INSECT DEPREDATIONS.
The Annual Loss Occasioned by Destructive
Insects in the United States.
GUY ELLIOTT
Farmers of the United States in ad -
ditlon to county, State and national
taxes, probably pay a much heavier
toll than they do to all three of the
above. The tax collector in this latter
case is one which is merciless and
overbearing, paying no attention -what
ever to the necessities or obligations of
the agriculturist each year, calling for
his dues unremittingly, and gloating
over the misfortunes of his tenant.
The tax collector In this case, however,
is the Insect. The losses resulting
from the depredations of insects on
all plant products of the soil, both in
their growing and in their stored state,
together with those on livestock, ex
eed the entire expenditures of the Na
tional Government, including the pen
sion roll, and the maintenance of the
army and the navy. Enormous as is
the total value of all farm products of
this country it often would be much
greater were it not for the injurious
work of insects. According to figures
eompiled by the Department of Agri
onlture the estimate is made that the
total value of farm products during the
last year amounted to $5,000,000,000.
The Bureau of Entomology, of the
Department of Agriculture, being fa
miliar with the work of the important
insect pests, estimates the probable
shortage due to insect damage at a
minimum of 10 per cent., while in
j n j
PREPARING TO FUMIGATE AN ORANGE TREE.
years of excessive insect damage the
Bhortage may amount to 50 per cent.
The annual shortage of 10 per cent, is
a low estimate, which is more often
exceeded than fallen below, and indi
cates at current farm prices a money
loss of $500,000,000 the minimum
yearly tax which Insects lay on the
products of the farm. This estimate,
however, does not include the damage
caused to farm products in storage,
such as cereals and forage crops and
to natural forests and forest products,
assigning at least $100,000,000 to each
of theBe two items. The total annual
tax then chargeable to insects is
$700,000,000 annually.
The Item of loss from insect damage
not only Includes the actual destruc
tion or injury to crops, but the esti
mate must also include a very import
ant item the amount of money de
voted to insect control. This amounts
to a very considerable percentage of
the value of the crop in the case of
orchard fruits, truck crops and such
Held crops as cotton and tobacco. For
instance in estimating the losses due to
the codling moth it has boon shown by
figures of the Department of Agricul
ture that over $8,000,000 a year Is ex
ponded In spraying apple trees, allow
ing a cost of only 5 cents per tree.
The cost of gassing and spraying citrus
fruit trees ranges from 5 cents to $1.50
per tree. Another source of loss is
that occasioned by a diminution ot cer
tain crops such as wheat or cotton.
TUK HKSsrAN FLY.
(MaKiiMud)
Shortage may so increase values as to
cousion the shutting down of mills.
A shortage of a finished product such
as Hour, cotton or fabrics, may mean
a corresponding loss to transportation
ompanles and to shippers. In other
words shortage in an important pro
duct starts a train of losses to the
eud of the chapter, tho total amount
of which is quite beyond calculation, or
estimate.
Cereals Damaged Most.
Tho cereals suffer most from Insect
Jamnire. the yearly amount of loss ng-
creRating $200,000,000. The leading
ppvpiil oron of the United States, of
course, is king corn, with a value last
year of $1,210,000,000. While corn is
less subject to insect damage and
wheat next, the most Important cereal,
which is tho corn product, would bo
V'onskleinlily greater were- it not for
important insect pests. The corn root
worm causes an annual average loss
of at least 2 per cent, of tho crop or
some $20,000,000. The next most Im
portant insect pest, of this cereal is
the bollworm or earworm. This in
sect according to the Bureau of Knto
aiologv, probably attacks from 90 to
100 per cent, of the ears of sweet corn
throughout tho country and the dara
ee wised bv this pest is probably
early as great as that canse by the
MITCHELL.
, corn rootworm,
The chinch worm
causes rteDredations nearly as severe as
the above mentioned insects, making
another ioss of $20,000,000 annually.
livery year the Department receives
reports from different sections of the
country describing injury to corn by
such insects as billbugs, the various
wireworms, cutworms, army worms,
1 THE CODLING MOTH.
(Magnified) .
stalk-borers, various species of locusts
or grasshoppers, corn plant lice and
other insects. This undoubtedly causes
a less of an additional 20,000,000, or
with a total annual loss to the corn
crop of $80,000,000.
Of a large number of Insects wnicn
depredate wheat crops, the three im
portant species are the Hessian fly, the
chinch bug and the grain plant louse.
tVhile the chinch buzlsnotablya wheat
nest, its damage to other cereals and
varied crops 1b very considerable. The
losses from depredations of this Insect
on wheat in single States have ranged
between $10,000,000 and $20,000,000 in
one year. A very reasonable average
annual estimate of loss, taking the
country as a whole, would indicate
about $20,000,000 a year chargeable to
this insect. While in some years tne
damage caused by Hessian, fly la enor
mous, taiiing tne average or ten years,
the loss to the wheat crop caused by
this bug has a value of $40,000,000, and
so on, numerous other insects and
pests lay toll on the wheat crop of the
farmer. Were it not for their destruc
tive work the wheat crop of the coun
try this year would be 20 per cent,
greater.
Insect Damage to Hay.
Hay and forage crops are damaged
by numerous Insects to an extent of
about 10 per cent. The cotton crop is
reduced through the agency of the
cotton boll-weevil, the bollworm and
CORN IMPAIRED BY GRAIN MOTH,
the leafworm, while many other in
socts inflict minor damage. Without
counting the losses due to the latter
class of depredators we have a total
loss of more than $40,000,000 charge
able to the three important insect
pests of cotton.
Vegetable and other truck crops are
especially subject to insect injury, and
furthermore in the case of these crops
there is always a large expenditure
for the control of Insects. The orchard
and smaller fruits suffer heavier loss
from insect pests, both directly and be
cause of the expensive methods of
treatment necessary to prevent still
greater losses. There are several hun
dred insects which depredate on the
roots, trunk, foliage and fruit of the
apple. The Important pests are the
woolly aphis, Injuring the roots; the
trunk and limb borers, the leafworms,
canker-worms and tent caterpillars,
and the various scale insect pests, in
cluding the San Jose scale. Injuring
the fruit are the codling moth, the
cuculio. and the apple maggot.
The insect losses to other deciduous
fruits are ouito as heavy as in the
case of the apple and especially when
tho treatments for the San Jose scale
and other scale pests are considered;
and in the ease of citrus fruits the cost
of treatment is much greater and the
actual losses again heavier.
Forests especially planted forests of
artificially wooded areas on farms
pay toll to uumerom borers, which
COTTON lil'U ATTU'KKI) BY HOLL
WOUM.
often almost utterly destroy the trees,
:s in the cast' of the black locust, to
leaf defoliators and many other varie
ties of depredating insects.
Cattle the Prey of Insects.
The losses due to biting and para
sitic insects ? cattle are considerable.
' V ' 1 -
!: Ny 1-
i ' It, v "
The principal culprits are the ox-war-ble,
and various biting flies and ticks.
Horses, sheep and other farm animals
are subject to attacks of similar para
sites and other insect enemies. If all
these be considered including, for ex
ample, the buffalo gnats, often very
destructive in the South, the many
gadflies, botflies, the screw-worm fly,
and such parasites as the ticks and lice,
a heavy percentage of loss must be
reckoned. A conservative estimate of
the Department of Agriculture of these
losses is $175,000,000 a year.
Stored Products Preyed Upon.
While mention has been made of the
lamage done to vegetable products dur
ing the growing and maturing season,
these crops after they have run the
gauntlet of insect enemies during their
entire period of growth, are still sub
ject to the Inroads of insect depreda
tors while in storage on the farm, in
elevators and mills, or again while in
transit especially in the case of long
shipments by sea. Food products in
the kitchen and house-storeroom suf
fer from insect damage. Animal pro'
ducts are attacked by larder beetles,
etc., fruits by various fruit and vine
gar flies and the woolens and house
hold furnishings by beetles, moths
silver fish, etc. Cured tobacco is es
pecially subject to Insect attacks and
damage, the most important source of
Injury being a minute insect known as
the cigarette beetle which not only
eats into cigarettes but all other forms
of cured tobacco. While aa estimate
of $100,000,000 a year is placed upon
the damage done to the store products,
iris aoes not inciuae tne oestruction to
products in the household or to tobacco.
A very considerable item which
might be chargeable to insects and yet
wnicn cannot be estimated is that of
preventing insect damage. No one can
estimate how much Is expended on
wire screens for the household to pre
vent the ingress of flies, mosquitoes
and moths, nor can an estimate be
placed upon the amount of money ex
pended to eradicate mosquitoes, but it
is believed that the estimate of $700,
000,000 "made by the officials of the
Department of Agriculture is far below
the actual annual loss. The problem
the economic entomologist of the fu
ture must solve is the lessening or pre
vention of this loss.
A Seedless Persimmon.
The lalest sensation in the seedless
fruit line reported at Washington is
a seedless persimmon. The officials
of tho Department of Agriculture the
other day received a visit from Mr.
John H. Drury, who brought with him
a specimen of seedless native persim
mons from his place near the national
capital.
The general impression Is that the
seedless persimmon is either non-existent
or nearly so In this country. A
seedless variety of this fall luxury is
not, however, a new thing, but, on the
other hand, a number of trees are scat
tered throughout the South bearing
seedless persimmons. Seedless speci
mens are occasionally found in the big
Japanese variety and they are rather
rare and the flavor Is nothing to be
compared to the native sort.
A number of instances are known by
the officials of the Bureau of Plant In
dustry of solitary persimmon trees
bearing seedless fruit, but when pollen
from other persimmon trees in the
neighborhood is brought in contact
with the flowers of the seedless sort
the resultant fruit will be full of seed.
The fruit brought to the Department
of Agriculture by Mr. Drury proves to
be a little smaller than the average
native persimmon. The specimens
when cut across were absolutely seed
less and while the fruit was compara
tively small it had really more meat
tiS Awl
GASOLINE SPRAYING OUTFIT.
In it than the bigger seed-bearing va
rieties. It is understood that the Depart
ment of Agriculture will keep watch
on the Drury persimmon tree and at
the right season endeavor to make
some grafts of tho seedless buds upon
other stock and try to breed a race
of seedless persimmons.
THE ARTIFICIAL LIFE.
Consists in Part In Eating Adulter
ated and Injurious roods.
The State Board of Health of Massa
chusetts has had chemical analyses
made of prepared foods and the report
of the Board shows what we really eat
In the course of everyday life. When
we use pepper, we also get ground
nutshell and fruit stones with a little
pepper mixed in. Mustard consists
chiefly of wheat flour and turmeric,
this latter is an East Indian saffron
colored root with on acrid and pungent
taste. When we use lime juice we get
a little of the juice with 40 to (13 per
cent, water, the whole preserved with
sulphurous, salicylic or benzoic acid.
Ale is preserved with salicylic acid,
nlso porter and likewise beer; "pure
Vermont" maple syrup is nothing more
than cane syrup. Canned clams are
preserved with boric acid.
While this revelation of the Massa
chusetts authorities is something aw-
tul to contemplate, yet we are stag
gered by a further report of the Board
which sinus that, an enterprising
chemist has discovered that the odor
of spoiled e,ss can be neutralized
through the addition of formaldehyde.
binee this discovery a number of es
tablishments have entered into the
business ot collecting bad eggs, treat
mg them with lorinaldehydo and sell
ing the mixture to bakers, who use it
in cake and other toods sol 1 to the
public. hue the addition of formal
dehyde utterly destroys any bad odor,
the process renders the cgsis extremely
hurtful to the human system. Form
erly the mixture of bad eggs was sold
to leather manufacturers, but since
this later discovery the price of mixed
eggs has riseu from 19 cents per ase
to mor than a dollar.
ECONOMY IN BUYING MEATS.
Cheaper Cuts. Well Cooked, Equal to
Most Expensive in flavor and
Nutritive Quality.
By Ida Finney.
"Roasts are bought, good ones, and
after one meal the bone and the rest
of the meat is thrown away. I don t
know whether women are too lazy, or
whether they actually don't know how
to make the soups which they could
make out of bo little. See the Ger
man women. They can make you a
meal that is good out of a scrap of
meat, and two or three cents' worth
of vegetables. But American women,
the most of them, don't know how,
and they dontf seem to learn. For in
stance, take a chuck piece of beef or
a cut of the lower round, and if a
young housekeeper only thought so she
could make some good dishes out of
it that her husband would enjoy eating,
and praise, too. A good stev cooked
slowly in the oven; a pot roast; beef
a la mode, or a meat pie; and especial
ly good, nourishing soups. But they
think they must have steaks and roasts
the best cuts and if not those they
pesort to canned meats. We're
here to sell meat, only I do hate to see
people throwing their money away."
The butcher was a thrifty German;
and knew what economy meant. The
truth of his statement is proven every
day in the big markets. Steaks and
roasts, roasts and steaks these are
the standbys. And if, by chance, the
cheaper cuts of meat are suggested.
oftentimes the reply will me: "Oh, but
my family likes only the best cuts." '
I always reel sorry lor tne nouse-
keeper who speaks thus, feeling sure
she Is ignorant of the nutritive value
and delicate flavor of the "cheap cuts"
when properly cooked. And the un
fortunate fact is that many house
keepers leave this Important matter to
the ignorant and unskillful servant.
Happening Into the kitchen of a
friend at four o'clock one afternoon I
saw the negro cook drop a piece of
meat, evidently intended for a stew,
into a kettle of cold water and light
the gas under it. "Pearl, what are
you doing," I asked.
"Putting de meat on fo dinner. It s
a little late, but 111 boil it hard and
maybe it'll git done by six o'clock.
Howsomever, dey s got to eat it, for we
ain't got nothin' else."
Here was a good piece of beef, a
rather expensive cut, too, utterly
ruined by the cooking. The cold water
drew out the juices and the rapid boil
ing hardened the fibers, with the result
that the finished product was not fit
to put in any human stomach. And it
should have been such an appetizing
and thoroughly satisfying dinner. Both
the mistress and the maid were ignor
ant and indifferent concerning the
question of the daily food for the fam
ily. Didn't Know a 'Pot Roast"
To a neighbor complaining of the
size of the meat bills was suggested
the plan of buying cheaper cuts. A
"pot roast" was suggested as a substi
tute for the expensive "prime ribs."
"Why, what is a pot roast?" she asked.
And that little woman, with a husband
on a moderate salary, was trying to
run the house. She was about as well
fitted for the work, as far as knowledge
and skill were concerned, as a child
ten years old. And the pity of it was
that the husband was straining every
nerve and working overtime to make
the money to keep things going,
A little knowledge; a little skill
Will save the stomach and fill the till.
If the courses In cookery in the pub
lic schools of to-day succeed in teach
ing the girls that much needed lesson
of economy in buying and proper prep-
aration of plain foods with which we
are so abundantly supplied, and can be
extended to reach every school in the
land, they will serve a great purpose,
and the benefit to the coming genera
tion will be Incalculable.
A Woman's Beautiful Memorial.
A beautiful memorial to a noble wo
man will be maintained henceforth in
the little city of Pasadena, Cal., the
home of the late Helen Peabody,
founder of the Western College for
Women at Oxford, Ohio. Miss Pea
body, who died recently, provided in
her will that her Pasadena residence,
one of the loveliest in that lovely town,
TREE PROrKRLY HANDED TO I!ESIST
CODLINO MOTH.
should he used henceforth as a "rest
ing place for weary Christians, either
from the home or foreign field, and Is
to be called the House of Rest." Kor
Its maintenance about $S,OOo has been
set aside. Miss Peabody willed all her
other property for the advancement of
missions under the Presbyterian
I Church.
50
BULBS
25 Cents.
Will erow in the
house or out of
doors. Hyacinths,
TullDS. Ciituliolii.
Crocus. Fuchsias.
Oralis, TulwroDea,
ItcKonin, Jonquils.
Patrodilt, ChiiH'w
lily, Dewey Lily.
Gloxinia. Lilies at
the Valley all postpaid, 25e. in stamp!
Asa premium wiui cuese jtuibs we will send
bl collection of llower seeds over 200 kinds.
DE NURSERY, SOMERVILLE, MASS.
THE FIRE ENGINE DRIVER.
There May be Better Drivers on
Earth, but if There Are, where
Are They?
Is there a better driver in the world
than the man who drives the fire en'
gine? If there is, he is yet to be dis
covered. Here was an engine coming along
a cross street, to turn up an inter
secting avenue. Under the edge of the
rounded-off corner where the machine
was to turn there was a sewer opening,
with the street pavement sloping down
smoothly toward it all around from the
higher general level of the street.
If the driver, coming as he was at a
dead gallop, should make a broad turn
around this corner, out where the
street was Jevel, the engine would
swing more or less, thus checking the
horses' speed, and there would be a
second or two lost before they could
get the load straightened and get under
full headway with it once more, up
the avenue. But if the driver could
make that corner with the two wheels
on the inner side of the curve down
in that sloping depression leading to
the sewer opening close by the curb,
and the two outside wheels on the
higher level nearer the middle of the
street, tho higher level here would be
for the engine what the banked up
outer rail is for the locomotive round
ing a curve, making it so he wouldn't
lose an inch. And that's the way he
did make it.
Before he knew it a man who had
been standing at tho edge of this cor
ner, waiting to see the engine go by,
saw it so near to him and pushing in
so close to him that he could have
touched it. The driver, aloft in his
high seat leaning inwards as he was,
too, actually hanging over him as the
engine passed, with whistle screaming
and steam hissing, and that driver, as
he flung 'em In this fashion 'round this
curve, was talking low to his horses
and calling on 'em each by name a
man absorbed If there ever was one.
Substitute for a Duel.
A new humor has been added to the
French duel. A. M. de Groze had an
engagement with swords with a M.
Carillot. At the last moment he sent
word that he would not fight, but was
sending his second in his stead. Hap
pily the second acquitted himself so
brilliantly that the principal's absence
was not felt, for he actually shed some
of his adversary's gore. It was a de
lightful touch, the courtesy of not dis
appointing a waiting antagonist, but
sending instead a nice, obliging friend
to pink him.
Roosevelt Translates Gaelic
President Roosevelt in the near fu
ture may publish for private circula
tion a book of Irish poems which he
translated from the Gaelic. The Presi
dent was taught Gaelic by James Jef
frey Roche.
An O'er True Tale.
"Does anyone know how to make a
Maltese cross?" asked the instructor
In architecture. "Yes," answered the
son of the Chief of the Naval Board,
"Step on her tail."
or coin.
FRBR 11
HILLS
HOW TO MAKE SCHOOL GARDENS.
By H. D. Hemenway.
This suggestive little book is a practical manual of school gardening for botla
teat )er and irapil, and supplies the first adequate work of the sort in this country.
This volume is based on actual experience (the author is aa authority and directoi
of the Hartford School of Horticulture).
CONTENTS 1 Introduction; How to Make a Garden; Twenty-One Lessons
in Garden Work May to September; Bibliography; Lessons in Greenhouse Work;
Planting Seed, Potting, etc.; Root Grafting; Lessons in Budding.
Size, 5x7; pages, 1C7; binding, cloth; illustrations, 26.
By special arrangement with Doubleday, Page & Co., I am able for the present
to make the following
SPECIAL OFFER.
The new Garden Magazine, 6 months, and How to Make School
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The GARDEN MAGAZINE is finely illustrated, and is the finest magazine of
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Address
Peoples Popular Monthly,
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I)ES MOINES, IOWA.
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racked, ex-
neut l KncT'leredia s vols..
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