3 tch ?.lissinff
nn
DEVOTED TO THE POLITICAL AND GENERAL INTERESTS OF THE PEOPLE.
VOL. I.
EUGENE CITY, OREGON, FEBRUARY 1, 18G2.
NO. 4.
E. STATO REPJIBLICAI
THE STATE REPIBLICAX.
Published every Saturday by
II. SIIA.AV fc CO.
Terms of Subscription.
he RiiHdlican will be published at ti 50 a year in ad
Vane; .'I 00 if paid at the end of six months; or $i uO
At the close of the yeur. One dollar udditiouul will be
charged for each year payment is neglected.
N'o paper's discontinued uutil all arrearages are
paid, except at our optiou.
Rates of Advertising.
On square (ten lines or less) one mouth,
Kach additional insertion,
business Cards, one square or less, one rear,
" M six months,
tour squares and upwards, one year, per square,
" nix months, per square,
' " " three mmitlis, "
Administrator's Notices, and all advertisements re
lating to estates of deceased persons, which
have to be sworn to, one square, tour insertions,
$3 00
60
12 oo
00
10 00
7 on
5 00
5 00
All communications to this ollicc should be addressed to
II. SHAW & Co., Eugene City, Oregon.
To Aoviimsitns. Business men throughout Oregon and
California will tind it greatly to their advantage to adver
tise in the Statb KrtM-iiurw.
THE 1EAI SOLIii:i(.
HV COL, E. D. HAKDIi.
A tributo to the memory of the Illinois soldiers who died
of disease.jand wereburied Vu the banks of the Ilio Grande,
during'tho Mexican war. En.
Where rolls the rushing Uio Grande,
Uure peacefully they sleep :
fc'ar frotu their native northern land,
Far from the friends who weep.
So rolling drum disturbs their rest,
Ueuenth the sandy sod
Te mould lies heavy nn each brcast,
The spirit is with (iod.
Thev heard their country's call, and caiiia
To battle for her right ;
Each bosom tilled tvitii martial flamo,
And kindling for the light.
Light was their measured footstep wlicti
They moved to seek the foe.
Alas filial hearts so liery, then,
Should soon be cold and low.
They did not die in eager strife,
Upon a well-fought tL-ld ;
Not from the red wound poured'.their life,
Where cowering foemeu yield.
Death' ghastly shade was slowly cast
Upon eauh manly brow ;
lint calm and fearless to the last,
They sleep in aileiice now.
Vet shall a grateful country give
Her honors to their name ;
In kindred hearts their memory lives,
And history guards their fame.
Not unremembered do they sleep
Upon a foreign strand.
Though near their graves thy w ild' waves sweep,
Thou rushing Hio Grande.
Old Biiock'sSl'ccss: o t. We omitted tenotice
among the events of two weeks ago, that the
Dixie Democratic Committee, fire called tojjotncr
by James II. Slater. Old lirouk, their Chair
Man, having run away, Slater states that some
body must attend to it, and so ho pipes out the
Call. If they were a band of fugitive slaves, on
it dark night, Slater could probably whistle them
together. The proposal to hold it convention of
the supporters of Breekenridge while that per
sonage is bearing a sworj ag linst his country,
strikes us ns rather a bold one for this latitude,
nnd in a loyal State. How much moro loyal to
the Union is this lircckenridgo Convention to
be than the outlaw, the cut-throat, the barn
burner Is that body to be more loyal than
Claib Jackson's Legislature at Neosho, or the
loafers at any other rebel camp, North or South?
We are to have these lireckeuridgo conventions
here in our midst, nnd, perhaps Breekenridge
liimself will call in at some of them with that
musket he got in exchange for his seat in the
Senate. These men have nil nlong invoked the
success of the rebels ; they have d ,pidt and
opposed the Union ; several of their fiu. &'. have
taken up arms in Confederate regiments, nnd
now, under the name of supporting Breeken
ridge, and of course the nrmy ho is in, they
call tin organized Breekenridge meeting. This
call is made tarty, nnd is intended to unite only
the " destructive " element ; compromise, or any
dilution of treason, being just what they don't
want. That convention is intended to consist
exclusively of the sharp set, wire-edged, traitors,
unalloyed by nny mixture of conservative men,
timid men, or honest men. It is designed to be
a Breekenridge convention, nnd wi 1 bo worthy
of the name. Does this spawn ofnn irregular
faction, this bolting BreekeuriJgo commi.tec
Assume to cill n convention of the democracy of
Oregon ? If the democracy of the nation name
candidate fr the Proideney in 1 SGI. does
anybody suppose that he will be nominated by a
convention called by the " national "Breeken
ridge committee, of which Ild Stevens is Chair
Man Does nny ono suppose that the loyal
democracy will respond to such a call ? More
titan half he members of that cmnuttee are tn
opt it rebellion and more than half the voters they
' . . .i . i . i...
represented iinoso oi me seceuen ouuesj are
with them. And yet, tho Oregon branch of this '
abominable, piratical and traitorous ors.miz.ition,
whose candidate, leaders, and rank and file are
in the rebel army, have the impudence to call
" democratic convention," and ask democrats
who are not traitors to act and vote with them.
That Oregon Breekenridge committee, of which
(he absconded Brock was chairman, has no more
right to call a convention of the democracy of
Oregon than tho republican committee. The
democracy supported the democratic candidate,
Douglas Breekenridge, beside being a traitor
riM a bolter. It his committee ana aectples in
Oregoa wish io call a convention, tlio place to
o 'i ' wncre nrecKennuge is, in xisic. 3,u(r.
Wn. i
V learn that parties from Victoria have con-
traded with the steamer Jonathan," for ai
bonus of 14,000 per month, f.r six months, to!
run direct from San Jrrancisco to ictona and
not touch at I ortland. In less than three
months the will find inducements to break that;
contract without Portland giving hor one cent,
bonus, Mirk the pre 'i.-tion ! Times.
no wotLD u is Tim Okeatest Losers is
a War between the two Countries'! The
French press is perfectly correct in saying that
no .htiglisliman would willingly choose the
present moment to inaugurate a war with Amer
ica. In fact, it would require a provocation con
siderably beyond the common range ot events to
make such a war go down with lsntain, lor, say
what you will of John Bull, his instinctive love
ot fair play makes him recoil Iroin a quarrel
with a country nlready so involved as the North;
and if Mr Seward is ns calculating and unprin
cipled as his enemies say ho is, ho probably
reckons on tlio comparative impunity his misfor
tunes give him. It is a dangerous game to play,
und every American not blinded by pats'.on or
prejudice must see this, it ho fairly allows him
self to calculate the odds. Let it be assumed,
for instance, that it is true, as is often stated, that
Northern politicians count on a war with Britain
as a means to end the secession by driving the
South into united action in defense of the country.
But what if the South should not join tho North
against a foreign enemy There certainly seems
but little encouragement to that notion in the
present aspect of ullliirs. Might not Britain if
driven to hostilities, make common cause with
tho South by acknowledging its nationality, nnd
thereby secure its co operation ? So far as its
trade is concerned, Britain has but little to lose
by a war with the North. Already we sutler as
nuchas wo would be likely to do in a state of
actual war, for our trade with the South is at nn
end, and tho trade with tho North has fallen 00
per cent., at least, with small prospect of im
proving so long as tlio Morrill taritr continues
in force. In the event of tho war, and of the
South refusing to act with tho Federal Govern
ment as it is almost certain it would the great
maratimc forco could without much difficulty end
the blockade and re-open tho cotton trade.
I am only giving you arguments that arc p itcnt
enough, though they have not been hinted at by
any but the Tory writers of great Britain, for as
1 have already said, such a war n to the last
degree repugnant to the common feeling of Eng
land, nnd it is therefore with deep regret, not
unmixed with astonishment, that .hnglishmcn
note tho angry tone of a largo section of tho
Northern press nnd politicians toward this coun
try. Britain is just about ns likely to carry fire
and sword unprovokingly among its own subjects
in Canada at present, us to invade the United
States ; nnd ns every well informed American
knows, such an invasion would bo profitless in
the last degree for Britain, and contrary to nil
her precedents and principles, tit least to all of
modern date, he may calculate tor lnmscll tho
precise vuluo of Mr. So ward, s proposal for a
largo outlay on what seems to thinking men
on this side of the Atlantic a very needless and
very useless preparation ngainst fancied enemies.
-
Lieut. Cjl. Wistar, of tho California Regi
ment, who behayjd so gallantly nt Bull's Blutr,
has returned to Philadelphia. His surgeon be
lieves that ho will recover from his wounds with
but tin loss of a limb. His report will be
made out as soon ns his health permits. Col.
Wistar was a personal friend of tho lamented
Co!. Baker, was with him in California, and
joined him in Philadelphia to raise the regwnent
of which he is the Lieut. Colonel commanding.
Tho death of Baker is peculiarly distressing to
him, and tho morj because ho is forced to the
conclusion that that gallant officer, in his praise
worthy desirj to conquer lha enemies of his
country, exceeded tho orders of his command
ing General. All deplore, with Col. Wistar, the
sad loss of the patriot soldier and statesman,
nnd no word of reproach is called for ngainst tho
brave officer, who backed his judgment by his
life. But justice to the living demands tho un
biased relation of facts.
It is rumord that the Administration w ill pro
pose to Congress the adoption of a new fiscal
system, whereby the independent treasury
system will bo substantially abandoned, and a
national paper currency, founded upon the credit
of tho Government, be created. Treasury notes,
payable to bearer, of the denomination of five
dollars and upwards, will probably become a
substitute for local bunk paper.
Tub National Loan. Tbo National loan ac
cording to San Francisco papers, is ns follows:
In Sin rrancisco, a little less than $300,000;
in Sacramento, a little over $80,000.
From our own observations, when in tho mines
and from what we have since learned, we are
luliy ot tno oelier mat not lesitlian tliree millions;
of dollars in gold dust was extracted from thejerjed to Richmond, and there surfl-red an ntn
Nez Perces and Salmon mines, between the 1st i r.t.,finn nf .n f hU Il r-umn hr.KI.Hnrr
day ot June and the last day ot December, lSlil,
and tins was done ty the actual personal labor I
.i .tiki .a .- .. i l
ui icss uuui miners, unu uou aerage
time at work on their claims in mining would
no' exceed three moi.ths. J tines,
Not less than five thousand persons are now
enjoying the advantages of the evening schools in
New York city.
Scsdat and day schools have been opened
among the " contraband" fii"itives at Fortress
Monroe. They discover a very great thirst for
knowledge.
Intrkaik. The t.it.ihlfl nrnnortir in thn Sfnfo
cf Senr York, alone, in one year's time, has 1
increased over twenty f-jur millions of dollars, i
1 his fact shows hour the loval States are beinrz 1
; impovtrshed by this "unnatural warfare "be-
. . .. .. . . ... a
twel.n brothers
Ho. Jons Work, Chief Factor of the Hud- 1
son Bav Company, died late!v. The entered the
service of tho Company in Is 14. '
-
It is conferring a kindness to deny at once a
: favor which vou intend to refuse at last.
Parting or Scott and1 McClellan. When
Gen. Scott left Washington for New York,
where ho was received with much honor, the fol
lowing scene occured nt the cars:
Gen. McClellan, nt tho head of his staff pro
ceeded to an inner room occupied by Gen. Scott
and, removing his hut from his head, bowed
before the veteran chief whom he had just suc
ceeded. Gen. Scott, sitting, from inability to
rise, extended his hand to his successor, nnd
they talked for some minutes with hands clasped.
In this position, Gen. Scott, drawing McClellan
nearer to him, said : "General do not allow
yourself to be embarrassed by men who do not
comprehend this great question. Carry out
your own ideas, act on your own judgment, nnd
you will conquer, and tho Government will be
vindicated. God bless you." Tho young chief-
aiu's only reply wns : "I thank you, General,
and I will not forg.:t your counsel. May you
bo restored to health, and live to see your proph
ecy fulfilled. God bj with you. Farewell."
The way our naval officers on board of the
blockading squadron receive news from Ntw
Orleans is thus referred to in a communication
from one of tho vessels otF that port : " The ofli
cers and crew of tho blockading squadron wish
to thank their friends in New Orleans, and on the
Mississippi, for tho news sent to them in bottles,
sealed and floated down tho river, and can best
do so through tho New York Herald, which is so
much read everywhere. Now that we know the
bottles are coming, we nro constantly on the
lookout for them. They bring us lato and wel
come news. L,ioit bottles are tho best, such us
claret, hock or champagne, which may be filled
witli slips from newspapers nnd letters, nnd if
properly sealed, they reach us safe nnd dry. We
would ask nil our Union friends in New Orleans,
Cairo, and in Commodore Foote's squadron, to
send us news in bottles, floated down tho river,
and wo may, at times, co-operate with them in
giving' firo to fire eaters,' those unfortunates of
.IC-.lt, rt 1 t
mo oouui,' wno suiiereu so mucn irom our op
pressive Government.' "
Neoro Regiments in Virginia. Tho negro
regiment in Virginia id thus described by the
Washington Republican : " We learn by a gen
tleman direct from the upper Potomac, that Gen.
Jackson is now at Winchester, Virginia, in com
mand of a regiment of negroes j that they ure
fully armed and equipped, nnd nro being thor
oughly drilled. This information comes to us
from a source entitled to credit, and from
recent developments in other slave States, we
apprehend that arming tlio lu-groos against US IS
now tho settled policy of the reoels. From the
first these men have been used for tho benefit of
the rebel nrmy, either in building its fortifications,
supplying it with tho means of sustenance, in
working their guns, or doing the drudgery of the
camp, and now, when they can be of moro service
under arms, they are enrolled into regiments, to
become apart of their fighting element."
Negro Conduct at Beaufort. The following
is an extract from a private letter from nn officer
engaged in tho bombardment of Port IJoyal :
" Our success has been complete, nnd terror
runs over the whole country. Tho negroes are
wild, nnd nre plundering their masters' houses.
Tho whites have been driving the negroes nway
by force, nnd shooting them down, but they still
come to tho gunboats. The moment Gen. Dray
ton took to his horse in tho panic of the 7th, his
200 servants went directly to tho Wabash. This
is worthy of notice ns putting dow n the nonsense
that tho slaves are ready to figth for their mas
ters. They surrounded Capt. Anunen in crowds
nt Beaufort, and ono of them called out in tho
joy of his heart, I didn't think you could do it,
massa.
The Richmond Whin says that the Confeder
ate arm in Virginia is recognized. The State is
constituted a department, comprising tho three
armies off tho Potomac, tho Valley and Aquui,
under
the chief command of Gen, Johnson.
Gen. Biauregard commands the army of the
Potomac ; Gen. Thomas Jackson that of tho
Valley, and Gen. Holmes, Aquai. Tho army of
the Potomac comprises four divisions ; tho first,
including tho Valley, under Gen. Dorn ; second,
G. W. Smith ; third, Gen. Longstrect ; fourth,
Gen. Kitby Smith.
O.vg Leo More for His Countrv. During
the recent visit of Secretary Cameron to New
York, a member of the 79th Ilcgimont, w ho
was in the battle of Bull linn, and near Col.
C.imeron when he fell, called upon the Secretary.
l hd l-nn Roverr-.lv wounded, t.iken nrisimi-r.
jllt0 the Secretary's room on crutches, and be"-
0 ,e permitted to en to war a"ain savin"
. . ' .... . '
that he thought ho could still be of service to the
country, even on crutches. Mr. Cameron did
not question his capacity, but told him the first
preliminary was to get a mate to his remaining
extremity. Tho man said he coiil In't afford that,
and insisted on the validity of crutches. Mr.
Cameron then told him to go to a limb seller's
and buy the best i he could find, and send the
bill to him. The wounded soldier went his way
rejoicing.
We lenrn from thn Denver nanrrs that the
Legislature of Colorado Territory has passed a
bill locating tho Capital of the Territory at Col-
orado city
Ihe Ooverner nas not yet approved
the bill
Ciiasce for a Diviiiksd. The New Orleans
Picayune says the heavy growth of grass in
some of the streets of that city " would pay the
mower for his trouble."
As the creditors of
New Orleans have not teen paid a red for six
months, we advise them to raise the wind as the
owners of a N-w Jersey canal did. Tho only :
dividend they ever mad.-, was when thr-y mowed
the tow path nnd divided the Iny.
A Happy New Year!
FrlenilyOreetlng to
Old Friends'and Patrons !
READ," HEED, r AND ! REFLECT!
The commencement of tho New Year, 1802,
is the accepted and appropriate time for me to
say to nil whom it may concern
fiTif BOOKS MUST BE SETTLED UP.
And having waited on my patrons for years,
shall expect them to come forward nt once and
settle cither by
CASH PRCDUCE STOCK OR XOTE.
I will receive in payment of old accounts or for goods (of
which I hat; full assortment at the old standi all kinds
of produce, such as
Wheat, Oats,
Butter, Eggs,
Hides of all kinds,
Steers of all ages,
Work Oxen,
Horses, Mules, etc., etc.
K. II. I wish it distinctly undcrsteod that I do not wish
to credit out any more Roods, therefore I shall expect the
produce or stock to he delivered before or at the time the
goods are taken from the store.
All accounts must he settled by the flrsl'f March next.
as we may want to lcai e for the Curriboo, or, if we do not
you may, and I want all of our accounts nettled belore we
part. To those having accounts standing from the years
'it and '60 unless such accounts be speedily settled by note
or otherwise, they will be placed in the hunds of mi ollieer
for collection. J. I,. HKUMLKY.
Eugene City, Oregon, January 1, lS'i:i. 'Jtf
II. II. Uancrolt &. Co.'s Hook List.
n AM) HOOK ALMANAC, 1 m.;-, official Uegistcr and
Year Hook of facts for the I'acilic States.
Major (ieneral iiiilleck's I.awsof War.
The Southern Rebellion, Part .
National Hymns, hv Kichard (irunt White.
Rebellion Record, Volume I. and Tart 7.
Army Regulations, Revised lsill.
Men-of-War Regulation.
I. aily Maud, by I'earce Kgan.
Anderson's Okavango River.
Kiust Lynnc, or the Karl's Ihiughter.
Cecil lireeme, by Theodore Winthrop.
Ida I'feiHer'a I, list Travels.
Kugene tlriimlet, by llalzac.
Kssays, by George llrimley.
The Clovsterandthe Hearth, by Charles Reads.
Iliaries, S'12.
(lift Hooks, a irreat and extensivt variety.
Kdwin ot lloirw, a I'ttem bv Aleawndur laiuith.
Recreations of a Country I'arsou.
1 ( - South I'lieilie.
in the Moor.
t iToiihecv, bv Mrs. Southworth.
Or. Russell's Civil W ar in America.
Vol. 'J4 Howard's U. S. Siiprt'ine '"iirt K-pporU.
Vol. 33 liurbonr's ,V T. StiprpiiM' Court Report.
Upton's Maratiiiie Warfare and l'rizo Law.
(Spot on the Sun.
Furuilay's Chemistry of a Candle.
Hiilli'ck'N Intcrnatinniil Law and Law 9 of War.
lK'lknap's I'rolmte haw.
H. II. JiAXCHOFT A CO.,
4tf Sin Francisco, Cal.
SCOVILL'B
S A Pi SAFARI L LA,
AND
STILONGIA
OR
Blood & Liver Syrup.
It is highly recommended liy phvMciuns tn cure the Cut-
Inn ing discaiies, having their origin in a disordered state of
the blood.
Scrofula, Titter or Salt Klicum, Scald Head,
Canker, Ulcerations and Enlargement of tho
Joints, Cancerous Tumors, Erysipelas,
King's Evil, St. Anthony's Fire,
White Swellings, Obstinato
Eruptions, l'imples on
the Face, Rheuma
tism, Blotches, Pustules,
Dyspepsia, etc. ; Syphilitic
nnd Mercurial Affections are
cured ; Chlorosis or obstructions in Fe
males, Leucorrhea or Whites, are relieved
by tho use of this very valuable MEDICINE.
Tht medical properties of Karsapurilla in conjunction
with Stillingia nre well known by all medical men to be
the best compound yet dincoYcrcd to cleanse and purify
tho blond, and eradicate all humors from the system.
We bare given tbe recipe to most physicians in the
country, that they may know what they are using; and
will continue to lend it by mail to those desirous of know
ing the ingredients entering into itj comjiosition, that they
may prescribe it in their practice.
This preparation stands at the head ol the list of reme
dies for curing all diseases arising from impurities in the
blood or diseased matter lurking in the system.
Thousands who bare used the Scillingia ami Snrsnparilla
will testify to its remarkable elfect in removing all impuri
ties from their blood, giving tone and vigor to the whole
human frame, and restoring a healthy action to all the
f"rti"" f ,h J1-
The testimonials received in it favor from many mem
bers of the Medical faculty would, were we to publish
them, fill a large volume.
It is prepared under the supervision of one of the oldxt
and best practical chemists in the country, (Mr. W. S.
Merrill, Cincinnati, so as to insure an uniformity of com
position and purity in all the ingredients.
Asa spring remedy, to purify and cleanse the blood, leav
ing it free from all humors and impurity, we assert with
confidence, there is no better remed
Sold bv ail Pmggists, and by
REDINOTON & CO., Agent
and 4ii fHv street San Franrisro '
T-i whom all rrdr shonl l be address-!
NEW BUILDING.
BETTER FACILITIES, AND
MOKE ACCOMMODATIONS.
I wouf J ftnnonnco to tho people of the Upper
Willamette that 1 have moved into my ihmt
building on the corner of Oak and Ninth Streets,
in front of the Court House, where I will be
found ready and willing to meet all my old
friends nnd patrons and a lair proportion of new
ones. It will bo my aim to keep a complete
stock of
Staple Goods,
with as much
Fancy and Ornamental Stock
as tho market may demand. Having formed
business connections with extensive Business)
Houses in Portland and San Francisco, together
with a TEAM which I keep constantly running
during tlio summer months, I Hatter myself
that I can ofler to my customers
IXDITKMKNTS NOT
SUKPAHSKll HY ANY
HOUSE IN TI1K
LITER WILLAMETTE.
I have, nt much expense, made extensivo prepara
tions for Storage, ly w hich means I am enabled
to receive and place in market any production ot
either l'AUMEU or MECHANIC.
I willJaUo receive and ship to 'any commercial point,
Goods, Produce, or.othcr wares, tf'W'o the parlies adran
tae of other markets, and extensivo business acquaint
ance. A LARGE STOCK OF JAYXKS
AND OTHER
Patent Medicines.
To counteract, a far as pimnililc,, tho linrd tiincs, I cil
culnta to bring my businca to UASII AND RKADY TAT
l'KINCII'LES, making small profit and light charges.
Those who ure weary und hcuvy liuli-n (withXgold dust)
give me a cull.
Kugene City, Jan. 1, Ht)2. ltf A. S. McCLURE.
M. ROSENBLATT,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALEU !!
Dry Goods,
Clothing,
Groceries,
Hardware,
Cutlery,
Mechanic' Tool, Boots, Shoes, etc., etc.,
Announces to tho public nnd patrons that ho is
still in tho trado nt the old and well known
stand ofS. KOSENBLATT & BliOTIlEll;
and selling goods nt the Lowest Prices, for
CASH AND PRODUCE.
His stock is entirely new. Purchasers will
find here every article usually kept in the stores
of this city new nnd well selected. Those
wishing to buy nro requested to call and cxamino
his slock and prices before purchasing eisew here.
Kemember tho plaeo mid that tho stock is
WHOLLY NEW, and will continually bo re-
plenished with fresh new goods of tho LA TEST
STYLES, 1'ATTEliXSAXl) VA ME TIES.
ltf
Saddlery ! Saddlery ! !
A I.AI;E LOT OF EVERY DESCkM.
tion of Nnddlra. Unities, llitr
ncss, I'lti-k-.iiddlrs, etc., etc., at
SAM. COX'S Old Stand,
Where we will been hand (f aint going to Salmon) to
make any kind of work, in our line, to order.
None but the ll t Mittrrinl nsrd.
npmoN or tii riu:ss.
?am. f.'oi'a saddles and harness for durability are un
surpassed on the I'acilic Coast, lie uses none but the very
best muterial, und puts them up in a workman like man
ner. His collurs have been known to cure the most
obstinuie cases of pole-evil by one weik's use. .yiirrt
bun f'n'im.
.Sam. Coi'a renowned Saddles and the Salmon River
mines-are the greatest blessings of the tge. Arttmus
Vr.t.
F. DUDLEY.
(iucccssor To r. w. Johns-is post urriri B! It D1X1.)
DEALER IN
BOOKS and STATIONERY.
Keeping constantly on hand all the
sci rooL noojes
in nse in Oregon, and an immense vsnetjr of standard
Miscellaneous Books.
AI.HO
Paper ot all kinds Cap. Legal, Letter, Nte, Printing, e-te )
i fcnvelops. Pens, Penriis, ItUnk books .very
vanelv, SUies of all qualities and sies,
.II first rpiaiiry and ehesr..