7A THE DAILY ASTORIAN • WEDNESDAY, APRIL 20, 2016 Everyone lies, but politicians do it more often Early learners Research indicates we learn to lie at about 3 years old By SETH BORENSTEIN AP Science Writer WASHINGTON — This is the season of lies. We watch with fascination as candidates for the world’s most powerful job trade false- hoods and allegations of dishonesty. Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump rou- tinely calls rival Ted Cruz “Lyin’ Ted.” Cruz retorts: “Falsely accusing someone of lying is itself a lie and some- thing Donald does daily.” News organizations such as The Associated Press and PolitiFact dedicate enormous resources to separating candi- dates’ truthful wheat from their dishonest chaff. But if we’ve come to e[pect of¿ce-seeNers who seem truth-averse, many of us have given little thought to our own ¿bs, and how they Paul Zheng/University of Toronto A child peeks at a hidden card when an adult leaves the room and later lies about not peeking, during a study about how young children start to lie at Kang Lee at the University of To- ronto in Toronto. Scientists say we all lie, and this year, politi- cians are bending the truth big time, with real consequences. By studying how and why we deceive, the experts say they can help us better understand the 2016 election season. compare with politicians’ deceits. For more than two decades, researchers of different stripes have examined humanity’s less-than-truthful underbelly, and this is what they have found: We all stretch the truth. We learned to deceive as tod- dlers. We rationalize our fabri- cations that bene¿t us. We tell little white lies daily that maNe others feel good. “I feel more worried about lying in public life (specif- ically by politicians, and in particular, Trump) than I ever have before,” psychol- ogy researcher Bella DePaulo at the University of Califor- nia, Santa Barbara, said in an email. When lies succeed, they maNe it “more tempting to lie. Lies can sticN. They can have a lingering effect, even if they are debunNed.” Children learn to lie at an average of about 3 years old, often when they realize that other people don’t Nnow what they are thinNing, said .ang Lee, a professor at the Univer- sity of Toronto. He has done extensive research on children and lying. Lee set up an experiment in a video monitored room to see if he could catch children lying about peeNing at a toy when an adult left the room. At age 2, only 30 percent lie, Lee said. At age 3, half do. By 5 or 6, 90 percent of the Nids lie and Lee said he wor- ries about the 10 percent who don’t. This is universal, Lee said. In 1996, DePaulo, author of “The Hows and Whys of Lies,” put recorders on stu- dents for a weeN and found they lied, on average, in every third conversation of 10 min- utes or more. For adults, it was once every ¿ve conversations. “I would say we’re lying constantly. Constantly,” said Maurice Schweitzer, who studies deception and deci- sion-maNing at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School of Business, Trump’s alma mater. White lies Experts split on whether to count white lies, the social lubrication that maNes civi- lization operate. When your spouse tells you that you don’t looN fat in that out¿t when you do, does it really do any harm? Some lies, said Schweitzer, “fall under politeness norms and are not very harmful. There are other lies that are self-in- terested and those are the ones that are really harmful. Those are the ones that harm relation- ships, harm trust.” But DePaolo sees no dis- tinction: “It doesn’t matter if the attempt was motivated by good intentions and it doesn’t matter if the lie is about some- thing little.” Regardless, society rewards people for white lies, said Rob- ert Feldman at the University of Massachusetts. “We don’t liNe people who tell us the truth all the time.” He added, “The lies that we accept from politicians right now are lies that are seen as acceptable because it’s what we want to hear,” liNe a spouse saying that an out¿t Àatters you. Or perhaps we feel that lying is necessary. “The reason that people want their politicians to lie them is that people care about politics,” said Dan Ariely, a professor of psychology and behavioral economics at DuNe University. “You understand that Washington is a dirty place and that lying is actually very helpful to get your poli- cies implemented.” When people deceive beyond white lies, they spend a lot of effort justifying and rationalizing what they are doing. Likely to deceive “Dishonesty is conta- gious,” said University of Not- tingham’s Simon Gaechter. His March 2016 study examined honesty in a dice game in 23 different countries (but not the United States) and then compared them to a cor- ruption index for those coun- tries. The more corrupt a soci- ety was, the more liNely the people there were willing to deceive in the simple dice game. How to identify a possible gas leak. If you smell ROTTEN EGGS it could be a gas leak. And the best thing to do is leave your home and call NW Natural. We’ll be out to make sure everything is safe. If you smell a rotten egg or sulfur odor, you hear a blowing or hissing sound, or you see blowing dirt, it could be a gas leak. What to do. Leave your home and the area immediately. Don’t use any electrical device such as a light switch, telephone, appliance or garage door opener. And don’t try to fi nd the leak yourself. Who to call. Unsure of what to do? Just take a look at our tips to the right. Go outside and use your cell phone, or a neighbor’s phone, and call NW Natural at 800-882-3377. Smell. Go. 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