, i
they were charged with an offense which,
by the express statute law of Boerdom,
was punishable with nothing more than
a short term of Imprisonment. Being as
sured by the Boer prosecuting officers that
they would receive no greater sentence
than this.' and would be allowed to es
cape with fines If they pleaded guilty,
they did so plead; although, as to many
of them, the off ensa could never have been
legally proven.
Twenty-flrst No judge then on the
bench beipg quite unscrupulous enough to
serve Mr. Kruger's turn, he Imported an
utterly unscrupulous judge, named Gregor
owskt. This judge publicly stated that he
came for the express purpose of making It
hot for the Outlanders. After the prison
ers had all pleaded guilty, this judge an
nounced that, as to the four leaders, he
should not sentence them under the stat
ute law, but would resort to the unwrit
ten law of the Transvaal, which pre
scribed death for such an offense. Ac
cordingly, he sentenced these four (one of
whom was a distinguished American, and
probably the ablest mdnlng engineer in the
world) to death, and all the others to vari
ous terms of Imprisonment and heavy
fines.
Twenty-second Even the Dutch settlers
of South Africa being horrified at this
sentence, and pouring by hundreds into
Pretoria to remonstrate against It, Mr.
Kruger graciously took the matter Into
consideration, but announced that his re
ligious scruple3 forbade that he should
commute the death sentences into fines,
because such fines would be "the price of
blood," and his Teverence for his dear
Lord Jesus forbade that he should be less
scrupulous than the priests of Jerusalem.
Twenty-third The pious Boers therefore
informed the prisoners that they could not
be released on the payment of any fines,
but that If the prisoners would, of their
own accord, offer to subscribe for char
ities" sums varying from $25,000 to $100,
000 each for the leading men. and not less
than $10,000 for anybody, the merciful
president might be induced to pardon them
without any fines or Imprisonment.
Twenty-fourth Both the British and the
American governments being at that time
too chicken-hearted to Intervene In .'liese
proceedings, this offer had to be accepted.
The American citizens all made heavy
contributions to "charity," John Hays
Hammond paying $100,000. No such pen
alties were ever exacted In the whole his
tory of the United States, nor durirg the
last century in any other civilized coun
try. Charities for Kruprer.
Twenty-fifth These "charitable con
tributlons," amounting to about ?1,000,COD
in all, were duly paid over to His High
ness Kruger or his son-in-law. It is
needless to say that the "charities" have
never turned up, although four years
have now elapsed since the $1,000,000 was
safely deposited under the control of the
pious Paul Kruger.
Twenty-sixth Both the British and the
American governments meekly submitted
to these outrages upon their citizens; more
shame for 'them. .both; no wonder that
Kruger described both Englishmen, Irish
men and Americans as "dogs who, if
they were good, would lick his boots."
The advocates of the Boers in this coun
try assert that these acts have occurred
only since the Jameson raid of December,
1895. In this there is not one word of
truth, except, of course, as to the trial
and sentences of the Outlanders. All the
other acts of oppress on above narrated,
and many, many more, were committed
and persisted in before the Jameson raid
occurred or was ever thought of. In fact,
the condition of tho Outlanders has been
distinctly better since the Jameson raid
occurred. Although the raiders were de
feated and captured, Mr. Kruger was
not thereafter quite so confident that the
Outlanders would never fight as he had
been before. After that raid, and not be
fore, he permitted Johannesburg to have
some kind of local government, insisting,
of course, that this government should be
absolutely under the control of his own
creatures. Still, it was much better to
have a local government, of his domina
tion than none at all. '
SPREADING IN GERMANY.
Christian Science Acquiring n Great
Vogue in Europe.
Concord Monitor.
Concord has recently had two visitors
who came here upon an unusual and
unique errand. " These visitors were Frau
Bertha Gunther-Peterson and Frauleln
Ida Schoen, of Hanover, Germany, wno
crossed the ualer to pay their respects
to an eminent citizen of Concord, Mary
Baker Eddy, and to present her with a
beautiful and valuable copy of the Ger
man Bible, the gift' of the Christian
Scientists of Germany.
Frau Peterson, who is tho leader of
Christian Science work in Hanover,
Germany, is the daughter of a celebrated
physician, and Is a woman of great in
tellectuality and marked ability. Through
the healing of a friend who had come to
America, she was led to send for a copy
of the Christian Science text book,
"Science and Health with Key to the
Scriptures," of which Mrs. Eddy is the
author. From her study of this treatise
on the sceince of life, she was herself
healed of severe maladies and restored
to perfect health. She then visited Amer
ica and took a thoiough course of study
in one of the leading Christian Science
Institutes. On her return to Germany she
at once entered actively upon the work
of applied . Christianity with great suc
cess. This movement has a large following in
Germany, and, as elsewhere, Is growing
rapidly. Among the first to visit Frau
Peterson for help was the son of the fa
mous Count von MoKke, the great field
marshal of the German empire. Herr von
Moltke was completely healed of long
standing ailments, for which he had in
vain sought far and wide for relief. His
restoration to health was so remarkable
that It attracted widespread interest in
the court circles of the empire; and
among others who became Interested is
the sister of Emperor William, who is
now reading "Science and Health" with
Interest and profit.
Herr von Moltke, thoroughly convinced
from careful study and from his own
practical experience, of the trustworthi
ness of the Chrlstly religion which haa
healed him, Identified himself with tho
movement, and, being a talented musician
of exceptional ability, gladly gave his
services as soloist for the religious serv
ices of the First Church of Christ, Scien
tist, in Hanover.
Among others to receive physical and
spiritual help in Hanover from this heal
ing religion is a distinguished doctor ot
medicine, who said to Frau Peterson:
"Your religion is doing greater things than
I have ever done." A clergyman was
healed of many ailments after an unpreju
diced and Intelligent study of Science ana
Health, and Is now performing his Chrlstly
ministrations in healing the sick and re
storing the sinful in the light of Christian
Science. After being convinced from a.
thorough investigation of the Christ spirit
made manifest In its followers, he de
clared that he must put In practice Its
divine principle.
The studious habits, tho profound schol
arship, the kindly nature, and the simple
faith of the German people, make easy the
acceptance of the Christ science whicn
Mrs. Eddy has named Christian Science.
In the rtast, only the state church or
Germany has had a charter "from the gov
ernment. On application, however, from
the Christian Scientists, an exception was
made In their favor. Apart from the
state church this is the only denomina
tion which has ever been granted a char
ter by the empire.
Cases of healing have occurred so fre
quently at the meetings of this Hanover
church that now people attend their serv
ices for that purpose, and their simple
faith is thus manifested.
The gratitude of the German people for
benefits received and their profound revet--encc
and esteem for the founder and dis
coverer o Christian Science Is especially
marked and notable. This gratltuce
found expression In the presentation of
the gift for which Frau Peterson vlslteo:
Concord.
This copy of tho Holy Scriptures, whlcn
Is a rare specimen of the printer's and:
bookbinder's art, Is substantially Itound in
leather, with rich silver trlmmlilgs and
clasp, upon the latter of which is e.agravea
the name of Mrs. Eddy.
From the title page one learns that the
sacred work Is a translation of tlQ Holy
Scriptures according to Martin jLuther.
and contains 20 fine engravings upon Old
Testament subjects by the great mtetsters,
and 15 rare engravings on the life oi Jesua
by the world-famous artist, Helnrlclt Hof
mann. A handsome illuminated page has been
Inserted, which, in beautiful German text,
reads as follows: "The members of First
Church of Christ, Scientist, In Harwver,
Germany, In profound esteem, present
this volume to their beloved teacn'er ana
leader." Then follow the names oC the
donors.
In connection with th's expression of
love and gratitude for the physical and
spiritual healing that has come to these
reverent people through Mrs. Eddy is an
Interesting Incident. One of the early
students of Mrs. Eddy was a German, ana
to him Mrs. Eddy said: "Germany will be
the first European nation to accept Chris
tian Science. Their love of God. their
profound religious character, their deep
faith, and strong intellectual qualities,
make them particularly receptive to Chris
tian Science." In the presence of this
prized gift, it is seen that this prophecy
ls being fulfilled.
a
THE S00 CANAL.
Business That Pnssed Through It In
the Yenr Jntst Closed.
WASHINGTON, Jan. 4. The business
activities of 1S9D in the great producing;
and manufacturing Tegions bordering:
upon the Great Lakes are Illustrated Dy
the report of the business passing througn
the Sault Ste. Marie canal connecting
Lake Superior with Michigan, Huron,
Erie and Ontario, which has Just been re
ceived by the treasury bureau of statis
tics. It shows an increase in number ot
vessels, number of passengers, quantities
of freight and in practically all of the
classes of freight passing through that
great waterway, and makes for the year
1S09 the highest record of business activity
on the Great Lakes. The number of sail
ing vessels increased 7 per cent, as corn
Dared with last year; the number or
steamers 15 per cent, the number of un
registered vessels 23 per cent, the quantity
of registered freight IS per cent, the quan
tity of actual freight 19 per cent, pas
sengers 13 per cent, lumber 1G per cent
and that great factor iir manufacturing ac
tivities. Iron ore, 3 per cent. In all these
Important features, which show the actrv
ltles of tho producing and manufacturing
interests, the record of Lake commerce
In the year 1S99 surpasses that of any pre
ceding year, the only cose Iji which the
year's record falls below that of any pre
ceding year being in wheat and flour, of
u hich the supply of 1S99 was slightly below
that of one or two preceding years and
the farefrgn demand mate.riajjy.helpw that
Ui. JLN0.
A study of the figures of the business or
the "Soo" In 1S99. compared with that or
earlier years, inmcates the wonderful
growth of the carrying trade on the Great
Lakes and of the producing and manufac
turing industries of the section contigu
ous to them. The number of sailing ves
sels, which in 1869 was 939, was in 1S79
1403, in 1SS9 2635 and In 1899 4776; the numner
of steamers Increased from 399 in 1S69
to 1618 in 1879, C501 in 1SS9 and 14,378 in
1899; the number of persons passing
through the canal Increased from 17,657 in
1S69 to 1S.979 In 1S79. 25,712 In 18S9 and 49.082
in 1899, and registered tonnage Increased
from 524.SS5 in 1869 to 1,677,071 in 1879, 7,221,935
In 1889 and 21,95S,347 in 1S99.
In the Important articles of freight, such
as flour, wheat and other grains, coal.
Iron ore, copper, lumber and building
stone, the growth Is equally striking.
Flour Increased from 32,007 barrels In 186D
to 451,000 barrels in 1S79, 2.22S.707 barrels In
1SS9 and 7,114,147 barrels in 1899; wheat,
from 49,700 bushels in 1S70 to 2,603,666 bush
els in 1879, 16.231,85-1 bushels In 1SS9 ana
5S,397,335 bushels in 1S99; other grain, from
S23.501 bushels in 1S69 to 951.469 bushels In
1S79, 2.123,245 bushels In 18S9 and 30,000,935
bushel3 In 1899; Iron ore. from 239,363 tons
in 1869 to 540.075 tons In 1S7Q 4 w; ss tr.
18S9 and 15,328,240 tons in 1S99; copper) from
18,662 tons in 1SS9, to 22,309 tons in 1879,
33,466 tons in 1SS9 and i:0,090 tons In 1S99.
and lumber Increased from 1,200,000 feet in i
1SC9 to 35,59S,000 feet In 1S79, 315,554,000 feet
in 1SS9 and 1.03S,057,O0O feet in 1S99.
The following table shows the com- ,
merce through St. Mary's Falls canal In
1SC9 and 1879:
1S69.
1879.
3,121
1,677.071
2.603.666
Vessels 1.33S
Tonnage 524,885
Wheat, bu.
49.700
Other grain, bu 323,501
951.405 J
Flour, bbls.
32.007
Iron ore, tons
Copper, tons .
Coal, tons ...
Lumber, feet..
Passengers ...
131.VW 1
239,368
1S.662
27.850
1,260.000
17,657
540.075
22.300
110.704
35.53S.000
13,570
Figures for 1870.
This table shows the commerce through
St. Mary's Falls canal for 1SS9 and 1S99:
1SS9.
Vessels 9,579
Tonnage 7.221,935
Wheat, bu 16.231.854
1899.
20,253
21.958.317
5S.397.335
20,000,935
7,114,117
15,32S.240
120,000
Other grain, bu..
2,133,243
Flour, bbls
Iron ore, tons....
Copper, tons
Coal, tons
Lumber, feet ...
Passengers
2.228,707
4,095.855
33,456
1,629,197
3,940,887
.315,554.000 1,033,057,000
25,713 49,082
Dnmncres for the Bull.
The New York Sun says that the follow
ing letter has been received by the Bal
timore & Ohio Railroad Company:
Bellvllle, O., Sept. 10. 1S00.
Dear Sir: On the 16th of thts munth your
trane that was going to Bellvllle run oer my
bool at 45 mil post, he was In my paster, you
orter see him. You tuk a pece of hyd& out of
him at least a foot square. I wish you -would
tell the president that he Is ded as he has
been as good as ded ever since youre trane hit
him. Very respectfully, w. I. HARRIS.
P. S. Be sure and report him ded, as he
mlGht Just as well be ded.
The fifty-cent size is just
right for the baby. A little J
of it in the bottle three or
four times a day will supply
precisely the fat all thin ba- f
biesneed. If your baby does I
not gain in weight as fasi as I
you would like, try s
I
f The result will please you. if j
I the baby nurses, the mother 1
f should take the emulsion.
I It makes the baby's food 2
richer and more abundant;
only buy the dollar size it's I
more economical.
Both mother and child will feci at 1
2. once its strengthening, upbuilding I
? and fat-producing properties. T
At all drnesista : $oc. and $ux). I
SCOTT & DOWN E, Chenusfc, New York. ?
Haa Hi HHi III HH"E
Fanusr Fahnstock thinks he owns the
stock he is so proud of! But as a matter oi
fact the stock owns him. He Is the humble
servant of horse, cow and pig-. He look"
after them better than he looks after him
aJi, and feeds them before he fced3 him
sen. That i whv
it so often hapoens
that just about the
time that Farmer
Fahnstock his
reached the place
where he can take
thing's easy, he
breaks down.
No class of peo
ple have been mor,
quickly apprecia
tive of the tonic
properties of Dr
Pierce's Golden
Medical Discovery
than farmers and
stock raisers. They
have found it pre
vents as well aa
cures disease. It
keeps the stomach
in healthy opera
-r i- . "" """ -"C
organs o; ingestion ana .nutrition and in
creases the secretions of the blood-makiig
glands. The use of " Golden Medical D.s-
COVKTV" it SeaflOtl'. tuTln the. ctroin ",, .r-V
is greatest, keeps the system in perfect
working- order and prevents the break
dowir which comes from over drafts on
the strength.
r'lXzdea botacs of Er. Pierce's Golden
Medical Discc-rery and several vials of hia
Pleasant Pellets' a year ago thts spring- and
have lad no trouble with indigestion since"
writes Mr. VT T. Thompson of TownscrJ,
Broadwater Co., Montana.. "Words foil to tel
how thankful I ani for the relief, as I had s if
fered so much and it seemed that the doctors
could do me no good. I got down ia weight to
125 pounds, and was not able to work at all
KowX weigh nearly 160 and can doiday's wcrk
on the farm. I have recommended yonr medi
cines to several, and shall always have a gcrd
word to say for Dr Pierce and Ins medicines. '
"Golden Medical Discovery" contains
no alcohol, whisky or other intoxicant.
A single Jtem of medical knowledge
when life is Qt stake has a value paot
computation. T)r. Pierce's Common Sense
Medical Adiviser has icoS pages of Dries
less paragraphs. This great work is sent
absolutely free on receipt of stamps to p .y
expense ot mailing inly. Send 21 cne
cent stamps for paper-bound edition, or,t
8tainos for edition in cloth. Address Dr.
R. V. Pierce Bitfirue, N. Y.
This daac"
us con.l 1 i
cornea f i;i
a r e s
t-VL
II u d y a n
cures.
Tin mm
beri toil
whet her .r
not you a-
in ser 1 o u s
danger. II j
you dull cr
t h r o b is ;
head a. c h e 3
(flg. 1). i:k -Inff
sensa. n
1 1 tr 2). a
pale, huj.sj.rl
took (tts
sunken c 1
or twitch if
ot ll&rt 1 s
4). ver 1 1 kj
cf a " 'rL vls- 0)' "xl
c A. b l cm . c
(ns. 0). pall
in bac k 1
7)' Am ul
ajIIy wurri i
o r o xute !
An you :r'
table. me a.3
choly or t r
Btful7 II -u-yan
cures tni
ant) all tiaso
eoatliti on
for lludyai
strength ana
th ner v e a
and aervs
centers.
In wonvn
the a. b o o
nervous crn
dttlons aro
nearly alvj.js
due to uterine er ovarian troubles. HuJ .
cures all such chronic troubles and gives slren-ji
to the delicate mruem org&siam
If you suffer with any oi th aiove trout ci
float hesitate, for you need Hudyan. and Hai
yan Is a positive and psreant;nt ours.
Get Hudyan from your druggist COc a pa-k-age.
six packages for 32.50 If your drugr,?''?!
doaa not ktep It. snd direct to the Hudyan fun -ody
Co., corner Stockton, Ellin and Market
Streets. San Francisco, Col.
caxsuur sudtan- doctors about
TOUR CASS BKE2J OF CHABflE. "WTaTE.
J.'N.Murdocfc,
279 Snodsrass
Street, Dallas, Texas, says r "My son
had a terrible Cancer on his jaw,
for which the doctors performed
a painful operation, cutting down
to the bone and scraping it. Tho
Cancer soon returned, however, and
tvas more violent than before. Wo
"were advised to try S. S. S. The sec
ond bottle made an improvement j
after twenty bottles had been taken
the Cancer disappeared entirely,
and he was cured permanently."
g? For
. nru
'QJ5yQiuE3 3. liXj .
(Swift's Specific) is the only remedy
that can reach Cancer,, the most deadly
of all diseases. Book3 on Cancer and
Blood Diseases mailed free by Bwiffc
Specific Company Atlanta, Ga.
NO PAIN! NO GAS!
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Set of Teeth 91.00
Gold Fillinsr ....$1.1)0
IJest Teeth, 3. S. W.. i-IS.OO
Gold Crown jjs.oj
Silver FHIIns SO
All work examined by professional manager.
Dr. J. S. Walter, registered dentist.
New York Dental Parlors
fl. E. Cor. Fcurt.i ami Morrison Seretts
Ladr always In attendance.
Hours. S to 8. Sundays. 10 to 4.
The Best
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A NERVOUS
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