.am-jnmjAHGPS
v tvwntr.D IVT.R1 MirRPAr feo'hSTfri?
OflSco-GdJaiBuifolSjTlalat.' Edito-
? f fial ftoom ia'tirVAtory; ( ;
Tkrtt Dollar tnit V'Vfy Vmti jtrr milium, j
OT!rJ? (levotfd to':t!ie Principles of JefleiKonian Democracy, nn.l.nrlvocAting the kuIo of .Truth in every issue.
VtT "'"'' liteuntinttrd unlil nil arreirtigce
.ii awrMid, uhl't al llu ptui of thn ittiHheirr.
VOL.-IL' !
.OREGON .CITY, O.T., AUGUST 2a, 1650-
,.NV. Ii).
v,n COL. BENTON'S SPEECH,
Deiiieredat tn- Ratification Meeting in St.
i; i.i i Louii,Junt slftf, 1830.
J A .-..' e-r 1 "
After llio enthusiastic clioaring which, his up
bearauce upon Ihu .laud excited, had .ubtidcd,
Colonel Buxton Mid If '
.' CiTiz.Kit I uppeut before you iu an unexpected
eharucutrr-Ihat 01 cundiduto.lor III. Uuvemorsiiip
tit the Stale of Missouri. ' It was a place which I
had not aought, but whieli 1 furl bound lo accept
In. Hie present condition ol (no country it peace
greatly endangered bolh ut homo and nlirniul, and
the service. M nil. rood oilisen. reuuired. Hi aid in
prtveul ng the double culuiniiy ul uivil uud furri-u
'war."1 The nomination for President made 'at Ciu-
'This tvus the slate of the sluvery question, and
the slavery agitatam, when the first Codgre-. met
under Mi'. I'lerce'. odinhiislreiioii, in Ihe session
oT 1853 1.. H lisiigitutiou was dead; legislation
had closed up upou ll ; (here was no way to re -open
Ihu qucsliou but lo ubrngulo, or roj.ru, mime ex
(Mthitf law no way to get up sp-iutioti but hv
breukiuir down law, and that was- done. A b .11
was brought in lo uboli.h ilia Jlissouri Compromise
l.uc, pretexted upon 'llio luiuuiulc established bv
the I'jrMutiim ut JjU. The pretext was a libel
upon Ills legislation of thnl year, and riprciullv lin
en lira memory of Mr. (Tny; who had taken a
prominent part in-that legialutiou. It woa iiamimrd
to mi curlier and !'! ter jicrioJ of our liiit-j w ho would liulray ' -licir cnnotiim-iiU a I ' Tlinl whh thn iiMi of thi cinvi.'iilion ;
lory ; but thin coiiiiroini.,'lioiiM it now . proinfo nliicli lia U'tn faithfully ki-iit. mid tlio oti"idti prewMiifTa difl' rcot Kpretiicli',
tin r cMjiiiiishoii, would prcvi-M iho recur. Hio only oiioof all tlmt It iiihiIm. liich Un 'uud on toslndm n tlio' untnotio hcort
n-neeuf aimiliirdiiiifti-rii limnfior, SlimiM'hevn kajt liy lhi adminiirnliuii vitncs 'IVnmijnin tin of thousAnda oftlmyoo
this quoHtiun be now l.;fi open farune'urtwo' (lie ti'diitcd'nlrilnpi aUut tlin lNii.-ifu; Ituil. innnrvof tlipci.itnirv (KVntiickr.'Oliu In
ycwis llio connlry would I-' involvrd Iu ' road, iIip rnductloii of dutloi, nnd a Ioiil' di"tiix ami other Sluti-) wore iliurc ; farm-
ouo contiiiueij atrurglu. ' o should til.jlU(uf oiheri. Fiimlly. lliuilenl nu time, rrn, imolinnici, .tnfo.ioiinl men, mirin(?c
imas a faverUh excitPim ttt lu tlie public i lliu denl from wliijli Mr. C.iIIk.iiii Ki- In tlidr jiirit, Intent upon ilm public :ot,d ;
mind. I'liriioa would diviilp on iho ilun- cuilvd lint fn- Lnrir( lum unilx-t n ri-njn il. . mid eomo to prpvont , piulud tirlrpale
jri-roua hiiu cxciinijr ijUcMn.n 0! hIkiIKiiui ; Hie l'pii. ut pud Ins (i, Innlcr t.iok the i lr..m U-trnyinjr t' O pfnplf. rillicn lum
and the iirilulioti would rvuch kucIi an ex- fadj for tlio reward; lliev botli culcrrd tin- i!'cd,n ili.-v tol l me, etiim from one dis
. . AIiVKKTIhl.NCJ RAT ICS, .
Ono wjuara (I'J line or line) oiiq iii-i lioi), ,.1,0
'' - ' tivn ii,."eiii.,ii, 4n.l
to l vi:i. tim e In nine, MA
. I I ) v ' i ICaoli aubm-quriit iiaarvon, I, Ml
U.aaonubia j Juvt'un. In hae wiiu4ivll.n bj
. . i , ; .. .; t)i yiur. . i , . , , '.
; ' J qb Printing. t:
,' Tua tH'ii'niK'iua ' i tub A I'J? i lurrv
In liifovm tlie p:ili!in' tlinl lie hai Jr't rei clved :i
ui;eirivki,f.)'lt I'Vl'J! ahd oilii f tif "print
iiu; niatural, nnd wlil lm in tils' pei ly receipt of
uilJiUrw MuK'd to nil ihf ri quiii uienl. of Mi lo
uiliiy. IIAMiIJIIXS, I'u.sTI.'i:s, IlJ.ANKK.
CAIMW. t lllCI )..r..!, I'AMPIII.I'T-WOliii
'ind othf Kimln, done lo order, nil nhiirt notice.
aluvi'ry iuTerritvrira., It wua an ,'iuuinpliou Willi
out foundation contrnrv to the Kief and oniilru-
A;miA ku nM..l...l i. -t ' ii...
cianaU .uour.ed un .in hopo 0f ,. - 'Sj
a aini ie averted, and bin chielly comr Imtcd tin i. ... ,;...,!..'. J .f " "un.iren
h,y pre-eut con. I will . ,,i new .Vcldenl, ' .' - ,
by the niiilmra of the ipinal that limt leuitlatiou lr,,,e BS 10 Hiilanuer tliH fxileiiea of tlui li'a nt the Cincinnati C inwiilt'in. mid w.-re , t let In Ohio to nlrw one of Mu-s sramp.
I'Ktnblu.heU the principle ol noli iiittrrU-r'-nce . Willi i U llion iLfell ; but C'Iikh ll now hi it ll
.(for I look upon Mr., iluohanan
tain,) in doinir, w hat X am very auro lie will do
Hint la lo any, all in his power to prcmrvo the' p.'.ice
f the oounlryat home aihl'ubro.id. and to renlore
the fraternal l'tcliu''ti between llio dilllrcnt nuctiuua
( the Un'on umv ao laiueiitublv iinpuin d
I aliall hr.va to make aomo ajieeohoa, but not
audi na are iimiuIIv tnu.f e in a puht.cal eauvuM.
Attack, upon the opjKuite party or paitiea, u-u.illy
conrlitut. the bunlieu of ruch api-eelm: ihey are
Uroper iu other v;uivat, but nut coniiiit'iidiibli
o cauvu for the (iovernor!iin. If elecle.i, the
Aindiditte become, the Unvermn of Iho M ite, not
of a parly, and aliould no ileiiMia lniu.self ua to
'g.ve evidenee or an impartial auimnisUut.nii, and
aaurance of a rtopeotlul inlerceuiiHi with all who
.nay have otcaniou. or who may fiol uu iiiciiuaiioii,
til call up hi him. Acting iip m theso prlueipka. I
.hall iiiiike no dmpar.ignij ri-fi-renue lo Iho parlie.
oppoaed lo me. 1 ahull uppluud my own party
llio aaiuo which twunty yearn a,'o nave uu mailed
Democratic ch nact.-r lo tlie State but wiv noth
jug dTo)(alory of ulluie. In a;,in.liu wlurv I
have atoo.1 lor forty years in Hi Mali., unj lor all
my year, of manhood before I caino t the Stale,'
, I lutucieully allow tlie preluieuce wlnvli I tf.vo lo
my own, without impugning or diKpamttiii otheiH,
' I nii'rclj ray that ecliuual, or one idea pan es,
havo .lwa)a received my oppOKituii !'.. mole
lliun the "hij; puny, wlikii, liooii; iv.tiuiml, un I
resting on a broad foiltida'liun, wan I he fainu w.ll
.the Uouiocratic iu the ullunale ohjeci ihe .geii
eral cood diiVeriii'nibcut the meuiu of obluiuiu tt.
With these few iriuurki, I bay nothing moie ndou
parties, uor shall 1 any luiylliinif aboul iiiysell, 1
rely upon a Ions public life, full of incident, lo un-
awer every question that concerns me merely re
minding my fellow-citrena that I am not n man of
, ehang". tliut wnal tiiey liuve Known me in llio
past, 1 am sun in tne pnsHin; ana expect to uu
. Ihe future. 1 prooeed to apeak of the publ o al
fairs, now more troubled nnd d sordered than 1 havo
ever known them
a .Citiacna, I tuko for my text th. farewell wordu
of the ruihel' vl li s Cuiiuliy, ,iodie.-nu -Ins lusl
advice to the children over A lio -i he had watched
i and (riiar.leil. ami Irom whom lie was aliout lo 1 1
parled lorever. A falli.T uboul io die collec t h:4
' children around hi u; heslows his pjn-utui b. u dn 4
lion upon them exhorts them lb I'm i tonal ait'c-,
tiou ulteis a pra.er I'.r their hui'p lies.- ;.nd n
Si'MlS IllH Willi to Ul4 Maker. U , Ji 1. . 1 II !i:H
thiuihl., uid d'-eil o Ii h In ai l, is tne w -Ii lo:
family ha. lii'iny, nnd l'..-r b, o..litriy uud :e.:y
'feclion. I ence in Ihe laiuilv c.reie tr- Hie la I a.t
' piration of hi. hp. the last pnisatii u a. h. Imosii
lie iliea prnyni; lor p uee unions Ii s uceni.uui!
Such Is Ihe last li.recll of (he natural I'aih' r. paid
lie from the o.ispinm ol In. io.ns. ' ah n'oii
had no cliildren of hii loins, hut he took iu h m ,f
a whore tialion of beloved nnd cherished children,
. He won the, lailiei' of his country ! and ily iij. In
imitated the natural lather, .uid ell his heuedie
'tron, his patennil hlesym his I'isi u !v e'e iiu.l h s
, eternal vvur a io tuo iiultonai iunn.y winch he had
udiipte'l who.-e mlancv he. had pry. i:m i an I
-whose fuiil.e welfare mid f reiti e ai tli
Jirail" Q ,e.'t ol Ins heart., fcace mid hal uonv
"Whs his prayer.. No jeal uies ..r T.eaiL hiiin:u.
' nn sectional ilrvi.'rion. or 'anlipathlcs, no geor pli-x
al dsstinofivna ud NeiUi no South was'lhq
prayer of his aotil uud -'ho bii.then ol his invuea
'tion; and that lust 'uud parental prajer his hau
erunted until lately. A 'transient oioud. uaik nnu
uortenlotis, has sometimes fhreuuiii'd .lo mar lli.l
general harmony; but wise and pair otic men. by
' safe and fienluv in .asurea, hud alwuy. curried o.f
the threuirning sloim, uud lull peace uud suashiue
to nverspreud Iho mod. J
. - Fonr yeurs airo-we scenml te have attained Ihe
highest point' of otir hurmoiiy and fehcity j W
! wero iu Ihe fullest enjoyment f Washington's
wish.! i Tlie harmony and fraternal alii clioo of i llio
Union were aoniplvto. The felivity of thepecplej
"biMh-pol'tieally uild joeiaHy.'ttus ut iu highest.
A Preahltiai wusolnctcd with.ui.p iralioled ulian m
,ity twenty-fcyon States out of thirty-one vot.ng
for the same man, and lie a Nuriliern in in. -Hvow
' thirds of each linns - of Congress corresponded ii
laentiiUBiit Willi the. President, showing a .nan .ni
'ty in ilie national councils never ljef.ire witnessed
at the uoeowio. of a new Administration, t Tlw
j-.tnniencemnt of the fcssiou of Uungress, S'i'J-i
54, was a politic il milleiiiuui. Uhivrrsul liurinony
'provaifeil. 'A bifiiherly feeling pervaded llio two
iioiuea., N.-iU'ou il Kood-w.ll,, and a desire to do
vell the public btisiuesa, were the Uniper of all.
It seerno ! Ihat nniiu bmiM rufrle or mar Ihe uni
. vrsul aood feelinir which prevailed. '1'wojiH'm-
fccrs fiom ihe free Stateslried it, and failed. They
laws! exu lly Ihe princ u!e of not re otieiiiuir the
slavery agituiion by al'.or ng or repeoling any low
tlmt hud forecloaod ihe subject j and Ihat was the
principle decided in the platform of , And
the pi'etcKi lor Ihe repeul of the Compromise was
jut an unfounded and gratuitous, as the act itself
Wasi'euioiuhleand iiusch-evous.
No, cltucns! ihe authors ofth.il repeal find,
not justification, but condemnation, in the legisla.
tion of le.'id. And the further pretext, (fur u bad
cause I'ciju.res many pretexts, uud even coutiadic
lory and inconsistent ones,) the further pretext
I hut Ihe Compromise was unconstitutional uud
vod, is just us r!-ii lililnus mid lllil'oiinded ; and
llutranlly eoniradicled by Ihe prev.ous ooliduct of
its authors ail of whom ute upon the record, in
votes or in speeches, for the validity of thai Com-proaiis,-up
to the lime of tlic idol to destiny it.
They had voted for tl in Ihe Oregon Territorial b.ll
ol IK-LI in the Culforua bill of lK.jll ill Ihe
Mliiibwila TerM iriul act and, uliuvo ui I, iu ihe
Tevus aujii xuliun resoniiioi s u. it4o. .' 'ihis Ibller
iiisianee is au overaheinj ug ainuuient u thiseuse.
and loo li'lle known to the pani c, mid Uccds Ihe
elucidation ol a prel mi i.ury stateineiil to drwlope
ilH nalure, unU lo give force Ui na upuhcution.
That stnlciueul istlns : couleuiKiraneously with the
en iclnienl ol the M smiiiH Compromise was iho
ret. u..er..-itiii of TYxus to p-ain ; and not the 'I exus
us Spu n hud held it. hommcd nil the II eel liiver,
bill us we lelrecedcd it.i xienduig north lutheAr
kalisus river, and lo thai pari of it wli ch was
north of 3ti deg ees 3d iu uu es north latitude.
11 re then w ai room for n slavery ones: ion when
Texas eaine to be annexed in IMo.- bint wua a
slnveholdiiii! country. Her coiistilutlou nod Uws
almilled slavery. Tho iusilutioil covered her
territory extended to all her bolder. consequent-
extended lo Ih Arkansas river ; for her bound.
ary came to that liver m north btiudo 37 and
3H, and followed the r ver up lo its suurcu in the
!! ckv iiiniintuilH.'' Mere II, cu wua a case fur a
funic question, which prudence required lo be ni-
mediately pt-tivided lorr iti.d it wvs done. It wus
clear Unit one-lull' of the Compromise line wus
iihrrvnit. d by ill. luw uud uoustituiiuu of le.xus,
a nd l.iat the slave ipslituliou, lo Ihu axiom ol that
nlimul.oii.-was exteii.led nnrili beond Ihe par.
al!el of 'Hi ili giees ..ll inniulet ; uud ihat it would
r m int so ohlu'll.e-Tex'au low shouidbe iilltrid
teh ch u t. 1'iiion could only b made by herself, if
v'le n .0 d nulv Ih- ailuiiiie ; wi.lioiil piuvioiisly
pr-vtilit foe lil e cas-i .To do nodniig, was .lo
j .ftt to the alirn.'iiiiou ; lo re-es:.nii.si lie line wn
I ' nlnun i i h me coli-t tu ouai pent r 0 d li e po
I if al i dc toy o' do ii'' .o i uud tin. Who done I
tint oulv in Hie idno'rali d pAit, lint in s i its leiiL'ill
.'i d hie id h '. in An wh;;e h-uuiii irom the south.
vt est coroerof .tilss.luri lo the summit ul the l.ocky
vlotiiituiiis ; unj in i s whole lueudih, mnlh und
.-ml Ii. ns fur us ihu United atutes territory extend-
d. ' (lore is Ihe uci s ' '
i.Tiri.G ! 1. -'yivSi.ii s. of ennveiiienl siic,
tut ei-ei'iliii lour ni tin. nb r, uu I liiiving sunicieut
population,' ni .y lie. eal ei br III coaftilt of sa d
he f r .. d uui o! me .crritiTV thereof, which
bllali htt -at litil lo Hlla.isio;i un lei the provisions
f ihe 1'e ii aal consiitinion ' And such Stutes us
e I red out ol that p -riion ol said lerrtlory
il would boil) liilscrublv Jifeuloil rei.mlinlcd hv ! iino.?r d ill liV tlio tti'lllillislriitioM oflicinls
lie clcacd forever. Was ii JcMraliln iiL'iiin ' llieir own .part y llio first i'lsiiiucii of n uud tin v did iruvcrn liltn n'mlc liiin loo
to nave the Mie.oun question brought I reuli lit ao rcnuilliitcd in (lis Inrturv of ili( mnrk. nnd voio tb will ot Mia ilntrict
lo Fury ' our country. . , ' mill so of many ulhois. Scvcnt. thou-nnd
h"lllfl lo the poop e lo yoiiJ tlo in to fury
That jjreut "jural in bciv;n the two grcnt
mt' rests in otir country had lrcn wHI ih..
(.'usspdnud (bcitli'il (in tliu Migaouri emi-
I went in Cincinnati lo bo nenr tbni Con win the cstimato of tlin nniiibrr of llit ae
vrnlloii iho first ono I ever niiprmiclied. piitrltjlic uilizfim : tlicif wplglit of chnrnc-
I went to see bow thinir weto (luiip. uud In' tor wan hi ill urcatcr than 1 Ii i r number'
roin 'so ;) and from ihut inoini'iit be bud assist a little at a fa iiotnination. I foiinil I Tbcv were for tirnoo. reace at homo ai d
set nown ins loot nn Hie mlKl croiiutl ilicn i a ("arrison of ulltce-liolilera IiimiIo of Hie anroail, nni for miclninnn, as t'i hefl
eatuM'slied, and there he would lit the, Convention, and a beni.-ciuc army of the clmuc" for savin" tl.i pinci. 'I'lu v x
question aland forever. 'lo coiiid com- faiuc gentry on I ho outnida of it. Packed ; tu'Crd tho nomination (o bavu hen
plain of the term, of thai compromise ?" dcte"ntf were tln're.seiit (o betray llio pco- matin tin tho aecoild day : it wan delayed
Sospiiko Mr.Buchunan in the year HIS,' l''e" trnw tJeb-paifa were there, cominj; , ttiitil the fifili, by thn innnajroiiuMil of the
the last year of bis service in Coii''resa : 1 ,rnn 'he oinlea wliuli conhl givu tio I)ein-. niinority. who hail the rnneliinery, and
mid ill's well known that bi hciniincnts , "t-'tatic vote. Mfinbera of Coiifrresa wen-1 staved o
continued the imu until t lint solid fuiuda-1 there, nl;bnti!;h foihid by llu-ir diillta from
lion on wbii'li he un tint to. stand foiev r,
nm! on uhivh lie In IJ the harmony and ill''
xistellce cf the I'liiuM m rest, wan lakeli
beina nt Mich a place. A cohort nf oflice
holders from Washington City wyo there,
political riinuclis In the rcderal yteni, in
fiom muler his ft e t ; Mintihed from under ! oi'ahle or votiuo; fur thn aimillest Fedenil
him l y ihu baud of oilier, ilinini bit: ub ! "1'(:i )'( sent there by the Administration
senc from the country, and when ho had j ''H' I'resitlenl upon llio ieop1o
lm power to raise his' voice atr.iiust t,. ( oxtlntifil ly the Contitulion from being
I airicidid destiuciioii. i. t, ino ilesiroyeil, ! 'veii elrclors of the I'resitleni, and yetaent
lie. laL. s lint pai l of i-.loiii iiml niud'ern-1 m're ,u vole for the Administralion and to
Hon. lie luls bud I'lioiiuh alune. iljwtll olt 11 l0" ")0 pf'ncipio or tlio ox that
not make bud worse by Hltemptiug to re-1 ktioweth his master' crib upon ihe prill
store what bus been destroyed. .To heal ! '''I''' of the as that humeri h the h a ml that
t xisling wounds, and not to unci) new one. iTo'delh him. Dullu were there from the
ih hm ptlicy; lo n coiiciln rxasperatetl
brethren, a id ii"t to iuui'case their exasper
ation, is his iiim ; and in this benignant
uim every Rood citizen should join.
The rc-i'tiactuieiit of ihe Missotri Coin,
promise nl tho ndmisvion of 'IVxiis, was un
era mid a resMitj; point in ourNlavery legis
lation, mid as audi wasofn u referred io.
and relied upon by our public men, anil
commcnthd lo perpetual pbservancn. i It
was called tho '.'Texas, Compromise," and
was considered a confirmation of the first
one, ii nil a new ono ui; Inn itself. In that
lit hi 't wus treated, on a solemn occusi 'n,
by 1'iesidi-iit Pollt. In hie meS-age appro,
vino thu Oiegon Terri orial net in l-IS
ihe last year of hi Admiiiisiralinn. am!
which act prohibited slavery in Oreiion
In' to 'lt occasion to refer to the "Texas
Com, !' n.i e,"iuid loprisnit it. us an hide-1
poii'ia, ni in. tisute, jgrtiw tiisj o'll of iho same
virc;jiiisl.iii(vs,.iiii'l lite hiiiip 'i'it, which
I ad .I'r'iiluii.-djtlic' Missouri Coiiijiroinise ;
uii'l, like, it, not to bu viulaled wiiluuit en
i.'aiigei iiij; li e Union. In that message lie
said : . - I
"When Texaa wns adtnit'ed into our
LT'nioii, thu stime apirit of compromise
w Inch ifijidt d our predeuessora in the od
mission of MisKoini, a fimtrterof n century
la-lbi. prevailed uitboul any aeriotia oppo
sition . 'I'lie Joint Ilesoluti'in for unnexiiiif
Texas to :he Uniiud Sutcs, approved March
Mul' h..utli of il.iriv-t.ix d.nrees tliulv in. nines i ItJ-to.-prtivicles, 'Ihat etich Mates
ill I n ode. (umiiMiilv known as Ihe .Missouri u may bit lormerl out of that liornon of
l. .avium. -e '.lie, snail lie until ecu into tne union wl lerrtlorv .lyttl"f South- of 3d dog. 3(1
w th, or i..- ..! slavery, as the people of end. Slat, N , 11,i'lu,le. Moinnienlv hnoivn ns
a .-kill' lulinls-toii inuv desire; und iustich Slule,
tat. s, as sh ill be formed onl'Ol said lerritory
north tif the said Mis-sntin Coiiiproiniso line, slu-
very of invotntitarv eernlude (u.xcrpl lor eriniei
hall be pioh.Uieil." '-" . ..
These are the iv'br'ds of tho annexation resolu
tion, und they are. a clear re-enu- luieiit of the or.
iginitl .MissiMiri Coinproiiiise ! inn! a re-eiinctinent
made ,,ut. thu instance- . of tho Iree States, which
would not niherwisc vote for Iho admission. And
now who made that ctiuclinetil t Iu answer
Ihe sanio, party which inuile Ihe first one the
Soulh coiiip.chcndiug etei'V meinlier of Con
gress, who vottd for the timiexatioh of. Texas, and
the Missouri Comprumise line shall bn ad
mitted into the Union with, or without sla
very, a thu iPoph of each Stme asking
uilmissioii, may do-trc. And ih such .Stale,
or Stii'es, as shall be formed out of the ter
ritory Norih ol'tliB .aid .compromise line,
slavery or involuntary servitude, (except
for crimo,) shall bo prohibited.' "
'And having thn quoted tho act, ami
shown that the Texan compromise, like its;
frefftl nriT.wAimp ' ten uotllerl n eroiil eld
' dclfvored their eiutomary haran jues upon the evils
af (Javery their harangues fell dead upntr the
floor, and were not repeutid they died out under
' Ihe Cold and silent hid rlerence of llio IIoiie. Ah-
.xilition ogitaiion vrui dead tJtliilct uud r public
opiuion and Ihe luws of the land. whi. h had seitlcd
" it everywhere, and left not an inch of territory on
which the question of slavery could be raised. ; Il
has been circulated Ihat the compromise measure,
-of ISiO settled it ll " mistake it wasWtled
Wore ; and the met..' of that session was', nut ihat
. of eltliug any questiou, i,:" I,1"'1 .of ''ot dwlurbum
what Ihe law. had air.b' l. u "0,""1""'
fereoee wu non-hiterTereuee with Jw;
kawa wVefc it laught as the wise is"11 10 . , "'e
.law. alone. There was nut an inch squ."e "; '
' T.tui'y St thattioM in the Union on which the siai""'
s-v aattioa was sot already settled by luw. Look
..over lire map of the L'li ou und you will s c it.
Tn the remhaat of Ihe Northwest Territory abive
- Wisconsin, il was s-ttl. d by tlieord nancvoi ITbT ;
in the former province of Louisiana ii w as setiU d
apto the Kt"kv Moiinlains, an t out to the Brlisli
oe, by the iliSHiuri Co.nprom se hue of la'U ; in
' Oregon it was wll.ed by the or-unic tiriiional la i
" ol 1S48; in Xew Mexico. Ulah. and ''aliforn a. it :
was settle, fcy the laws of Mexico; u the Uistrict
if Columbia it was settled by Ihe saw. of Ihr
State from which the d sirict had I en a.-qu red.
Thi constitute, the entire xleut ol tlie Liii ed
8tte territories at Ihat lime; ail quiet uuaVrlhr
operation of existing law and no way to 0ien the
larery question anywhere except by repcannjr
some of these laws; and Hut was a th ng winch
IheConaressef 18M would n-t do.aid d.d noi do.
AWn.pt. were mad.- to repeal th. Alencau auti
tavcry U. in New Mexico, L lab, and Calnoriu. ;
Congress refused to do it. Attemp's were m ice
' exten t th. Masoun Comprom tin. v the Paci. c
oceau; Cougres. refund to extend it. Attempt,
wem made to confirm the Mexican taw by the
Wilmo provUo ; Congns. refused to adopt th.
r.iso. Il would pas ua new law upon Ihe sub
ject of slavery, because, lo do that would require
the repeal of'om exmung laws, and thereby re
open Ihe slavery qiH-jli..u. Co'.igr. refused lo
paa. the Wilmot proviso, because Ihe M. xican 'awa
' il th. terriloriea U which il was ped. had ul
ready b.lished aiarery there, and Ihe provaso.
while unoecosrv in itself to the object of lis
L friend", was pestiferoaa by ie-opBine list slavery
' agitatioa- At the in oa of lo0, and before it
comoieuced, th. question of slavery legis Ji'.i'jO ba l
been forte osd thesushout th. wh l extent cf Our
lerriton.; forreliei by pref oj. Seg s'ati. ; an I
Cangrvs. r.fuiwl to r-opeo the qneson by fpeal
ing, abrogating, or a'ter in my '-.J. t-t pro
;ouJ Iej-:tioa.
) I uleoMr. Calhoun who drew iho resolntinii. and rery iigilalioii, Mr. l'olk goes on to clnas)
the two compromises together, to invoke
equal perpetuity to ench, and lo friretel
equal dangers lo the Union from the viultt
lionof either saying: ' ' ! : i it
"Ought we now to disturb the Missouri
and Texas coinnroiniaeaf OiiL'hl we. at
of Congress lo legislate upon slnvery in a Terrilo- Hit" l'B ilsy, III attempting to Bnnlll what
ry the unmoor hiauy who hi;urrd at the des- has been so long established ami acquiesced
liTCtion of Iho Missouri Comprumise are in that i,, in 'exeim .r.ii.,n..l Hivi.inn nod inl.
:si, unu roiisi dj lorever estooiicti, nv uiciro-.vn aci, ..i; ,., . f ,i . j-e
. i ,i V .l '.i , ousies to ii tenuie the peoiile ol the d I-
from denvitiL' l ie iiowcr which hev t n ii exercised. . . i I "
- . . ir,
proiiijiled UiCTj pawago, and hinritd them off iq
the exp'r.'ng inotm n;s of Mr. Tyler's ndmiula.
truiTon,. fur the acceptance of Texas. I do not
'cud their iiuines. : The list is ton long, but they
ui ty he s, en nl tlic second volume of the Thirty j
Ye ns', View, in Ihe chapter which treuta of the
udiiiiisMii of Texus.' I will only say that Ihe
names of many who deny the constitutional power
fut'C. ' Tlicv suvit wu.a com- " " nl portions oi mo union irom eaon
Jrantedl und so much tho other and to rndansjer the exislenco of
. i ie,
tne union useii.
I know their suhii'
pud w.tli Texas.
ivn ij for Ihein. Out of the frying pan in o Ih.
hie. Il could lie only a compact und r the consti
tution, mil as a compact with a fore gn power,
could never' be altered w thorit its consent. Il was
a c nop let w th Texus, nnd nl-o something
more.' It was a compromise between the free
const iiitiou. and for a cunsileraiioti like Hist of IJU'l'y t-piijrcsa answered, 1 es am
the Missouri line, enuring lo die benefit of the
sliivo Sial.s.
To this impressive, appeal. I, a your rep
resentative, when ihe portentous question
was leoi-.iiivfy put in the session of Con-gro-.s
18'i3-'5l. answered, No hut a inn-
with that answer lias come every evil den.
rrcnted bv Mr. I'ulk iealmisio. division.
Tin; Miiuri Compromise gained the animosities, met ioual hate, danger to the
admission of. Wissouiias aslmu S"'te in'o Cnl.m. ami the coiiiitrv rnuiillv 's. narutiti!
;'e U' ion. - The Texaa Couipioiilis . ad lmo lWl) oeoiraphieal parties, etirag.tl
m;tted fine slave. Mate, and proviueU dr Mj,.,ins, KIC, ol)(,r ?ur ,1Ht sn.Hrt.er,
the iiii.lii'il nf ,hrpp '"''' 15 "ll I l"si the favor of my Stale, sn l reareltetl it.
valnabb. loti'i.oi-'1'; '"id th" T xtis C"in-j r , ,.,., ., oss f a aVl,r ,.,, S(,
ptomis" mosfo. .'fil.'i.-r could be viola j m ,.,tjin etl, but n,.t tlur v0to. Uf tha' I
I d wi ll. on a br iteli of t i h ; 'a''d. in 'he , 01l,( un,J would not reole il this day
1 .- t .,. r .1... I.. a'h r. .1... l. ..c .i l. ri ."
case ol - t net lex.is iiniijiroiit e, m- ...n .- , , ir ,,m innrii oi uie eartn. iireui ap-
would bn double both ag mist tin- Com pla'lse. Loud cries of "No, uu! you did
pact with Texas, ami thn compromise wiihn,, los rboir favor." but I lo-t the of-
fi-.-e Stales. Mm I have another answer
lino.? who pt.-nd this compuol. I h''V
fie. w liioh was the riu of the favor.
I know ilia scheme of ilio-e who coii-
u 'iisitb r it only as iijiplting to the part ot(lrivei the deed, and the hard work ihey
the line iibrnni-tl by the IcXanlaws. ildJ n, briiiins ,onin ol its subsequent
champion up to the flicking point It
wai a plot tor political power, naicneu oy
-itch thing. It applies to ihe whole lino,
and is a ii.-w and independent enactment
custom house and the Five I'oint in New
York all with the approbation of tho Ad
ministration ; for the office. holders would
not be here, (absent from their duiie and
drawing their pay,) without (he consent of
their employers. It was a scaiolaloti fol
Section. The melnbern of Congress wore
in the double breach of their duties. They
were neglecting their h gislatlvo duties, null
doing what they had been iuterdlo-ed from
doing. ' ' .. . ' ' '
Thirty years ago, the ' nomination of
Presiili ntisr candidates ; was taken from
Congress on account of the corruption which
it rngeiiitereii, ami given lo uYlfgnti'H,' in-lelid.-d
lo be fresh from the people and to
obey their will ; and tho nomination re
moved fiom Washington to Ilaliim'ire, in
gel out of the reach of IV sid nt-making
members. Rut these members filluwed lo
"''fmni'i. ftol tiit i nanflaa f,n in tnmn il.l
i...tiininn-. "i:i nil" I'lHA'i i I'UIII DUIIH
egute when ihey could get ni appointment
from the people ; and lo get rid cf tliein
to gut elitiiely beyoiid their reaeii the con
veiition itself was removed from Habimore
to Cincinnati. Vuin effort to escape thein.
They followed to Ciccinuali, They broke
up Congress (o get lo this forbidden place.
Surely the new President will be very hard
hearted if ho don not remember them when
he. comes lo the distribution of office.
Froiri Washington city came a new corps,
never before put upon such service the
oflice holders iu the c'ty, clurks iu the de
partment, beuds of bureaus men who
huve no vote in any federal election- po
litical hybrids, unable to act a man's purl
in any election, hut sent to Cincinnati, ns a
life guard, to Ktipport tiio Adm'ni.str.i'ion.
Such was Ihu composition of nearly one
half of the whole convention custom house
officers, postmasters, salaried clerks, pack
ed delegates, straw-duh'gatcs, political
eunuchs, member of Coiigrcss.'fJislrict At
torneys, fedurul marshals. ' Thn .Iacu in
which they met, and winch had been pro
vided by a packed Administration Commit
tee, was worthy of the mculing. It Was a
sort of den, approached by' a long nan ow
passage, barricaded by three doois, each
door guarded by armed bullies, with order
to knock down any person thnl approached
'without a ticket from the Coinmbtee iiml
a speciul order to b" prepared with Onus to
repulse the 'Missouri delegation which eauln
to vo'o for Ruehannn a repulse) which
they Dllemptrd, and got themselves knock
ed down and trampled under foot. This
den had no windows by which people, could
look in, or see, or the light of ilia sun en
teronly a row of glass lilto a steamboat
skyligbt, thirty-five feet nbove the lbor.
It was thn nearest represeiita ion of tho
"black bole" in Calcutta, iin l like that hole
had well nigh become notorious1 far a sim
ilar catastrophe." The little pnlies of glass
above were hung on pivots, and ttirnud Hit
to h t in air. . A rain came on, diova into
the den and to exclude it, thu panes were
turned up. Smothering ! smothering ! was
the cry in the d' li ; uud the glass bad to
be 'uriied again. . Over this place wag a
small box for the admission of spectators,
its approach hairicailnd and guarded, and
entrance only obtained upon tickets from
the same packed comiuit'ee ; nnd to whom
ihey gave tickeis was seen when the first
votes were given for Buchanan "ind when
ach State tha' voted for him wus bi-s-d
even Virginia I and the Iji.siug only stop
ped by a threat to (.P ar lite gulliT c. hutli
olf thn business ! lint thn farmers
would not b tired out. Ihey would not
bo lirod out. They would not quit the
L'round, expensive as it was lo reitism at
ibeir own cost, and to the neglect of their
business while oflic.i holders were nil on
public pay, ami neglecting, not Ibeir own,
but the public business. From Iho first
Buchanan had the majority on each bsllot,
fourteen tunes successively. An adjourn
mem was bud, and the utmost anxiety pro
vailed on the subject '.'of what the night
might biing forth. Tha most sinister ru
mors prevailed ; it was clear that the old
giimo was to be played the majori'y baf
lied, worried, tired out J and (lien anme
pet, hehl ill reserve by tha old intriguers,
suddenly produced ns the compromise can
didate. ' '
The majority in the Convention, and still
mo'e, the many ten iioi)anda of good citi
zens on tho outside) of it, were determined
that that game should not bo played ; and
'he resolu'ion was taken to defeat it by a
d'ci'ledstep It was resolved that, if the
minority persevered in this gamn the next
day, a resolution should be offered declar-
mg that ' Mr. ' Bnctiannn, having received
the majority of tho votes, was duly nomi
nated according to the democratic princi
ple that the majority was to govern, and to
proclaim him accordingly. This was the
determination, and the balloting opened on
Friday morning in a way to bring that do
termiimtion tn a test. Mr. Pierce was with
drawn,' itnd Ins voteof sixty, which would
hnve nominated Mr. Buchanan, Jwiis given,
not In the majority, but to tho minority.
It was evident then that Iho old game was
to be played out, that Pierco and Douglas
wcro iu concert, and that the majority w-ero
ty bn defeated. I he exclielneht necanie
immense.' Several balloting were hail,
when the ini.le commotion and the oulsi
pressure became irresistible. Dotiglns was
withdrawn, as Pierco had been, and Ruch
aunn was nominated in a hurrah. It wan
a complete take-in to the office holders, (es
tieciully those from Missouri,) who intend
ed, i( ihey could not kill off' Buchanan, to
elect him tu votu for him ut last, when
voting against him , would no longer keep
bun down crossing over like the haxon
nnnv nt the bitlle of Leipsic, deciding the!
fato of the day, nnd claiming for reward
their'own continuance in office. ' The and
den explosive nomination friistrAled their
plan, put nn end lo tho attempts to kill off'
Ituchniian, nnd lelt tlio trimmers- without
tho merit of saving him. But they edtild
not give up the chnnco for the spoils, and
shouted loudest, and were thu first to run
into the Rt reets nnd proclaim his nomination;
nnd will bn among tb8 first lo demand re
ward. The defeat of the 'Administration
bus been complete nnd overwhelming, and
of thn most mohifying kind. It is ft de.
fi-at by his'own party, a repudiation by bis
own' friends'. " No I'rositlent, seeking a
second election, has ever been so ruptidist
e.l before. Several, so seeking, have been
defeated by their adversaries, but no One
has been deii-iited by his own patty.
The older Mr. Adatrw was defeated by
the Democratic parly, then called Republi
can -ihe younger Mr. Adams was defeated
by the snine pa-iy; Mr. Vun Binon was
defeated by the Whigs. But each of Ihese
gentlemen bad the cotisolalinn of having
preserved the respect and confidence of his
own party. ' Not so Hh Mr. I'leroe. lie
ts repudiated bv those who had exulted lum.
After four years' trial, ho is condemned and
thrown nway llio victim of hi advisers.
It is the most hnmiliaiing tnrminati ti uf a
public career that ever wan witnessrd.
His whole vota was some sixty only fivo
dozen nut of near ibree hundred; and If
from l hose aro deducted tha intrusive Totes
which ought no) to be counted those of
the oflice bottlers, tho packed delegate, the
straw delegates, the members of Congress,
and the complimentary votes which were
begged for him to lessen the shame of the.
iTii-eriiblu delunt if nil these were deduct
ion1 farmer con get nt them. If you nvk
how can lids bo known now ? I answer,
very well. Mneli convention now appoints
a commiitrcuf itsown body, HI in num
ber, lo sit fiom four year to four years, ami
manage -'everything.' These committee
do tho cheating in tho recess of theconvcii
sions. Such n fall nnnoiinres the most drplor
ifUeudminisirntion which our country baa
i ter seen; and titeh is the f-u-l. At homo
and abroad in nil its nets nnd policy, both
foreign and dumesti-! flagrant misconduct
hti been the order of the dav. The fn Id
of its I 'it'l acts is too large lo admit of a full
surev on nn 'occasion like tho present : 1
can only seize and present tho most prom
inent, tuRing thoie which concern our homo
affairs' first the forci-rn aficrwards; bit',
llrsr, I must show who I menu by the Ad
ministration, for it by no means tonsiiU of
ul! wh c n.itnes compose it. '
In the first place, then, I do not mean
Mr. Fierce. I leave him out entirely. Hit
is a kind man, lender hearted, and will cry
for anybody's sorrows; but helms neither
head nor nerve, nnd is ns helpless fn iho
hands ol' Ins managers as n babe iu the arms
it of nurse. I V.ivoio five n signal instance
of this helplfssnnt which concern youri.
soke ns well as mvself, anil which udmits
of no question, because I was parly to il,
and know what I saw Mr. Fierce sent for
me soon after his inauguration, desiring
me to call upon him thn next evening tit
eight o'clock. I went according lo ihe re
quest, lie told ma he wished to speak lo
mo about ihe hltouri appointments, nr.n
know if they could not be put off" for a
while! I answered yes, Ihat Ihcv wcro
nil four year appointments, and to be out
of themselves in the course of tho spring
and summer that I despised the business
of removing men who were doing their
business well, and whose terms would aoon
expire, and had rnlher wait lor tlio vacan
cy to come of itself. He replied that these
were exactly bis own sentiments j and it
was readily agreed that tha appointments
should stand over until my return from
Missouri, which would be in six weeks.-
On this agreement, thus volunteered by
himself, I left the city, and in two weeks
was followed by a list of tho appointments
-anti yon know w bat kind of appointments
ibev were all mnclo from my enemies, and
to work in Ihe election against me a thing
Inch thoy have faithfully done, nnd are
still doing, hven the post ollico in my
own town was so filled ns'to render it im
possible for m lo usa it, nnd drovo nio to
thn resource of sending mv correspondence
through Adams & Co. This is what hap
pened b.twecn the President nnd myself,
nn I is one of the innumerable instances to
proie his nullity in bis own ndministratior.
I did not get nugry with him for it. 1
know he wus sincere nt tho timo ho spoko
with mo, and pitied his inability lo keep bis
own word voluntarily given. I expressed
no resentment, because I knew they would
not let him do as ho wished; but self res
pect required mo to avoid his houso, nnd I
huvn not boen there since. Still wo meet
hnndtnnely w hen accident brings us to
get her, sometimes meeting in evening rides,
when tlie respective hats Immediately riso
high in the air sometimes on foot, in kn
evening walk, When we rush to tho saluta-t-oii,
and so prossingly that nn observer
might suppose it was a pair of old bosom
fiends-"-Damon and l'ythlas just getting
together ngni!) after ii loiij and cruel sepa.
ration. ' '' - : ' '
In the next place, I do not menn Mr.
Maicy. ; ' lie leave himself out by permit
ting others lo dominuto in his department,
nnd by publicly agreeing lo what bo pri
vately condeiimis. I leave out also tho
Seenjlnries of the Treasury, of the Interior,
of tho Navy, and the Fust Master Cunttrnl,
and only C'tndomn llinin for remaining ih a
cabinet in which they are without inlltiencn,
una sharing tha odium of mnnsures in
which they havo no part in tho pularnity.
1 Ins brings me to tho Secretary at War,
and the Attorney General who, with an
outside I'oroo of tluieriniuuliou nidlilicra aro
tho whole Administralion. Of tin 93 but
ittle heed bo said of ihe Secretary at War.
He' is n martinet, puffed up with West
Foinl science, dogmatical and pragmatical,
within his circle; but that circle is a narrow
one, and he moves uitconLi oiled within it.
He is an avowed secessionist. Of the out-
ide force of nullifiers still less remains to
he said. They govern when they please,
ami always in the sumo style by present
ing a menacing front, 01 ull Ihese the At
torney Cii-iieial is tho master spirit. Ho is
n man of talent, of learning, of industry
unscrupulous, doubln sexed, double gen-
lured, and herinuplti'oditio in politics with
a hinge in his kneo, which ho often crooks,
' that thrift may follow fawning." lit
governs by subserviency j and. to him is do
ferred the master's placo in Mr. Pierce's
cabinet. When I betirj ttiat he was to
come into the cabinet, ! sat down Mr. Pierco
lor a cloomeil mar All, forf.,a;v the swift
and full tie! rue, (on v,ir-h whs Io fall up.
on him. I had known Mr. ( 'iishino' as on
Abjl'liop',! voting against A'ksnsas be.
eauso t.'m was a slave .Stale, nnd baukii g
ed. n ihey ought to be, he would be led
is the pass to which tho nomination of without a single vote left to go out Ps lm
President is now bro'ti'sht. But this fa a icnme in : with the iifinhimnn consent A
view of only one side of th- Convention ! his party. What a fato far a man who Slade, of Vermont, in the attempt to abolish,
the Adintins'ration aid" ol It. Invre was' can,,, into oflice upon twenty-seven Slates, slavery in tho District nf Columbia. Iliad
....nl... . A .1 . .... .1 ' I 1. 1 ..... .r . V. ....&!. . I
i tio'i'ii-T son- a touj'o OV--0II I lie Coll'.. ,i.' wttll two-till"' ol encn notinc ui titigtes,
Ipliitiouof which it was" plcns,i;lt m d. and the united Democracy ftftheholu
j.iibs'aii'iul ;,., r,. ,;ct.glllr1 fr,.,, f,0m ! Union After all. the re-u',t was due i,;,
i U"! people. ",ici anxious lo list ibeir will, mid 1 the viae.' where the Convention wns nei.l.
If it hid iieeti in li iimnorp, wn re tint out-
They wer the
of the w hole line, and that by its astrmom- politicians unknowu to the people, ami in
leal character, only referring to the Mis- . (ended t:) luako l'r'ldeirs, by welding thi
snnri line ss Hesetinlive. and able to stand Luvo Sin-as into a unit linon the ' .v,. I th'' neat fur the eountrv.
without reference to that line a wdl as j qneition, governing the ninmion ty the ' ""'jofity. W paralyzed by tho iwd -third j side pn-.sli'e would liMcl.cn 6n the oilier
with it. It i a complete prohibition ofjiwo.thirds rule ,nJ procr'nr from the ! fulei a"d cheated and out inntirRtivered in 1 w-l.-, the office h Mors Woiibl have, carried
sUverv north of 30 deg. 30 in'i'n. It re- j fr(iC f itn by dint Federal Datronat'o, ; h preliminary steps on which the result the day
miired ihe same power in Contireis to wri , .u.. ,m ........ '. . , may Often be made to depend
i i -titit-te. .ultra nuicu io ig iiom.-..iii riwsmi., .
tt wn;eli was req nreu io ina.- XM original ,l5 .,0li-m.
Mt.setirt tumpmmtss. n is a lull anl per-1 wt il. w,,r
f. ct re enac'iiieiit of that compromise. ut,J , WH. r.,n,u.A u,;tl, ,i.i ih,. rei.ealiiiL ciiuii: ' officers
was so treat, i' hy all the speakers at that ,,, faut 0f the. omission was laid Upon a . dr," UP ll wa nr
lime, and .pecii;y by Mr. Buob.msn. .living clerk, although ihe nqeirt which """'J v',rt Hl
thn m ntV-r of Hie Sena'e, and a leading 1 iK-eompanied I bo bill declared the ..mission, j "'t-n 'h-v give their
by the old i U it not be fnrrrr.tien that the rAace
w Ilivu win nwsa:siii ; ivoiiii . .t , . . - . . - e
This was the pint, and hard ln'rieuers who had everything ' cut and governed this iiTimimition the piace con
k to o-e it along.' The bill! lry ," fr the occn-ion coinmi'teea paclted,' venient to the solid men of the country;
fixed, rules prepared, platform ; but that cannot be relied unon to save fu
It was not until il came lo the tur nominations. The old intriguer, the
stiK.d lor anything: permanent professional President makers,
tmt. fris l-ti.r'liuiiHn ' ...ill .. . V - t.. In ..r.li r.Inpj nrrain.
aeeotnoatiied t m hi i Mi arefl tlie emission, i .- ft - ' i win n..v w wcin ..i. - y
.1 - . I . r . . - ... . I l,. t V. a minanlu 1...1.I a .-r..n , 1, u t I Tl -tl ...t . it,. r.....r,r S.nnril
aivt.c-;i!'-ior ui ann'-xs.i'!' uo!.;i-i, ! and staled Iho rets-on for il an'l although f y '"V .v... (... i ney win go wio-m ...o ........
TI,e.:litioi.s went lo reestablish the .one of He party declares be forced the . " to"-'-"" i" ..uiin.v.i,.i ..... come ; anu mere is nae. .y rw ...
Mi-ouri compromise, bv fixin ! a line with uHi'r lo put it in. Then bard woik tu
in Wlllfll SIBTrry wa iu wuro ........ i,....biii v.iu -in ...at-- '-" A -' ' ' ' v , . t I 1 . 1 ,4
The cor.trqveriy (iIm Mionri question) 1 we-k, seducing the venal. Indemniiy io "" ''cccisrti!!y p ayed before, was i Already il l. reportetl tuat tbeV go re it
'rale, which was invented 10 enablo the Rmpndment of the eonMitiitiou. and ivin
1 m'n-iritv to govern tho mstority ; and Ihat ! .,, ,i.a ,n,, direct vote far Prnsidont.
known him as a Whig, ai'uckiug tho Do
rriocrncy nnd all their measures, and as ;
Tylerile, auctioneering of!b."is far Tyler lis
long ns he had an office to go to the bain
mer. I could have no faith in an admin
istration so Lek sad foretold its calamitous
fate from the moment il seen who was
to be in it.
Now for their acU :
1. The violation of the Mis-.onti ami
Texas compromises. Viih tha facts of
this violation, its wicked an l corrupt intent,
nnd fa'jl mean of getting it done, and its
disastrons and Uly conseqtiencs, yon
aro all sufTicienily acquainted ; and I onlv
mine it to give it il place at the beat) and
fiord of all the e il mcauias of tblc. Admin
istralion. 2. Pr.js'itu'.'on of the who!a splint;
po.ver to t-It-ctioneering ptup.os.-s. Thi
in apyabr ijzi f-cn: lis cixii'. J.
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