v. j -a j ur " & . ' ' f Z? 5 v' - l -ua 4 - cm U ."- f; I . a ., g ftfEKEGUUK XEWYfflSlSSBE for J 895 oil jO PAGES , (Rhxiunttfttt x - I PORTLAND AND THE I SI STATE OB OREGON g k lit PAGES 1 TO 12 2 fi &$$o XSXIH-O 10.998 PORTLAIsD OHEGOIST TTJES DA&gTAlxTj AJTZ 1. 1895. PRICE FIVE CE3JTTS . ved by The Oregocian from a photograph takes by JIcAlpm & Lamb.) POHTIiRJlD BUSINESS, BflfHIG RfiD HIIiHOHD CE JiTHS Op TflE PACIFIC flOHTJiiyEST SECOJiD CITY Of! TjfiE COHST. (Looking east from tower, Oregoalan building;) t IE STATE OF OREGON) . Ing influences, the thermometer's greatest f the divers currents of air mingling with je Resources of .Ajq. Empire iri'tlie. Pacific ISTortlrwest. -TfcA ETCH OF 1IS-'P'R0GRESS AND DEVELOPMENT V IT lf.3 bultuf.3 the 3?rirrie Factor in' Its Steady and. Remarkable Prosperity. IT EXTENT OF LUMBER AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES omc of Stoclc-Eaislncr and "Wool-G row Ine Fisheries Hops "-"Unrivaled Climate-and Fertile Soil Elvers, Harbors and Water Courses. ItEGON is the most northwester ly state of the Union, except Washington, and is inarcaOiOTKauattJWen-ed.wijsllio-st'lswnorecor i.Tin"orto.iM'JO j'ftiS TLi1 tbS- Western. Orson, with acres, its dimen sions are 330 miles from east to west, und 275 miles from north to south. It lies south of Washington, west of Idaho, north of California, and east -of the Pa cific coast. Its population is 352, (62,000. and in na tional resources it bears favorable comparison to any of the older com mons ealtlis. The early history of Or egon is full of ro mance. Its set- Iiy Americans began before the of gold in California and be merican conquest of that state, nal boundaries of Oregon em ver 300,000 square miles, and In 11 the area above the 42d par west of the Rocky mountains a jjfrom which have since been ftie present Oregon, Idaho, Wash- nu part, oi -uuiiuiuu. xue urai of the Northwest territory 532, when Spanish explorers vis- passed up the coast as far as parallel. These adventurers ap- taave overlooked the open estuary nouth of the great river of the t, for the Columbia was not od until 1792, when Robert Gray, bn, entered Its mouth and named 'am after his vessel, the Columbia. the Lewis & Clark expedition and reported to President Jef frie vast virgin resources of the fjtry, populated only by Indians. A Captain Winbhip, of New Eng eoted the first house on the Co in 1SU John Jacob Astor founded (ttradlng station of Astoria, The cnt 3 years were partly a his conflict between English and n sottlers which was allayed by of "joint occupation" in ISIS. In . Jason Lee and Daniel Lee and tssiOHarles came to the Northwest, Je the first permanent settlement, tied, the iir?t genuine civilization country. They established the Manual Labor School," near fir the education of Indians. In ier protection of the American r-ipany. Dr. and Mrs. Whitman. 1L and Mrs. Spaulding and V. established a mission among the of Eastern Oregon. These set- s attracted immigrants, and se cJlict for possession between the and the Americans began. In Ovisional government was formed. fc treaty was concluded between W States and Great Britain, fix northern boundary at the 48th n ISIS congress established a l government, and Gencial Jo Jse was nominated for governor. settlements thrived and grew, landing their remoteness; but Sginal inhabitants dhl not gie it a. struggle. Fights with lu re frequent. On November 28, ind Mrs. Whitman and 12 others Ordered by Cayuse Indians near pnt site of Walla Walla, then In Tho settlers organized, and sub f savages. Again the Indian trou fe renewed in 1S55. and again as S77 and 1S7S. The tribes are now . conllned to reservations. The ? was admitted as a state Febru tSM. and a constitution adopted, tbove are meagerly and briefly - c vests of the early history of It abounds in deeds nf n. of civilisation "which prevail In the coun try today. There are three natural subdivisions to the state Eastern, Western and Southern Oregon, The two first are distinct and ,lJiolastls.jiioreicorrect- two counties from east of the Cascades. These three portions of the state have by usage come to be considered its geographical units, and it is well enough to adopt the common classification. Eastern Oregon is divided from Western by the Cascade range of mountains, extending north and south through the state at an average altitude of 300Q fet. At intervals snow clad peaks rear their heads far above the usual height. Mount Hood, In the north, near the Columbia river, is the most lofty, being 11,223 feet. ML Pitt, in South ern Oregon, is 0S1S feet. The principal productive portion of Western Oregon is the Willamette valley, extending from the Columbia river north about 130 miles to the California range of mountains. The Coast range, parallel to the Cascades, oc cupies much of the territory of this di vision, and the narrow strip between these mountains and the sea is arable In part. The Umpqua valley, drained by the Umpqua river, south of the Califor nia range, Is very rich for agriculture, and the Rogue river valley in extreme Southern Oregon, is famous for fruit growing. These two valleys are the gar dens of Southern Oregon. The uplands are fertile and cultivated in part. The bottom lands along the lesser streams in various parts of this section of the state are exceedingly productive. Eastern Oregon is all that area east of the Cascade mountains. It is in the form of a parallelogram, 273 miles long and 240 miles wide. Its plains are broken up in mountains, the chief range being the Bluetnountains in the north and the Stein mountains in the south. Intermediate spaces are devoted to agriculture, and to stockralsing and woolgrowing. Precious minerals are found in the mountains, and the Industry has attained considerable development. On the coast of Oregon are nine inlets from the sea including the Columbia river. Three of these are navigable to deep-sea vessels. Others can be entered by vessels of lighter draught. The entire state Is traversed by a multitude of water courses. The Columbia river forms the northern boundary of the state. All the valleys and lowlands are drained by streams of greater or less magnitude some of them navigable for steamers. The mountains are covered with timber of great commercial value; the lowlands, in their natural condition, with light growth vine maple and alder, with only occasional firs and pines. These in outline are the principal topo graphical features of Oregon, breaking the state up into valleys, hills, table lands, and mountains. -There Is no part of Oregon from which a range of lulls I or mountains cannot be seen, and the country everywhere is picturesque. There Is no valley which Is t.ot productive, and there Is no upland or table-land or even hill land which does not offer excellent opportunities for cultivation either for agriculture or horticulture, or for a pro ductive industry of some kind. range is from zero in winter to 100 de groes above zero in summer. The great primary climatic Influence of this region is the Japan current of the Pacific oean. Warm winds laden with moisture, sweep the ocean, and precipitate their contents first on the coast, where the downfall is greatest, varying from 5S to 75 inches per annum. The moisture still contained In clouds after they cross the coast range is deposited in the Willamette valley, the average at Portland being 49 inches an nually. At Ashland, in the south, where the elevation is much greater than in Portland, the average is only 21 Inches. When the winds have passed the Cas cades to Eastern Oregon, but little mois ture remains for that section, the ex treme fall for a year being less than 20 inches. Along the Oregon coast the average temperature in winter is from SO to 53 de grees, and in summer from 50 to SO de grees. The average between the coast and Cascade ranges during winter are from 15 to 60 degrees, and in summer from DO to SO degrees. It is only on rare oc casions that the thermometer passes out of these limits. In the Willamette valley the lowest recorded temperature was in January. 1SSS, -when the themomeler was from 2 degrees to C degrees below zero, depending upon) locality. In the Umpqua valley, at the same time, It was 6 degrees below and in the Rogue River valley 3 degrees below. In July, 1S31, the highest temperature prevailed, at 102 de grees, at points in the Willamette val ley It was from 100 degrees to 105 degrees; in the Umpqua valley, 102 degrees; in the Rogue River valley 103 degrees to 103 de grees. The duration of extreme weather, either hot or cold, is ordinarily very short, never over three days. During the past -summer the average warm weather was higher than usual; but the extreme ;was OH degrees, On -the whole, physical discomfort from stre&j'of Weather of any kind in Oregon is exceptional. A typical rainy day in Oregon is not to be com plained of. It 1- not a storm. It is a drizzle or mist. There Is little or no wind. Travel in public- streets is not in terrupted. It is not necessary to keep indoors. Outdoor work Is seldom se riously interrupted, and never for a pro tracted time. The condition of the coun try roads is no better and no worse than the average winter road in the Eastern states. Killing frosts seldom occur. Thunder storms are rare. November, 1S94, may be taken as a sample of winter month, though, as a rule, there are not so many severe storms as in December and January. November bears about the same meteorological relation to Decem ber as in the Eastern states. The record of the weather bureau at Portland shows the following: Mean temperature, 40; highest tempera ture, C7, on the 7th; lowest temperature, 32 on the 16th; greatest dally range of temperature, 20 on the 10th; least daily range of temperature, 3 on the 23th. breezes from the Pacific, contagldus and epidemic diseases are easily .controlled, while such diseases as typhus And chol era are wholly unknown. Evenftyphold forms of malaria are easily regulated. The climate west of the Cascades is generally too damp for consumption, butn the plateaus of Eastern Oregon, conditions are mo3t favorable to the improvement and even cure of this class of Invalids. The common valley soil of Oregon Is a rich loam, with a subsoil of clayt Along the streams it is alluvial. The "beaver dam lands" of this class are. wonder fully fertile. This soil Is made , through the work of beavers who dammed up streams and created lakes. When the displacing old methods, and will be the rule in the future. Eastern Oregon in extent takes up about two-thirds of the superficial area of the state, and comprises all that region cast of the Cascade mountains, except the important counties of Klamath and Lake, which are commonly assigned to Southern Oregon. Its average altitude above the sea level is 2500 feet. Its surface presents a variety of topography and of climate. The territory in the northern part of this great region is pretty much taken up with the Blue mountains and spurs with their accompanying valleys. These latter are very productive, having ample rainfall and a climate without great extremes either in winter or summer. The south- water was drained away. the detritus ' western portion of the section, notably covered the ground. The soil of the up lands is less fertile than that of tlie bot toms and valleys, and Is a red, brown and black loam. It produces an excellent quality of natural grass, and under care ful cultivation produces good crops of grain, fruits and vegetables. Eastjof the Cascade mountains the soil is a dark loam of great depth, composed of alluvial deposits and decomposed lava, overlying a clay subsoil. The constituents olt this soil adapt the land peculiarly to the pro duction of -wheat. All the mineral salts which are necessary to the perfect devel opment of this cereal are abundant, repro ducing themselves constantly as the grad ual processes of decomposition In this soil of volcanic origin proceeds. The clods are easily broken by the plow, and the ground quickly crumbles on expos ure to the atmosphere. In Northeastern Oregon, adjacent to the Columbia river, although the dry sea son continues for months, this light por ous land retains and absorbs Enough moisture from the atmosphere, after the particles have been partially disinte grated,, to insure perfect developnTSKaid -full harvests. - - 1 In Southeastern Oregon, especially in the vast areas of fertile lands in Mal heur and Snake River valleys, the soils are much like those of the Northeastern Oregon region, but there Is less moisture. Except In a very small portion of this re gion irrigation is necessary to successful agriculture. The water supply is abun dant and easily applied. MEAN TEMPERATURE. ..00 I 1S77 4S 1SS3 47 I 18S9 4S ..42 J 1S7S 47 1SS4 48 1S90 47 ..4S 1S79 41 J 1SS3 43 I 1891 49 ..43 J 1SS0 42 1SS6 42 1S92 46 ..43 j 1SS1 44 J 1887 45 j 1S93 46 ..47 I 1SS2 44 l 18SS 44 I 1SS4 49 THE STATE'S LEADIXG DIVISIONS. ijiijwwli, yt7flfjia CLIMATE AND SOIL. A Combination That Insures Health and Abundant Crops. LIMATIC conditions in Oregon present great -variety within an( area comparatively limit ed; The typical features of thfc climate of Western Oregon arb the rains of winter and. a protracted rainless reason in satximer. In other words there are two distinct seasons Inj Oregon wet and dry. Snows In winter and rains in siimmer are exceptional. In EUstem Oregon the climate more nearly! approaches condition fn Vpsv to'riEJSL: statK There are not the same i -7-... ;," 7. . .aiure ! extremes, butj there are the same features 1 -nd Ja foratt; of incredible hard fcrtittUte liy early missionaries , lers whose patriotic purpose was i m the great territory from the kss, sad eatablisfe and build a jpoalth which would be a source , ---- . xiuvn. iwar OHPHMOMWXBK u tftpd in m prosperity ana high degree of winter snenv and, in places, of summer heat. Southern Oregon Is more like Eastern thau Western Oregon. The distinguishing characteristics of Western Orison are its Miuntnt- i haalthnilnes-i. The state is in the same latitude as 2 ttiftljMjaoe of tht in me x'ine aine, but thece is entire ab- rigors of weather suffered ee state. Owing to rcodlfy- 1S71. 1S72. 1S73. 1S74. 1875. 1S76. Mean temperature for this month for 23 years, 46. Accumulated excess of dally mean tem perature during the month, S3 degrees; average dally excess, 2.1 degrees; accumu lated deficiency of daily mean tempera ture since January 1, 1S34, 477 degrees; average daily deficiency, 1.4. Total deficiency in precipitation during month, 3.29 inches. Total precipitation from September 1, 1S94, to date, 7.46 Inches. Average precipitation from September 1, 1834, to date, 12.10 inches. Total deficiency from September 1, 1S9I, to date, 4.46 inches. Average rainfall for 24 seasons, 43.51 inches. Prevailing direction of wind northwest, 2S degrees; total movements of wind, 5712 miles; maximum velocity of wind, direc tion and date, 37 miles from southwest, on 2Sth; total precipitation, 2.76 inches; number of days on which .01 inch or more of precipitation fell, 16. TOTAL PRECIPITATION. 1871.. 2.77 j 1S77. .12.45 1SS3.. 8.26 1SS9.. 3.97 1872.. 4.76 1878.. 5.61 18S4.. 3.24 1S90.. 0.50 1S73.. 4.38 1879.. 4.56 1SS5.. 8.52 1S91.. 5.74 1S74..10.22 1SS0.. 3.17 1 1SS6.. 1.00 I 1S92.. 4.34 1S75.. 15.77 j 1SS1.. 5.91 1SS7.. 3.48 i 1893.. 7.74 1876. .10.03 j 1SS2.. 5.93 j 1SSS.. 4.47 1S91.. 2.76 Average precipitation for this month for 23 years, 6.05; number of cloudless days, 6; partly cloudy days, 11; cloudy days, 13; dates of frost, light on the 3d, 5th and 21st; killing on the 16th. The springs in Oregon are delightful; the summers very pleasant. They are practically rainless, and almost always without great extremes of heat. The sky is usually cloudless. Sunstrokes are un known. It is a common practice of farm ers to thresh in the field and stack grain outdoors for week at a time awaiting the opportunity to haul to market. The roof of the farmer's warehouse Is the sky, and it seldom leaks. Fall rains usually begin m October. It Is a noteworthy feature of Oregon summers that nights are always cool and refreshing. No matter what tem perature was recorded during the day, re lief comes with sunset. In Eastern Oregon the temperature Is lower. In winter, and higher in summer, than in Western. The annual rainfall varies from 7 to 20 Inches. About one-third occurs In the form of snow, whereas in the west the snowfall does not comprise over 5 per cent of the total, and In years is not 1 per cent. The area over which there Is less than 10 Inches of rain fall is smalL Extremes the year round are of minor range. The influence of the mild climate of Oregon on health is very important. There is complete absence of those at mospheric conditions favorable to the de velopment of bacteria and all crypto ganie and sporadic germs. Because of The "Willamette Valley n. Great Gnr den Fertility of Entern Orcpron. HE two leading divisions of the state are the Willamette valley and Eastern Oregon. The Willamette valley, the principal agricultural region of the state, extends from the Calipooia mountains on the south to the Columbia river on the north. It is inclosed by the Cascade range of mountains on the east, and the Coast range on the west. Its length is about 130 miles, and its average width CO miles, and it contains about 7800 square miles of very productive land. It is drained principally by the Willamette river, which rises in the Calipooia mountains, and flows midway through the valley to the Columbia river. Into the Willamette on the east pour the Clackamas, Molalla, Pudden. Santlam, Calipooia and McKenzie rivers. Besides the Coast fork of the river from the west, flow the Tualatin, Cheha- lem, Yamhill, La Creole, Lucklamute, Mary's and Long Tom rivers. Each of these streams flows through a great ex tent of territory especially fit for agri culture, fruit, stock and timber. The elevatiori of the valley above the sea level ranges from 70 feet at Oregon City to 400 feet at the southern extremity. The level prairies are well populated; but farms are too large and the tendency Is to divide them and invite further set tlement and more thorough cultivation. The principal staple of production has been wheat, but crops are now more di versified than in the past. Horticulture is receiving great attention. Some of the lands show a special adaptability to hop culture. Oats, rye, barley and all the common cereals are grown in abundance. The country is especially adapted to the production of vegetables of all kinds., The rolling lands which Inclose the level prairies are a very valuable portion of the Willamette valley. The soil is mainly basaltic and sandstone, and of great fer tility. In their virgin state these lands are usually covered with brush, and re quire to be cleared. The conspicuous ad vantages of these tracts are good soil, natural drainage, excellent water, a cli mate beyond the reach of malaria, ample supplies of wood, and comparative free dom from early frosts. There is abundant opportunity to secure at reasonable cost large areas of foothill lands. Consider able tracts, mostly wooded, lie upon the upper courses of nearly every one of the tributaries of the Willamette. The foot hill lands lie at an elevation of from 500 to 2000 feet. Much good agricultural land Is as high as 2500 feet. The conditions of dally life in the Wil lamette valley are most satisfactory. Rail road facilities are excellent. Settlements and postofllces are very numerous. Roads are In the main well maintained, though In many Instances there is opportunity for very great improvement in this direc tion for winter travel. In the country the educational advantages are very good, and schools liberally maintained. There is a great variety of academies and colleges throughout the state. Churches are fre quent, more in number, probably, than can usually be found in regions of equal population. Taxes are low. Table neces sities are cheap. Wearing apparel Is as low priced as anywhere in the United States. As a rule, farmers of the Willam ette valley live better and more comfort ably than in most other parts of the United States. They are more prosperous than the average. They seldom emigrate to another state. A main drawback to the development of the country In the past has been the entire reliance .on one crop wheat placed by farmers. JDlversIflcatioa all that lying south of Malheur river, is dry and requires irrigation. It is ex pected that the government will shortly reserve 1,000,000 acres of this land for the uses of the state under conditions that offer inducement for settlement and culti vation. The northern central portion is much broken by mountains, which afford good pasturage, and which have beside small valleys of great agricultural rich ness. The southern central section is the Harney lake region, a leading grazing portion of the state. It is a vast rolling table-land, interspersed with valleys of considerable extent, which are naturally meadows of luxuriant and nutritious grasses. Mining for precious metals Is an important industry of this immense re gion. Southern Oregon takes up about one fifth of the state. That part near the ocean has tho same characteristics of topography and climate as Western Ore gon. Other parts, compassed about with mountains, are drier in summer and cold er in winter than Western Oregon. The two principal valleys of this section are i Rogue river "and-Umpqua. The Rogue 5K rivQivalleyJsbnyt 33165 lQBij-Sad.,20 imica muc uii uu uvtrage. -lis sou is especially adapted to diversified farming. The chief industry Is horticulture. All kinds of temperate-zone and semi-tropical fruits are produced in abundance, peaches and melons predominating. The bottom lands grow timothy, clover and blue grass. Near Jacksonville there are vine yards that rival those of California. The Umpqua valley, lying between Rogue river and the Willamette valleys, is adapted to fruit culture. Cereals thrive well, but their culture Is not so generally engaged In as in the larger valley to the north. Stock and poultry-raising and woolgrowing are leading Industries. RIVERS AND IIAItllOUS. the The Great Waier-ConrseK of StattgyThe Fine Harbors. ITERS and water-courses abound in Oregon, ranging from the smallest streamlet to the mighty Columbia. The state ha3 no rival in the va riety, volume and economical distribution of its water courses. The Columbia is one of the great rivers of the world, and, except perhaps the Yukon, the largest in North America emptying into the Pacific ocean. Its average width for 300 miles inland is over two miles, and in volume of water It is exceeded in the United States only by the Mississippi. Its rise is In the picturesque mountains of Yellowstone Park, and In Its majestic sweep of 2300 miles to the sea it is a high way of wealth and wonder. It has been stated that, in times of flood, its dally Increase exceeds the entire Increase of the Hudson. With its tributaries it drains nearly 400,000 square miles, and, in its western course, it forms for nearly 300 miles the northern boundary of Oregon. The Columbia is the only river in the United States navigable to deep sea ves sels for 120 miles inland. Ocean craft of all kinds find their way easily up the Co lumbia and to Portland on the Willam ette, a distance of 112 miles. For the pur pose of maintaining uninterrupted naviga tion, a Port of Portland commission was established by a recent act of legislature, and through the enterprise and public spirit of the citizens of Portland, the channel to the sea is kept clear of ob structions. Five hundred thousand dollars have already been expended In this work. At no point from Portland to the sea is to be found less than 23 feet of extreme low water. At several places along the Columbia the freedom of its flow is interfered with by great natural obstructions, which pre vent continuous navigation by river steamers. The first of these impediments is found about 160 miles from Its mouth, at the cascades of the Columbia. The bed of the river at this point is filled with im mense boulders, presenting an absolutely impassable barrier. It has always been necessary to transfer freight and passen gers at this point, and to that end portage railroads were built on both sides of the stream. It had always been contem plated that seme time a canal and locks would be built to avoid the cascades, and, favorable congressional action having been secured as long ago as 1S77, the work was started. It has suffered many delays since that time, but it is now being vigor ously pushed, and the prospect is that it will be completed before the end of the present year. The vastness of the under taking may be appreciated when It is stated that It has required congressional appropriations of over $3,500,000. The gen eral scope of the Improvements embraces a complete system of locks and canal and improvements to the 'stream, extending over a distance of 4 miles. The actual length of the canal and locks with ap proaches Is about three-fourths of a mile. The second obstruction is about 210 miles from the ocean, above the town of The Dalles. At Celilo commences a series of rapids 14 miles long. A gorge of the Columbia at this point, about 2 miles in length, is "the dalles" proper. The ave rage width of the stream through the rapids is 2000 to 2500 feet, except in the gorge, where the entire volume is con fined to a. space of 130 feet. An appropria tion for a boat railway around this point congress. An initial appropriation of $25,000 for the survey has already been made, and there seems little reason to doubt that in five years the project will be fully consummated. It will be the function of the railway to transport river craft and cargoes bodily around the ob struction, When It is completed, and when the locks at the Cascades are finished, it will be possible for steamers to load at Lewiston on the Snake river and go through to Astoria without breaking bulk. The enormous value of these im provements will be readily recognized. Railroads now traverse the entire region east of the Cascades, and carry their products to Portland and Puget sound. The effect of an open river will be to cheapen transportation and to place the whole inland empire within easier and cheaper reach of the seaboard. The great est benefit will be to the producer. The mouth of the Columbia is the scene of a very important improvement. It is really an estuary of the ocean, eight miles wide. Sand and silt carried in suspension, by the waters of the Columbia, and washed in from the ocean, were precip itated at the entrance, and formed a- bar. It interfered with navigation, and in times gone by vessels could cross only at high tide. A jetty four miles long has been built out from the south point of land at the entrance. It has had the effect of confining the current and deepening the channel, so that there is now SO feet at low tide, sufficient for the largest ves sels in the world. This work, costing less than $2,000,000, is a triumph of engineering skill. It is permanent, and of the very greatest value. It will be wholly com pleted this year. The Columbia, river is the leading Ore gon harbor. Other important harbors are i Coos bay and Yaquina bay. The govern ment has expended very large suras in their improvement, and the work is not ypt complete. The. r"au3 at Cooi bay con- ituiipiaie mu expenuuure oi auoui 34,uu, 000, of which about $500,000 has already been appropriated and expended. The de sign here 13 to construct jetties so as to confine the water and increase the depth on the bar. At this time there are aboxit 20 feet at low tide on Coos bay bar, suf ficient for ordinary vessels. Coos bay abounds in timber lesources and has rich adjacent bottom lands. Besides it has important working coal mines. The ne cessity of the improvement of the harbor is apparent. A railroad is now in course of construction from Coos bay to Rose burg, a distance of less than 100 miles. About 60 miles south of the Columbia river is Yaquina bay. Government works are in course of completion at this point. The plan includes construction of two jetties, one on the north and the other on the south of the harbor. Great progress has been made. The depth of the channel on the bar has been raised from seven to 16 feet at low tide. The immediate re sources of Yaquina bay are mainly agri culture and timber. Yaquina City is the' terminus of the Oregon Pacific railroad, which extends eastward across the Wil lamette valley and to the summit of the Cascade mountains. It Is designed ulti mately to complete the railroad to an Eastern connection. Between Yaquina bay and the Columbia is Tillamook bay. It is eight miles wide and 12 long. It is an excellent harbor, with a safe channel across the bar. The resources of Tillamook are its timber, agriculture and fisheries. Dairying is ex tensively engaged in. Other harbors are Netarts bay, AJsea bay, and Port Orford. Besides these, Rogue and Umpqua rivers, which empty into the ocean in Southern Oregon, are navigable. The Willamette river is next in import ance to the Columbia. It is navigable to deep-sea vessels as far up as Portland, 10 miles from the Columbia, and for river craft at favorable stages as far up as Eugene, 136 miles. It drains the entire ex tent of the productive Willamette valley, and gathers up in its course 42 streams, large and small. The Snake river forms a part of the eastern boundary of the state, and Is a main fork of the Columbia. It has been navigated by light-draft steamers to a point within 123 miles of Salt Lake City. Important streams In Eastern Oregon are the John Day and Deschutes, flowing north and emptying Into the Columbia. Each with its windings is about 200 miles long. In Northeastern Oregon are the Powder, Grand Ronde and Umatilla rivers, all clear and swift streams, water ing large areas of fertile valley lands. The Owyhee and Malheur rivers traverse Southeastern Oregon. The former rises 300 miles southward in Nevada, and emp ties into the Snake where that river be comes the Eastern Oregon line. The rivers and their multitude of tribu taries of Oregon, and an Infinity of springs, cover the entire state so com pletely that scarcely a square mile (ex cept in the limited arid region) escapes their touch. Their scenic attractions are very great. There is a very large number of waterfalls, affording unlimited water power and in many cases spectacles of rare beauty. The mountain streams are amazing in the variety of their charm. They abound in trout and other fish, and are a source of unfailing delight to the fisherman and the sojourner, as well as to the permanent residents. These streams and rivers have been a highly useful factor in the development of the state. AGRICULTURE AND ITS EXTENT. It Has Reached Hiprli Development and. Bronslii Rich Returns. HE Industries and prosperity of Oregon are based on its agri culture. The various valleys, table-lands and foothill dis tricts present opportunities for cultivation of the soil excelled by no other state in the Un ion. The mild and beneficent climate, allowing engagement in outdoor occupation of some kind every month In the year, is anidvantage to the husbandman, and, besides, It aids in the highest degree the growth of abundant of crops and small farms, vrjeU tilled arc Is confidently expected from the coaainz:' cropsand their easy and complete har-I acre. The average price per acre is gen- vesting. The favorable conjunction of soil and climate have insured successful culti vation every year since the first settle ment, and a failure through drouth, pest or any other cause has never been record ed. The arable area of the state is very large, and there is little land, outside the mountains, that will not yield some kind of a crop wheat, barley, hops. rye. oats, hay, pasture, fruit, or vegetables, or tim ber, or mines. There is little waste land. Seeding time in Oregon is a protracted' season, continuing even to Christmas, and in the spring from February to May. .The harvest may last several months. Threshing is invariably done in the field and grain is stacked in the open air. Oregon is best known throughout the world for its wheat. But it Is not a single-crop state, though perhaps some years ago it deserved that appellation. Wheat cultivation has grown steadily, though "it has lost its relative importance. The pro portionate amount of wheat raised for ex port in Oregon exceeds, perhaps, the out put of any other state. For years Oregon has produced over one ton per year for every man, woman and child within its borders. Horticulture has during the past few years assumed special importance, and the state Is taking rank as a producer of fine fruits, in some particular varieties being superior to California, Oregon prunes are rapidly acquiring the name of being the largest, most delicious and toothsome grown. The large number of premiums awarded to Oregon fruits at the world's fair attests their superior merit. Horti culture, its history, condition and pros pects are discussed fully in another part of this paper. The sugar beet has during the past year attracted attention, and the early establishment of refineries Is antic ipated. Experiment has shown that the Oregon beet has commercial value and is especially adapted to sugar-making pur poses, possessing a large proportion of, I sacclu rlne mutter. Th soil of the state, especially1 of the bottom lands, is partic ularly fitted for root vegetables of all--common descriptions. The natural grasses are perhaps without equals anywhere. Alfalfa produces three or four crops annu ally, and In places reaches a height of three or four feet. Red clover yields two or three crops a season. White clover produces excellent crops. The bean crop is something very line. Pumpkins and squashes have no superiors. Wheat As in most other Northern states, wheat is the chief product of Ore gon. Farmers during the past two years have suffered from low prices, but less than their fellows in most other states. There have been enormous crops, with no profitable market. The trouble is of course not common to the state, but to the world. The average bushel of Oregon wheat ex ceeds the 60-pound-to-the-bushel measure ment, running from five to nine pounds in excess. The berry is plump and heavy. r Valley wheat commends a special price in " the European markets, being used largely for pastry purposes. The yield averages from 20 to SO bushels per acre. An average of 40 bushels and higher is very common. The state produced in 1894 14,000,000 bushels on 700,000 acres the heaviest crop ever known. Two-thirds of Oregon's wheat Is raised east of the Cascades. The early opening of the Columbia river means much for the farmers of that great region. It is certain to enhance the value of their products. Other Grains Oats are a staple product of Oregon. For feed it largely supplants the use of corn, so commonly fed In the Middle West. The production per acre is from 40 to 73 bushels. The average weight per bushel Is above the 34-pound standard. Rye and barley are also common crops, and buckwheat is raised in limited quan tities. Corn thrives well throughout the state, but its cultivation Is not generally engaged in, except in Southern Oregon. Flax is grown in many places for export, producing from 400 to 00 pounds of clean fiber per acre. It is an excellent crop to rotate with wheat. Hops Within a very few years hops have taken rank as a leading industry'. The area of land fit for general hop cul ture in the United States is limited, and it has developed that the Pacific coast offers peculiar advantages for profitable pro duction. Parts of Clackamas, Marlon, Linn, Lane, Benton, Polk, Yamhill and Washington counties, in the Willamette valley, are now largely surrendered to this product, with most satisfactory re sults. It Is claimed that there are at tached to the industry in this district the advantages of a certain crop, early bear ing of vines, large yield, low cost of pro duction, freedom from disease, facilities for securing cheap poles, as well as fuel for drying, and cheap picking. The crop In Oregon averages from 1100 to 2000 pounds per acre. The hop louse has recently ap peared, but is kept under thorough con trol by scientific spraying. The price paid for hops covers a very great range. The average cost of production Is not -more than 10 cents per pound, and some grow ers, it Is claimed, have reduced this figure to 8 and even 7 cents. The last year the price has been low, due to exceptionally heavy yields throughout the world. It is probable that in the last 10 years the aver age price to Oregon growers has been at least 20 cents per pound. In 1834 Oregon produced 53,000 bales of hops, against 33,000 bales for 1S93. Vegetables Thf variety of vegetables grown is very wide. The list includes po tatoes, cabbages, onions, parsnips, cucum bers, celery, peas, beans, pieplant, aspara gus, beets, cauliflower, tomatoes, carrots, radishes and many others. Garden prod ucts likewise include watermelons, canta loupes, muskmelons, citrons, and so forth. The quality of all these table products is unexceptionable. The quantity produced In a given space is remarkable. It Is difficult to give a stated price for land in Oregon. Average farming land, under cultivation, brings $15 to $50 per acre. There are farms for less and for more, depending upon quality, location and other conditions. Railroad and other uncultivated land is to be had at a very low figure. Good fruit lands in Southern Oregon will average from $30 to $100 per f -J ;?