IMAGINE a fleet of 6,000 war vessels
armed with more than 2.000 new style
guns, some weighing 100 tons, and ac
tually manned by 600,000 men, with as
" many reserves, and you have the naval
force of the world marshaled in one grand
' body, Sulamls and Manila are the naval
antipodes of history. Salnmls was th
first great recorded battle It drove tk
Persians from Greek solL Prom crude
galley ships, propelled by oars, naval pro
gress has advanced to a stage which al
most reaches the limit of terrible de
struction. One battleship like the Oregon
could have destroyed the Spanish armada
and its English foe. There are guns on
the Oregon which consume 1,000 ponndi
ot gunpowder In a single discharge, while
the most formidable guns in the armada
service consumed four and a half poundi
to the charge.
Although ironclads were used to somt
extent In the civil war, In the Chinese
Japanese war. In minor engagement be
tween the Peruvian ami Chilian fleets and
' the Russo-Turklsh war In 1877, the Spanish-American
fight iu the Philippines and
at Santiago, marks the first conflict be
tween Ironclads in which the great sea
monsters of modern warfare received a
fair test,
la naval 'warfare it te the some as in
land warfare. The whole history of the
art has been divided into tactical periods
ushered In more or less directly by some
great tactical discovery. Such discoveries
have consisted not only of new arrange
ments and maneuvers, but of Improved
weapons as well improved defensive ar
mor or improved motive power. When the
Tyrrhenian Pessaesus added a sharp beak
to the prow of the ancient galley he Intro
duced a feature of greater tactical Import
than the oft -quoted Invention of iron rum-
rods of the Dessaure or of the needle-gun
by Mr. Dreyse, As the Pyrrlc phalanx
, succumbed to the more open array the
lighter weapons of the Roman legion and
the Swiss hereeeon to the short swords of
closed fighting Of Goosaloo's Infantry, so
the old line of buttle was pierced and
broken by the new tactics, which Paul
Hoste, the Jesuit, the clerk of Eldln and
Rodney and Nelsou put Into practice.
In the battle of Artemcsiuin, about SCO
B. C an engagement which was of more
political than military Importance, which
tne Theban poet celebrated us the "place
where the sons of Athens laid the shining
groundwork of freedom," the Ureeki
adopted a very remarkable order of battle.
Their fleet was luferlor to that of the Per-
, slang, which was largo enough to literally
surround them. The Greeks, appreciat
ing the fatality of adopting the old forma
tlon, formed their fleet In a circle, with
their prows facing the surrounding en
emy, aud then darted forth to break the
shtpmade wall. As a result the Persians
lost thirty vessels. The Greeks were nom
Inally defeated, although the net result
was In their favor. This was perhaps the
first great naval battle of which we have
any knowledge, although the battle of Sa-
lamls Is usually credited as the first great
recorded sea tight.
Bumming aa a method of aggressive
naval warfare Is almost as old as naval
history, and has not yet been abandoned.
although the Improvements In shipbuild
ing have rendered It less effective. The
luventlon of gunpowder found a slow re
sponse In the method ot naval warfare,
gaUoys forming a considerable port of the
navy until the eighteenth century. In the
reign of Edward III- when the English
fought the French at Sluys, the former
stood off on the starboard tack and ma
neuvered so as to turn on the pursuing
French and, aided by the sun at their
backs, lashed their vessels to the French
fleet and crippled their antagonists with
FAMOUS NAVAL BATTLES OF THE WORLD.
... .
lances, swords and every sort of wenpon
they could lay their bands on.
Same Mode of Attack,
In the fight between Pembroke and the
Spaniard Hoy Dlaa De Rosas, near Ro
chelle, although cannon were used almost
for the first time on sea, the same mode of
attack prevailed. Pembroke was made
prisoner after four of tlie enomy's vessels
had been lashed to bis vessels. In fact,
all the records of ancient naval warfare
seem to Indicate that sea fighting was lit
tle more than land fighting. The cantend
ing fleets would be lashed together and the
men would fight hand to hand until one of
the principals surrendered. The Spanish
nrmada, with Its 130 vessels, was little
more than a series of Homeric duels. The
hlps were clumsy and unwieldy, commu
nication was effected by means of small
boats and most of the destruction was
wrought by firesblps. Guns cut little
figure, and most of the Spanish vessels, it
appears, were destroyed by violent storms.
In open sea. liven as late as 1G02, when
Admiral Russell of England engaged the
French In a series of sea fights known as
the battle of La Hague, he positively for
bade his men to fire on the trench until
his opponent, Tonrvlllo, had taken his dis
tance In battle array. One English ad
miral in a battle with the French forbade
his men firing until the enemy had fired
the first shot an incident which furnishes
a precedent for President McKlnley's re
ported order to Captain Sampson.
It was not until forty years ago that the
Ironclad cut any figure tn naval warfare.
At the great battle of Trafalgar in 1803,
In which Nehwn was killed, only a hand
ful of powder wag used In a discharge,
and the guns were all twelve and six
pounders. It Is a remarkable fact that
England herself, the leader of the world
as a sea fighter, weighed down by a can
kerous stretch of pence, has not fired a
shot metaphorically speaking, In four de
cades. The bombardment of Atexandria
In 1882 was not an exception, as England
was then simply firing at a target, having
no opposition whatever. Neither were the
efforts of the Chilians and Peruvians In
their late belligerency of any avail In af
fording a clew to the great problem of the
Ironclads. The attempts made by the
vessels of China and Japan four years
ago were anxiously awaited by the rest
of the world, nnd, although they were on
a more extended scale thun any previously
made, they still failed to furnish an exhi
bition of the real merits or demerits of
the Iron monsters. Japan's smaller ships
got the better of China's heavier craft
with the same ease with which American
soldiers prevailed over Pekln's raw land
leyiea,
Originated In America,
It was America, however, that Intro
duced the ironclad to the world, and the
duelB between the Monitor and the Merri
mac were pathfinders In the new and un
certain warfare which defies wooden
beaks and ships of fire. As a result ot
the Spanish war, the whole world has
been thrown on the defensive. Almost
Immediately after the United States vot
ed a naval appropriation of $50,000,000
Russia sot aside the sumo amount for the
Construction of men-of-war and England
ordered built eighteen battleships to her
annual budget of thirty-two cruisers, forty-one
torpedo boat destroyers and eleven
other war vessels. Next to the English
come the French, with a total of 000 ves-
sels of war, and the United States hag
quickly come to the front as a naval pow
er. Her vessels are not as heavy as those
of her cousins, but they excel in speed
and American seamen have always rank
ed with the best in the world.
To recount the most tamons naval bat
tles la history Is like recounting the most
famous poets, military leaders and States
men. It Is all a matter of Judgment and
no two lists would be alike. The follow
ing, however, are among the leaders:
Artemlslum Greeks vlrtuolly defeat Per
sians with superior fleet, 500 B. C.
Balamls Greeks, with 880 small war gal
leys, defeat Persians with 800 ships, the
former losing forty galleys and the latter
twenty galleys. Loss of life on both sides
estimated from 5,000 to 50,000; 480 B. C.
Wlnchelsea English defeat forty Spanish
vessels and eupture tweoty-elx, August,
133a
Harfleur English capture or, destroy 500
French vessels, Aug. 15, 1416.
Bay of Lepanto Venetian sod Span
ish fleets defeat Turkish fleet .miner
Pasha All; Christian Hm consisted of 250
ships and more than 50.000 men, and Turks
commanded superior force; only thirty Turk
ish vessels escaped; 10,000 Turks were taken
nnd 25,000 slain; Christians lost 10,000 men;
157L
Gibraltar bay Dutch defeat the Spanish,
April 25, 1007.
Dover straits Dutch destroy the English
fleet, Nov. 20, 1652.
Portsmouth English defeat the Dutch
and destroy eleven men-of-war and thirty
merchantmen, Feb. 18, 1653.
North Foreland One hundred English and
Dutch men-of-war engaged; eleven Dutch
taken and six stink; June 2, 1653.
Const of Holland English snnk thirty
Dntch 'men-of-war, July 81. 1053. .
Bnntn Cms Spanish fleot bornod by the
English. April 20. 1657.
Harwich Dutch lose eighteen ships to the
English. June 23. 1665.
Thames Dutch lose to the Encllsh twen
ty-four men-of-war, four admirals killed and
4,000 seamen, July 25, 1008.
Messina fcponisn neet, twenty-nine ves
sels, destroyed by Xhe English, July 81. 1718.
Gibraltar Enullsh defeated combined
fleets of Spain and France, Sept. 13, 1782.
St. Vincent English, with fifteen vessels,
defeated Spanish with twenty-seven vessels.
Battle of the Nile English under Nelson
defeat the French and capture and destroy
eleven vessels and kill nearly 1,000 men un
der Admiral Brueys, Aug. 1, 1708.
Trafalgar Nelson sunk nineteen French
and Spanish vessels, fighting twenty-seven
ships against tnirty-tnree or the combined
fleet; Nelson killed; Oct. 21. 1805.
Nararlno The Beets of England. France
and Uussla destroy thirty Turkish men-of-
war, UCt. V!0, 11CT.
Yalu River Japanese defeat Chinese:
heavy losses on both sides, Chinese losing
roar vessels anu uoo men; sept, it, iU4.
Noted American Fights.
Among the noted American battles are
the following:
Coast of Scotland Paul Jones captures the
Serapls and Scarborough, seventy (runs.
Sept. 23, 1770.
Off St Kltt's The Constellation, twenty
six guns, captures the French L'Insurgeant,
furty guns, Feb. 9, 1770.
Const of United States Constitution, for-ty-fonr
guns, sinks the Guerrlere, thirty
eight guns, In thirty minutes, Aug. 10, 1812.
Madeira United 8tatos, forty-tour guns,
captures the Macedonian, forty guns, Oct.
25, 1812.
Bmsll Constitution captures the Java,
Dec. 2!), 1812.
Lake Erie Perry, with fifty-four guns, de
feats English fleet with sixty-three guns,
Sept 10, 1813.
Lake Champnln McDonongh, with eighty
six guns, defeats English fleet with ninety
six guns. Sept It 1814.
Manila Commodore Dewey, with six ves
sels, defeats the Spanish under Admiral
Montejo with elghteeu vessels, sinking elev
en of the Spnnlanls and withdrawing un
scathed, May 1. 1808.
Snntlngo Commodore Schley, with six
vessels, totally destroyed the entire Spanish
fleet under Cervera. But one American was
killed, while the Spanish lost 000 killed and
1,100 tnken prisoners.
Passing by the battle of Solamls, which
was in reality nothing more than a land
battle on galleys, the success of the victor
depending largely upon favorable winds
and formidable crews, the next most Im
portant naval battle of the world was that
fought in the bay of Lepanto In 1071 be
tween the papal, Venetian and Spanish
fleets and that of Selira, Sultan of Con
stantinople. The Christian fleet consist
ed of 2fl0 ships and more than 50,000 men
under the command of Don John of Aus
tria. The Turkish fleet, which was under
command of Pasha All, was much larger,
but the Christians had the advantage In
eqnlpment, making use of helmets, coats
of mail aud firearms, while many of the
Turks had no better defensive garb than
leather shields and no more formidable
weapons than arrows.
Three times the Spaniards boarded the
Turk and fell back. A fourth time, with
re-enforcement of 200 men, they rushed
to the assault and carried everything be
fore them. An Indiscriminate, slaughter
followed. The crescent was quickly re
placed by the cross and the bloody head of
Ali planted on a pole was raised on the
masthead of Bon John's flagship. The
' 7, V
Christmas cried "Victoria, victoria," and
rushed npon the enemy, but did not win
the battle until the Christian galley slaves
revolted, broke their chains and turned on
their masters. Only thirty of the Turkish
galleys escaped to Constantinople, 130
were captured and the rest destroyed.
More than 10,000 Turks were taken and
25,000 slain,, and the Christians lost 10,
000 men.
The most brilliant naval victory of the
American revolution was won by John
Paul Jones, when he captured with the
old bulk, Bon Homme Diehard, the Brit
ish frigate Serapis and a smaller vessel,
the Countess of Scarborough, convoying
a fleet of merchantmen. The enemy ap
proached within pistol-shot distance and
Jones' sharpshooters kept the English
man's decks clear. At the outset Jones
suffered considerably from the bursting
of three of his guns, but he quickly rallied
and lashed his sinking vessel to the Brit
isher, which soon surrendered. The loss of
the Richard was thirty killed and wound
ed, and that on the Serapis was nearly as
great. The liichard was left to her fate
and next day sank with her wounded on
board.
The battle of Trafalgar, Nelson's last
fight, took place off Cadiz, between the al
lied French and Spanish fleets of thirty
three sailing vessels -and twenty-seven
English vessels. The British fleet hore
down upon the enemy under full sail, led
by Nelson with fourteen vessels In the
Victory and Admiral Collingwood on the
right with thirteen vessels. Nelson's ob
ject was to break the enemy's fleet into
sections Inferior to his own and then Join
battle at close quarters. It was In this
battle that Nelson raised the pennant.
"England expects every man to do his
duty." The English were successful, but
Nelson was shot, and England lost her
greatest admiral. After the dying Nelson
was told that fifteen of the enemy's ships
had been taken, he said: "That Is well,
but I bargained for twenty."
The battle of Lake Erie, In which Perry,
a mere youth, with fifty-four guns and
000 men, defeated the British squadron
with sixty-three guns and nearly 2,800
men, was an epoch-maker in American
history, as it gave the Americans control
of the great lakes. Captain Barclay, a
veteran who fought under Nelson at Tra
falgar, commanded the British fleet Dur
ing the fight, which lasted three hours,
Perry forsook the Lawrence, his flagship,
and In a little boat which was made the
target of scores of rifles he was rowed
over to the Niagara. The Niagara sud
denly swerved, broke the enemy's line,
raking the enemy's ships at pistol dis
tance. In a few moments all the Ameri
can vessels were close on their opponents
and the English pulled down their flags
in less than half an hour.
First Ironclad Engagement.
The first general engagement between
ironclads took place in 1800 between the
Italians and Austrians off the Island of
Lissa, In this engagement the Austrian
admiral In the flagship Ferdinand Max
sunk the Italian flagship, but as the Ital
ian sank half a battalion of marines fired
on the Austrian and killed eighty of het
men. The fight between the Kearsarge
and the Alabama, in which the latter was
sunk after a short contest, is familiar to
readers of American history, but Inas
much as both were unprotected by armor
the event can scarcely be accounted as a
world-noted engagement The sinking ol
the Albemarle off the coast of North Car
olina is also a landmark in American his
tory, but It was to the daring of one man.
Lieut Cushing, who placed a torpedo un
der the Confederate ram, that the victory
was placed on the Lnion scroll.
The history of Europe and South Amer
ica, particularly of Chili and Peru,
abounds in instances of daring at sea, th
destruction of ships and loss of men, but
it was not until Commodore Dewey open
ed fire on the Spanish fiect in Manila bay
that the full strong voice of the modern
man-of-war was heard.
As for the strength of the various na
tions of the world, figures indicate little.
Suffice tt to say that England and France
are strong leaders, with Russia, Germany,
Italy and the United States ail within
hailing distance.
There are times when the absence of
cranklneea shows the absence of sense.
DID MUCH FOR 'FRISCO.
The Late Ex-Mayor Sutro Made Many
Sifts to the Pacific Metropolis.
San Francisco lost one of her best
known and most philanthropic citizens
In the death of ex-Mayor Adplph Kutro.
ne was a man of many peculiar char
acteristics, but withal a most generous
giver, aud his name will long be held la
remembrance by the people of San
Francisco for the many splendid gifts
he made to the city.
Adolph Sutro was born sixty-eight
years ago In Prussia of Jewish parents.
He came to the United States In 1850,
when the gold fever was at Its height,
aud was lured with countless others to
the shores of the Pacific. It was not
long after tlint the great Comstock lode
begun to turn out Its millions and at
tracted the attention of the world. The
mines soon got down so deep that there
appeared to be no way to drain them,
and the heat was so Intense from lack
of ventilation that the miners could not
work. Sutro, who had studied engi
neering, coucelved the scheme of con
structing an enormous tunnel under the
lode which should connect the shafts
and relieve them. He got capitalists to
back him up, and In October, 1878, a
tunnel twelve feet wide, ten foet high,
and with its branches over five miles
long had been completed. It proved a
success. The mining companies, how
ever, refused to share revenues with
the tunnel company, Sutro therefore
closed the tunnel and brought every
body to terms, as the lode could not be
worked without using it.
When the tunnel was in full opera
tion Sutro unloaded ft at a handsome
profit, wandered about Europe for a
time, picked up a wondrous library and
EX-MATOB AIXW.PH SUTBO.
much stotnary and drifted back to San
Francisco to buy so much of the "out
side lands" of the city that he owned
one-twelfth of the entire acreage of the
city proper.
In 1894 8utro ran for Mayor of San
Francisco and was elected. In spite of
the fact that the newspapers and all
the big corporations and politicians
were against him. After his term as
Mayor his mind began to fall and for
months bad been a blank. The last
years of bis life had been embittered
by family quarrels, and It Is possible
that the settlement of his estate, which
amounts to about $5,000,000, will cause
a hitler fight In the courts.
AN ACROBATIC MONKEY.
Cockatoo that Rides a Bicycle and
Does All Sorts of Wonderful Thing.
Monkey Is the prize cockatoo Is Mine.
Belloln's troupe of trained birds. He
rides a bicycle on a wire, turns somer
saults and does very wonderful things
"I train a new bird by allowing him to
sit by and watch' the others perform, "
says Mme. Belloln. "Monkey Is my fa-
moskky' bides a whrel on I bope.
vorite and very Jealous of his fellow
actors. If I notice them he sulks for an
hour."
It Looks Awkward,
This Is the position assumed when
shooting by Captain Gibbs, R. N the
champion long-distance shot of Eng-
READY TO SHOT.
land and one of the best marksmen li
the world. It is called "back shooting."
The head, as one will see by the Ulua
tratlon. Is supported by a wrist-strap.
The Judge And for the levity vdtl
which you have conducted yourself
during your trial I shall give you an
additional fine of $10. now does that
suit you? The Villain That is what I
would call extra fine. Indianapolis
Journal. .
ttlng a woman from wearing a Mother
Hubbard except on days when the ther
niometer Is above 05.
To Save Power.
Wheelmen generally will be Interest
ed In a recently patented and decidedly
novel device designed to change the
present principle of applying power to
the bicycle. The rider simply moves
his legs up and down, almost vertically.
He thus saves all that power that Is
now lost In making the complete revo
lution on the pedal. The device consists
of two spur wheels, the one on the rear
hub being two Inches In diameter. The
ANOTIIEB BICYCLE IMPBOVEMEKT.
other, which Is attached to the rear
frame, Is six Inches in diameter. Two
arms, connecting with cranks, move up
and down as the power is applied, and
the wheel moves off, It Is claimed, with
even less friction than does the chain
less wheel and with great saving in the
amount of power. The two spur wheels
are neatly covered and the general ap
pearance of the wheel Is not altered.
The December Race.
It Is said that the sis-day bicycle
race to be run at Madison Square Gar
den in Deceml)er will be either twenty
or twenty-two hours a day, with two
to four hours of compulsory rest for
the contestants. It is predicted that
this will be a harder contest than the
straightaway, 142-hour grind, owing to
the fact that riders will feel themselves
compelled to remain upon their wheels
all of the riding hours. '
Cooper aves His Money.
When Tom Cooper retires from the
racing field It will be as a rich man. He
has carefully hoarded his money, and
has Invested It in telephone stock that
has trebled in value and which Is now
paying a handsome dividend. Eddie
Bald Is laying by a snug sum, and al
though this Is not Invested as lucrative
ly and advantageously as the money of
Cooper, Bald will not quit the game
poor.
He Begins Well.
This Is Nat Wilson, the 7-year-old son
of Prof. N. E. Wilson, agricultural
A TOUTHPT1 CTCLKR.
chemist of the Nevada State Univer
sity. The boy recently rode a bicycle
from Reno to San Francisco and return
550 miles In ten days,
Powell Has Retired.
Irving A. Powell, the intercollegiate
champion bicyclist, has retired and
New York loses its best amateur repre
sentative of the past two seasons, Pow
ell was worth in his own name $400,000
and raced purely and solely for the fun
of It . He tired of the sport and Is now
shining In the society of a prominent
resort
Vellcf for Tired Wheelmen.
Ardent lady cyclists may be pleased
to know that when they return stiff and
tired from a long country ride they will
derive great benefit and relief from
taking a warm bath Into which has
been poured a good teacupful of white
vinegar. Ammonia used liberally In
the same way also has excellent re
sults. Star of the Season.
McDuffee is the star bicyclist of the
year. He has defeated good, bad and
indifferent riders with the same ease.
He defeated Michael, breaking records
while doing so, ne defeated Hoyt and
broke records as well, and when he met
Major Taylor the same story was told.
Cyclists In Chicago.
It is estimated that there were at
least 300,000 cyclists in Chicago last
year, and that this year the number
will reach 500,000,
Poultry Schools In France.
England imports eggs and poultry to
the value of $23,000,000, while France
exports $70,000,000 of the same. France
has a number of poultry schools, where
pupils are regularly trained In rearing
fowls, managing Incubators, curing dis
eases, etc., 30,000 chickens being hatch
ed each season at the Gambals school.
i The pupils pay for their instruction,
and work from 6 a. m. to 8 p. m., three
of the hours being devoted to study.
Scholarships are founded for the bene
fit of those unable to afford the tuition
fee.
The highest prized American coin Is
the Ttrd Ttnlttn-mra fnrliln,
I .(Hiiuj, a. iiu j
piece, for which as high as $300 has
Deen paid.
V