O
P
IN
ION
4A
THE DA
ILY ASTOR
IAN • FR
IDAY
, APR
IL 10
, 2015
M
a
r
q
u
i
s s
a
y
s R
u
s
s
i
a
l
o
o
k
s d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
h
i
s
t
im
e a
r
o
u
n
d
R
u
s
s
i
a i
s l
ik
e th
e wo
r
ld
’
s long
e
s
t
-
run
-
n
ing so
ap op
e
r
a
. Th
e th
em
e
s in th
e
b
eg
inn
ing h
av
e em
e
r
g
ed ag
a
in and ag
a
in
ov
e
r c
en
tu
r
i
e
s
. In o
th
e
r wo
rd
s
, Ru
s
s
i
a
’
s
c
z
a
r
i
s
t roo
t
s ju
s
t k
e
ep show
ing up —
th
rough
i
t
s Commun
i
s
t
, Sov
i
e
t e
r
a and
in
to
tod
ay
’
s o
l
ig
a
r
chy
.
Th
e W
a
l
l S
t
r
e
e
t Jou
rna
l r
epo
r
t
ed r
e
-
c
en
t
ly th
a
t a Mo
s
cow r
e
s
id
en
t m
a
in
t
a
in
s
h
i
s own mu
s
eum
d
ed
i
c
a
t
ed to s
an
i
t
i
z
-
ing th
e im
ag
e o
f Iv
an
th
e T
e
r
r
ib
l
e
. Th
e WS
J
r
epo
r
t
ed th
a
t a
f
t
e
r
v
i
s
i
t
ing th
e mu
s
eum
,
V
l
ad
im
i
r Pu
t
in to
ld
h
i
s
to
r
i
an
s
: “
‘W
e n
e
ed
to w
in m
ind
s
. Wh
en
w
e conv
in
c
e th
e v
a
s
t
S
teve
F
o
r
res
te
r
m
a
jo
r
i
ty o
f ou
r p
eo
-
p
l
e th
a
t ou
r po
s
i
t
ion i
s
co
r
r
e
c
t
, ob
j
e
c
t
iv
e and f
a
i
r
, and show th
a
t
and p
eop
l
e
, w
e w
i
l
l g
a
in m
i
l
l
ion
s o
f sup
-
po
r
t
e
r
s
.
’
“Bu
t som
e h
i
s
to
r
i
an
s in Ru
s
s
i
a and
th
e W
e
s
t a
r
e a
l
a
rm
ed b
e
c
au
s
e th
ey f
e
a
r
th
a
t Ru
s
s
i
a
’
s o
f
t
en
-b
loody h
i
s
to
ry i
s b
e
-
ing wh
i
t
ew
a
sh
ed to fu
e
l th
e K
r
em
l
in
’
s
n
a
t
ion
a
l
i
s
t c
amp
a
ign
,
” r
epo
r
t
ed th
e
WS
J
.
Ru
s
s
i
a i
s l
ik
e c
a
tn
ip to th
e h
i
s
to
r
i
an
o
r ev
en th
e c
a
su
a
l v
i
s
i
to
r
. I
t
s s
to
r
i
e
s a
r
e
too b
i
z
a
r
r
e
. I
t i
s no
t ju
s
t ano
th
e
r fo
r
-
e
ign coun
t
ry
. I
t h
a
s a d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t a
rom
a
, i
t
evok
e
s a d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t imp
r
e
s
s
ion th
an ju
s
t
abou
t anywh
e
r
e e
l
s
e you m
igh
t choo
s
e
i
l
lam
e
t
t
e W
e
e
k
to go
. A
f
t
e
r w
e so
ld W
in 1977
, I t
r
av
e
l
ed ab
ro
ad and jo
in
ed
a N
ew Y
o
rk C
i
ty tou
r in Mo
s
cow
.
W
e a
l
so v
i
s
i
t
ed L
en
ing
r
ad (now S
t
.
P
e
t
e
r
sbu
rg
)
.
I w
a
s n
ev
e
r so e
ag
e
r
to
l
e
av
e a p
l
a
c
e a
s I
JOSH MARQU
IS — Fo
r The Da
i
ly As
to
r
ian
The R
uss
ian O
r
thodox chu
rch in Suzda
l
.
C
INDY PR
ICE — Fo
r The Da
i
ly As
to
r
ian
C
la
tsop Coun
ty D
is
t
r
ic
t A
t
to
rney Josh Ma
rqu
is a
t the s
ta
te p
rosecu
to
r
’
s o
f
f
ice
in Moscow
.
p
l
an
e in S
t
. P
e
t
e
r
sbu
r
g
. Wh
en I r
e
tu
rn
ed
to Po
r
t
l
and
, f
r
i
end
s a
sk
ed how i
t w
a
s
. My
r
e
spon
s
e w
a
s
, “
I
t
’
s a lo
t l
ik
e ado
l
e
s
c
en
c
e
.
I l
e
a
rn
ed a lo
t
, bu
t I don
’
t w
an
t to do i
t
ag
a
in
.
”
S
o I w
a
s in
t
r
igu
ed wh
en I r
e
a
ch
ed Jo
sh
M
a
rqu
i
s on h
i
s c
e
l
lphon
e in Mo
s
cow
.
Ou
r C
l
a
t
sop Coun
ty d
i
s
t
r
i
c
t a
t
to
rn
ey and
JOSH MARQU
IS — Fo
r The Da
i
ly As
to
r
ian
h
i
s w
i
f
e
, A
s
to
r
i
a C
i
ty Coun
c
i
lo
r C
indy
The Kazan K
rem
l
in (cas
t
le
) is the on
ly such c
i
tade
l w
i
th bo
th a wo
rk
ing mosque and
P
r
i
c
e
, r
e
tu
rn
ed th
i
s w
e
ek f
rom a t
r
ip to Chr
is
t
ian chu
rch
. The town was founded in 1005
.
Ru
s
s
i
a
.
H
e
r
e i
s my in
t
e
rv
i
ew w
i
th th
em
:
ty
. Th
e
r
e a
r
e mo
r
e n
ew
e
r
, f
an
c
i
e
r c
a
r
s th
an a
b
a
n
d
o
n
e
d a
s
t
h
e T
im
e
s a
r
t
i
c
l
e
, w
h
i
c
h I r
e
a
d
.
in any m
a
jo
r U
.S
. c
i
ty
.
C
INDY PR
ICE
: Y
ou c
an s
e
e th
e p
l
a
c
e
s
Wha
t took you Ru
s
s
ia?
Th
e Ru
s
s
i
an O
r
thodox chu
r
ch
e
s a
r
e r
e
- th
a
t h
av
e b
e
en l
e
f
t b
eh
ind e
conom
i
c
a
l
ly
.
JOSH MARQU
IS
: In 1990 I
t
r
av
e
l
ed
to s
to
r
ed and th
r
iv
ing
. Th
e f
amou
s GUM d
e
-
H
e
l
s
ink
i
, L
en
ing
r
ad (now S
t
. P
e
t
e
r
sbu
r
g
)
, p
a
r
tm
en
t s
to
r
e i
s now a h
a
l
lw
ay o
f Gu
c
c
i
Wh
e
r
e e
l
s
e d
id you t
rav
e
l?
Mo
s
cow
, K
i
ev and Od
e
s
s
a in th
e l
a
s
t y
e
a
r and P
r
ad
a
.
JOSH MARQU
IS
: Mo
s
cow
, S
t
o
f th
e Sov
i
e
t Un
ion
. I t
r
av
e
l
ed w
i
th my
P
e
t
e
r
sbu
r
g
, Su
zd
a
l
, and K
a
z
an
.
f
a
th
e
r
, a long
t
im
e po
l
i
t
i
c
a
l s
c
i
en
c
e p
ro
- A N
ew Y
o
rk T
im
e
s r
epo
r
t
e
r som
e
f
e
s
so
r
. My w
i
f
e
, h
a
s a Ru
s
s
i
an
-
sp
e
ak
ing mon
th
s ago r
od
e th
e t
ra
in b
e
tw
e
en
How i
r
on
i
c d
id you f
e
e
l
, s
tand
ing in
Am
e
r
i
c
an f
r
i
end l
iv
ing in Mo
s
cow
. So Mo
s
cow and S
t
. P
e
t
e
r
sbu
rg and ob
- f
r
on
t o
f th
e s
ta
t
e P
r
o
s
e
cu
to
r
’
s bu
i
ld
ing?
w
i
th th
e do
l
l
a
r s
t
rong
, th
e rub
l
e w
e
ak and s
e
rv
ed pov
e
r
ty tha
t r
e
s
emb
l
ed ou
r D
id you wond
e
r abou
t wha
t
’
s gon
e on
a
lmo
s
t 250
,000 a
i
r m
i
l
e
s
,
i
t w
a
s a g
r
e
a
t op
- Appa
la
ch
ia
, away f
r
om th
e u
rban c
en
- in
s
id
e tha
t bu
i
ld
ing?
po
r
tun
i
ty
.
t
e
r
s
. D
id you s
e
e any o
f tha
t?
I
’d b
e f
a
s
c
in
a
t
ed
, and I am g
r
a
t
e
fu
l I
Y
e
s
, w
e d
r
o
v
e 1
0
0 m
i
l
e
s o
u
t t
o t
h
e do NOT h
av
e th
e sw
e
ep
ing pow
e
r
s o
f a
F
r
om you
r p
r
io
r v
i
s
i
t to now
, wha
t “G
o
l
d
e
n C
i
r
c
l
e
” a
n
d t
h
e b
e
a
u
t
i
f
u
l
, a
n
c
i
e
n
t Ru
s
s
i
an p
ro
s
e
cu
to
r
.
chang
e
s d
id you no
t
i
c
e?
t
ow
n o
f S
u
z
d
a
l
, w
h
i
c
h h
a
s t
h
e p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n A
l
so th
e
i
r sy
s
t
em i
s a top down h
i
e
r
a
r
-
Eno
rmou
s ch
ang
e
. Ru
s
s
i
a — Mo
s
cow s
am
e a
s P
o
r
t
l
a
n
d
. T
h
e p
l
a
c
e
s i
n b
e
tw
e
e
n chy
. Ou
r
s i
s on
e o
f ex
t
r
em
e lo
c
a
l (d
emo
-
in p
a
r
t
i
cu
l
a
r — i
s a hug
e w
e
a
l
thy m
eg
a
c
i
- l
o
o
k d
i
l
a
p
i
d
a
t
e
d
, b
u
t n
o
t a
s d
e
s
e
r
t
e
d a
n
d c
r
a
t
i
c
) au
tonomy
.
Russ
ia is l
ike
ca
tn
ip to the
h
is
to
r
ian o
r even
the casua
l v
is
i
to
r
.
C
indy
, wha
t wa
s you
r dom
inan
t im
-
p
r
e
s
s
ion?
C
INDY PR
ICE
: Ru
s
s
i
a
i
s no
t
th
e coun
-
t
ry w
e g
r
ew up know
ing abou
t and p
l
an
-
n
ing ag
a
in
s
t
. Bu
t Ru
s
s
i
a T
od
ay (
th
e c
ab
l
e
ch
ann
e
l
) w
an
t
s i
t to b
e th
a
t coun
t
ry — th
e
sup
e
rpow
e
r — and i
f th
e e
conomy t
ank
s
fu
r
th
e
r
, i
t cou
ld b
e ag
a
in
.
Th
e Ru
s
s
i
an
s lov
e Pu
t
in
’
s tough t
a
lk
.
Th
ey don
’
t w
an
t Commun
i
sm b
a
ck
, bu
t
th
ey do w
an
t to b
e a sup
e
rpow
e
r
. Th
ey
’
r
e
w
i
l
l
ing to a
c
c
ep
t a
l
l o
f th
e
s
e r
ep
r
e
s
s
ion
s i
f
th
ey c
an r
e
t
a
in th
e
i
r e
conom
i
c v
i
t
a
l
i
ty
.
Un
l
ik
e wh
en I w
a
s th
e
r
e in 1990
, th
e
r
e
w
a
s no
t
th
e s
en
s
e
th
a
t I w
a
s b
e
ing w
a
t
ch
ed
a
l
l
th
e
t
im
e
. Th
e
r
e
i
s no s
en
s
e
th
a
t
th
e gov
-
e
rnm
en
t i
s w
a
t
ch
ing you
.
Wha
t i
s an ind
e
l
ib
l
e m
emo
ry you
tak
e away?
JOSH MARQU
IS
: I found Ru
s
s
i
an
p
eop
l
e v
e
ry w
a
rm and f
r
i
end
ly
, cu
r
iou
s y
e
t
know
l
edg
e
ab
l
e abou
t Am
e
r
i
c
an b
r
and
s
f
rom Co
c
a
-Co
l
a (
and P
ep
s
i h
e
r
e s
in
c
e th
e
’70
s b
e
c
au
s
e N
ixon
’
s b
ro
th
e
r h
ad th
e f
r
an
-
ch
i
s
e
) to Fo
rd (po
l
i
c
e c
a
r
s
) and Am
e
r
i
c
an
s
log
an
s and mu
s
i
c
.
On
e d
ay w
e w
e
r
e e
a
t
ing
lun
ch ov
e
r
look
-
ing K
a
z
an C
a
th
ed
r
a
l in S
t P
e
t
e
r
sbu
r
g a
t a
r
e
l
a
t
iv
e
ly f
an
cy J
ap
an
e
s
e
/
I
t
a
l
i
an r
e
s
t
au
r
an
t
wh
en a w
e
l
l
-d
r
e
s
s
ed Ru
s
s
i
an a
t th
e n
ex
t
t
ab
l
e a
sk
ed i
f w
e w
e
r
e Am
e
r
i
c
an
s
. W
e
s
a
id y
e
s
, g
av
e h
im ou
r bu
s
in
e
s
s c
a
rd
s (no
t
ax mon
ey w
a
s sp
en
t on th
i
s t
r
ip
) and h
e
a
s
su
r
ed u
s th
a
t r
e
l
a
t
ion
s — s
t
r
a
in
ed ov
e
r
C
r
im
e
a and Uk
r
a
in
e — wou
ld
imp
rov
e
.
W
e to
a
s
t
ed f
r
i
end
sh
ip o
f a
l
l p
eop
l
e
.
— S
.A
.F
.
Op
en fo
rum
L
e
a
v
e b
i
rd
s a
l
on
e
I
ob
j
e
c
t to th
e U
.S
. A
rmy Co
rp
s o
f
Eng
in
e
e
r
s u
s
ing my t
ax mon
ey to
abu
s
e an
im
a
l
s
. Th
e doub
l
e
-
c
r
e
s
t
ed
co
rmo
r
an
t
s on E
a
s
t S
and I
s
l
and a
r
e
ind
ig
enou
s
to
th
e mou
th o
f
th
e Co
lum
-
b
i
a R
iv
e
r
. Th
ey b
e
long h
e
r
e
.
E
a
s
t S
and I
s
l
and w
i
l
l l
im
i
t th
e
i
r
numb
e
r
s th
rough th
e n
a
tu
r
a
l l
im
i
t
a
t
ion
o
f sp
a
c
e
. Th
e co
rmo
r
an
t
s a
r
e ju
s
t m
ak
-
ing th
e
i
r own com
eb
a
ck a
f
t
e
r b
e
ing
d
ev
a
s
t
a
t
ed by th
e u
s
e o
f d
i
ch
lo
rod
i
-
ph
eny
l
t
r
i
ch
lo
ro
e
th
an
e (DDT
)
. Th
ey
h
av
e in
c
r
e
a
s
ed f
rom 100 b
r
e
ed
ing
p
a
i
r
s in 1989 to abou
t 15
,000 b
r
e
ed
ing
p
a
i
r
s in ou
r a
r
e
a
. Ou
r r
eg
ion h
a
s th
e
l
a
rg
e
s
t co
lony in w
e
s
t
e
rn No
r
th Am
e
r
-
i
c
a
, r
ep
r
e
s
en
t
ing ov
e
r 40 p
e
r
c
en
t o
f
th
e
co
rmo
r
an
t popu
l
a
t
ion
.
Th
e Audubon So
c
i
e
ty h
a
s d
e
s
ig
-
n
a
t
ed E
a
s
t S
and I
s
l
and a
s a b
i
rd d
e
s
-
t
in
a
t
ion
, b
r
ing
ing thou
s
and
s o
f v
i
s
i
to
r
s
wo
r
ldw
id
e to v
i
ew th
e
s
e b
i
rd
s
. Th
i
s
b
r
ing
s mon
ey in
to ou
r a
r
e
a
.
Th
e
s
e a
r
e shy b
i
rd
s
, who n
e
ed to
b
e l
e
f
t in p
e
a
c
e to r
ebu
i
ld th
e
i
r sp
e
c
i
e
s
.
Th
e Co
rp
s o
f Eng
in
e
e
r
s h
av
e a
l
r
e
ady
mov
ed th
e b
i
rd
s f
rom on
e s
id
e o
f th
e
i
s
l
and to th
e o
th
e
r w
i
th h
a
z
ing
. Th
e
poo
r
, d
e
sp
e
r
a
t
e b
i
rd
s h
av
e t
r
i
ed to co
-
op
e
r
a
t
e
.
Now th
e Co
rp
s o
f Eng
in
e
e
r
s w
an
t
s
to w
a
i
t un
t
i
l a
f
t
e
r th
e b
i
rd
s bu
i
ld th
e
i
r
n
e
s
t
s in Ap
r
i
l
, th
en go on th
e i
s
l
and
and k
i
l
l ch
i
ck
s
, o
i
l egg
s and k
i
l
l thou
-
s
and
s o
f
th
e adu
l
t b
i
rd
s
to m
an
ag
e (
ak
a
k
i
l
l
) th
e popu
l
a
t
ion down to wh
e
r
e
th
ey won
’
t e
a
t a
s m
any b
aby s
a
lmon
.
Th
i
s i
s c
ru
e
l and b
a
rb
a
r
i
c
. Th
i
s i
s
an
im
a
l abu
s
e
. I
t i
s a
l
so unn
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
.
Th
e
i
r imp
a
c
t a
t th
e mou
th o
f th
e Co
-
and s
t
e
e
lh
e
ad a
r
e on
ly a sm
a
l
l p
a
r
t o
f
th
e
i
r d
i
e
t
. Upw
e
l
l
ing cond
i
t
ion
s in th
e
o
c
e
an d
e
t
e
rm
in
e
s th
e s
a
lmon r
e
tu
rn
,
no
t b
i
rd p
r
ed
a
t
ion
.
W
e
’
r
e now up to 12 p
e
r
c
en
t o
f th
e
an
c
i
en
t abund
an
c
e w
i
th s
a
lmon r
e
cov
-
e
ad
. Th
ey
, un
l
ik
e hum
an
s
, a
r
e on
ly bu
s
in
e
s
s o
f buy
ing you
r w
a
s
t
e b
ag
s
.
e
ry e
f
fo
r
t
s
. H
ab
i
t
a
t r
e
s
to
r
a
t
ion
, d
am h
Dog
s a
r
e m
emb
e
r
s o
f ou
r f
am
i
ly
, l
ik
e
ou
r e
conomy
. Th
ey a
r
e ind
ig
enou
s to a ch
i
ld b
rough
t in
to th
e wo
r
ld
. Th
ey
e Co
lumb
i
a R
iv
e
r
. Th
ey b
e
long h
e
r
e
. d
idn
’
t a
sk to b
e h
e
r
e
. Y
ou p
rov
id
e for
m
a
r
in
e r
e
s
e
rv
e
s
, r
edu
c
ing r
iv
e
r and th
th
em un
t
i
l th
e t
im
e com
e
s wh
en th
ey
e
av
e th
e co
rmo
r
an
t
s a
lon
e
.
o
c
e
an po
l
lu
t
ion and d
ev
e
lop
ing su
s
- L
e
av
e
.
MOLL
IE BERK l
By th
e w
ay
, i
f you
r dog
’
s poop
, a
s
A
s
to
r
i
a
th
e s
a
lmon and s
t
e
e
lh
e
ad b
a
ck
.
you s
ay
, i
s so b
ig
, h
e mu
s
t b
e a f
a
i
r
ly
Th
e Co
rp
s o
f Eng
in
e
e
r
s i
s a
f
r
a
id
u
l
a
rg
e dog
. B
e
t h
e e
a
t
s a lo
t
, too
. I
f yo
o
f b
i
rd
s exp
and
ing to th
e o
th
e
r i
s
l
and
,
Y
ou
r d
o
g
, y
ou
r b
a
g
s
c
an a
f
fo
rd th
e food
, you c
an a
f
fo
rd th
e
and b
i
rd
s n
e
s
t
ing in th
e b
r
idg
e
. Th
e
h
i
s l
e
t
t
e
r i
s in r
e
spon
s
e to th
e b
ag
s
. I g
e
t m
in
e on Am
a
zon
, 50 20
-
co
rmo
r
an
t
s a
r
e un
com
fo
r
t
ab
l
e a
round
g
en
t
l
em
an who w
a
s comp
l
a
in
ing b
ag ro
l
l
s
, 9 in
ch
e
s by 12 in
ch
e
s
, $16
.
any so
r
t o
f mov
ing l
igh
t
, ev
en a l
a
s
e
r
e A
s
to
r
i
a P
a
rk
s and R
e
c
r
e
a
t
ion W
i
th a d
i
sp
en
s
e
r
.
po
in
t
e
r
. Ju
s
t r
ig mov
ing l
igh
t
s on th
e to th
D
ep
a
r
tm
en
t th
a
t th
e
i
r dog w
a
s
t
e b
ag
s
Th
i
s
l
e
t
t
e
r
i
s a
l
so fo
r a
l
l dog own
e
r
s
b
r
idg
e and i
s
l
and
.
e
r
e too sm
a
l
l (
“S
ad s
a
ck
s
,
” Th
e Da
i
- who l
e
t th
e
i
r dog
s r
e
l
i
ev
e th
em
s
e
lv
e
s
Th
e o
th
e
r p
rob
l
em i
s th
a
t young w
y A
s
to
r
ian
, M
a
r
ch 27
)
. Th
e
r
e
’
s a v
e
ry and l
e
av
e w
i
thou
t p
i
ck
ing i
t up
. Do
s
a
lmon h
av
e to m
i
l
l a
round fo
r a f
ew l
a
sy so
lu
t
ion to you
r p
rob
l
em
. Buy u
s — by th
a
t
, I m
e
an a
l
l own
e
r
s who
mon
th
s in on
e spo
t a
t th
e mou
th o
f e
r own b
ag
s and b
e r
e
spon
s
ib
l
e fo
r do c
l
e
an up th
e
i
r dog
s
’ bu
s
in
e
s
s — a
th
e r
iv
e
r to ad
ap
t to s
a
l
t w
a
t
e
r
. E
f
fo
r
t
s you
f
avo
r
. Dog poop i
s d
i
sgu
s
t
ing enough
r own dog
.
to h
a
z
e th
e b
i
rd
s f
rom bo
a
t
s ov
e
r th
e you
i
ck up
, bu
t w
e do
, b
e
c
au
s
e w
e lov
e
Th
e P
a
rk
s D
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
, who
s
e r
e
- to p
s
a
lmon a
r
e
a a
r
e h
av
ing som
e su
c
c
e
s
s
iv
e
rw
a
lk and w
an
t to k
e
ep i
t c
l
e
an
.
r
c
e
s a
r
e a
l
r
e
ady s
t
r
e
t
ch
ed th
in
, p
ro
- R
in r
edu
c
ing th
e t
ak
e
. Th
e t
ak
e i
s in
s
ig
- sou
l
e
a
s
e
, i
f you
r dog do
e
s i
t
, p
i
ck i
t up
.
v
id
e
s th
e dog w
a
s
t
e b
ag
s a
s a cou
r
t
e
sy P
KEN MARSHALL
e
r
s who m
ay n
e
ed a b
ag
Th
e co
rmo
r
an
t
s a
r
e no
t b
e
ing a s
ig
- to dog own
W
a
r
r
en
ton
e
rg
en
cy
. Th
ey a
r
e no
t in th
e
- in an em
T HE
D AILY A STORIAN
F
ound
ed in 1
8
7
3
T
STEPHEN A
. FORRESTER, Ed
i
t
o
r & Pu
b
l
i
s
h
e
r • LAURA SELLERS, M
an
a
g
in
g Ed
i
t
o
r
BETTY SM
ITH, A
d
v
e
r
t
i
s
in
g M
an
a
g
e
r
• CARL EARL, S
y
s
t
em
s M
an
a
g
e
r
JOHN D
. BRU
I
JN
, P
r
odu
c
t
i
on M
an
a
g
e
r
• DEBRA BLOOM, Bu
s
in
e
s
s M
an
a
g
e
r
SAMANTHA MCLAREN, C
i
r
cu
l
a
t
i
on M
an
a
g
e
r