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I IIE story of
Cuba is a
traeedv. a
U tragedy so black
i n" that tbe pages of
history, not ex
cepting those up
on which is writ-
fWM-VlW tn the diabolical
feffifitSSttm doings of the
Spanish Inquisi
tion, contnin no counterpart. It is a nar
rative which had its beginning in the dis
covery of America; It was rooted In Span
ish tyranny, transplanted into centuries
of treachery and oppression, reared in in
ternicine strife, and matured in this re
volting war and its attendant horrors,
which have wrested from Cuba the proud
title, 'Twirl of the Antilles," and earned
for her the name of "Isle of Wood."
. The revolution was organized by Jose
Marti, a Cuban exile in this country and
a man of genius and courage. He organ
ized here what is called the Cuban Revo
lutionary Tarty, an association of clubs
of Cuban political exiles, for the purpose
of raising money to free their country,
Poor as were the majority of the few Cu
bans who lived in the United Slates be
fore the beginning of the revolution, they
listened to the eloquent appeals of Marti
and gave him all they had on earth to lib
erate Culm from Spain. Marti was ap
pointed delegate of the party, and his
faithful friend, Itenjaniin J. Uuerra, was
made treasurer. There was not much
money then in the safes of the afterward
famous Junta and their funds were soon
exhausted by an unsuccessful attempt to
start' an expedition from the South. Hut
Marti had obtained the co-operation of
Gen. Maximo Uomez and Gen. Antonio
Maceo, two veterans of the last war, lie
knew thai the discontent against Spain
was deep throughout the island. lie had
important connections with conspirators
In ull the provinces, lie gave without hes
itation the orders for the uprising and
went to Santo Domingo to join lien. Go
mcz and lake, with him, the tield.
At that grave and decisive moment the
total funds of the patriots amounted to
not more than 70,000.. It is wonderful
that with n sum, comparatively speaking
io paltry for so great a purpose, a war
should have been raised which cost Spain
lip to February, 1S!)S, besides the saeriliee
of so many of her soldiers, fJ")0,0O0,0(M)
and caused to the United States a net loss
In trade ami business of $:Kl,0(lO,iMH).
On May U), lMJo. Marti was killed In
the engagement at Dos Hies, but his work
had already been done. lie had landed on
April 11 with Gen. Gomez at Siibanu la
Mar, on the southern const of Cuba, after
Issuing at Monte Cristi a revolutionary
manifesto, and bad had time before his
death to convoke the representatives of all
tho Cuban provinces to a general assem
bly to elect a provisional government and
frame n constitution. If this was not
done until later, In September of the same
year, at the town of Jimnguayu, it was
not tho less true that from the lirst days
of the revolution the desire of Marti, as of
nil tbe patriots, was to organize a republic
With popular Institutions.
Two months before Marti's death Gen.
Antonio Maceo had landed at Duava, near
ltaracoa, Santiago do Cuba province.
,Yitu n handful of men and a few ritles
and cartridges, a small opeu boat brought
liiiii to Cuba from Jamaica. Hut his mime
and Ills presence were enough to make
Spain tremble, lie and his heroic broth
er, Jose Maceo, were surrounded by su
perior Spanish forces on the dny of their
landing. They broke through the Span
ish lines ami made their way Into tho
country. In a few days, as soon as the
news spread of their arrival, the province
of Santiago de Cuba rose in onus and
Antonio Maceo had around him more thau
10,000 Cuban soldiers.
The revolution was saved. The few
patriots who took up arms on Feb. 'H at
liaire and Manitanillo had courageously
resisted under Gen. ltartoloine Mnso, now
Cuba's president, the attacks of the col
limns of the Spanish Gen, I.achambre, ns
Canovas, then In power, resolved tc fight
the revolution with the first of tho Spanish
generals and with 'all the resources of the
nation. Gen. Cnlleja was recalled and
Gen. Martinez Campos was sent to Cuba
with 25,000 soldiers.
Martinez Campos landed in Guantano-
ma, Santiago de Cuba, on April 16, 1895.
His first impression was pessimistic and
the long chain of defeats inflicted upon
his command until December of the same
year proved how right he was in believing
from the first day of his arrival that this
war was to be more important than the
previous one of 1808. He wasted a great
deal of time in useless trips by sea to Ha
vana and again to the East. Maceo was
preparing In the meantime his men and
Gomez was formulating the plan of the
great invasion of the West in order to
carry the revolution to all the provinces
and establish in each one a regular body
of the Cuban army.
July 13, 1805, is the memorable date of
the battle of Peralejo. The war had been
until tlwm confined almost to the province
of Santiago de Cuba, with some small
bands of patriots roaming through Puerto
Principe and keeping up only an unimpor
tant guerrilla warfare. Hut Maceo had
already obhiihed some notable triumphs,
and Martinez Campos decided to carry re
enforcements to the Spanish towns In the
interior which were in great, danger of at
tack by the insurgents. While Martinez
Campos wns on the way to Bayamo, Ma
ceo offered him buttle near Peralejo.
The engagement was a pitched battle,
and the Cubnns, not numbering 6,000, car
ried the day. Gen. Stantocildes fell dead
near Gen. Mnrtinez Campos. The Span-
lards lost all their arnniuuition nnd their
horses. Completely routed, a body of
them, availing themselves of the darkness
of the evening, tied to Hayamo, carrying
Martinez Campos on a stretcher borne by
four soldiers. He was exhausted by fa
tlgue and filled with despair. More than
300 Spanish soldiers were left dead on the
field. With the splendid booty secured
by. him, Maceo completed the arming of
his patriots.
From April to October Gomez success
fully carried the war through Puerto
Principe province and laid his plans for
the Invasion of the west. On Oct. 22 Ma
ceo, having received orders from Gomez,
who was appointed comuiauder-iu-chief of
the army, in September, by the assembly
Valcrlano Weyler y Nlcolau to succeed
Martinez Campos.
The question may be asked why the pat
riots, after so many victories, did not in
vest the city of Havana' and end there
with the Spanish dominion. The answer
Is very clear. After the battle of Coliseo
Gen. Gomez reviewed his troops and
found that each soldier had only three
cartridges. The Cubans in the United
States were making vain efforts to send a
big expedition to the patriots. But if the
Spanish army was defeated in the fields of
Cuba, Spanish diplomacy was triumphant
t Washington. At Guira de Melena on
Jan. 4, 1800, the patriots had to fight with
their machetes to enter the province of
Havana. For such a state of affairs Gen.
Gomez considered his best plan to be to
organize armies in all the profcnees invad
ed, so far as his resources permitted him
to do, and try to raise the war In Pinar
AUGUSTINE
CUlf Hm
V
MEXICO
CUBA'S
GEOGRAPHICAL RKLATIUN TO
THE UNITED STATES.
del Rio province. At Garro Jan. 8 the
pntriots routed a Spanish column and en
tered Pinar del Klo. Gen. Gomez then
withdrew to the east while Maceo proceed
ed to the west. On Jan. 17 he obtnined
another victory at the very gates of Pinar
del Rio city and on Jan. 22 he took the
town of Banes at the western extremity
of the island, three months after his de
parture from Haragua in Santiago de
Cuba. On Feb. 12 Mnceo returned to Ha
vana province. Gen, Weyler publicly de
clared Pinar del Rio pacified, and the gal
lant Cuban leader returned to that prov
ince on March 15.
Before this Weyler had already shown
his sanguinary spirit and plans of mur
der. Prisoners of war and innocent per
sons unjustly charged with aiding the re
bellion were shot every day In Havana.
women and children, were condemned to,
die from hunger.
Wholesale Slaughter.
From the date of those decrees until
November, 1890, 300,000 people were mur
dered thus in Cuba. Since November, as
a result of Weyler's sanguinary orders,
the number has been increased to 400,000.
What monster in history ever did so much
against humanity and civilization? Nero,
Caligula, Tamerlane, Torquemada, Alva,
when compared with Weyler, appear mild
and humane. A poltroon, besides being
an assassin, he never offered battle to the
Cubans or took the field to fight. In his
time Spain sent 200,000 soldiers to Cuba.
He kept them inactive guarding the trocha
from Mariel to Majana in Pinar del Rio
province or from Juearo to Moron in
Puerto Principe. At other times from his
palace in Havana, following on a map the
imaginary positions of his enemies, he or
dered his columns to make combined move
ments that always resulted in defeats.
One Instance of the stupidity and cow
ardice of Weyler occurred on May 1, 1890.
He ordered one of his favorite combina
tions of columns against Maceo at a place
called Cacarajicara in the province of
Pinar del Rio. The result was that the
forces of the Spanish Colonels Inclan and
Gelabert were shattered by the Cuban
leader, and the havoc made In the Span
ish lines was so great that the Spanish
soldiers, panic-stricken, threw themselves
into the sea to escape the Cuban machete.
Weyler, as In all other cases, accused his
subordinates of not having obeyed his or
ders exactly.
, On Dec. 7, 1806, Maceo, after having
crossed Weyler's famous trocha and en
tered Havana province, was assassinated
in an ambush near Punta Brava. The rev
olution lost In him a great patriot and a
heroic soldier. But Weyler soon under
stood that the murder of Maceo was not
the death of Cuba's cause. In March,
1896, Gen. Calixto Garcia landed in San
tiago de Cuba. He soon replaced Maceo
as a dashing fighter and a brilliant com
mander. At the same time Gomez in
Santa Clara had won the important battle
of Saratoga and controlled the whole
province. The battle of Juan Criollo in
February, 1897, was another of Gomez's
important victories, and in Santiago de
Cuba the latter part of the year was made
conspicuous by the triumph of Gen, Gar
cia at Victoria de las Tunas.
Weyler was recalled in November,
when, after the death of Canovas and the
fall of the short-lived Azcarraga cabinet,
Senor Sagasta was selected as prime min
ister by the queen regent. It is a well
known fact that Weyler's recall was im
posed upon Spain by this country.
Gen. Don Ramon Blanco, who was to
change the sanguinary methods of war
fare of his predecessor, entered Havana
Nov. 29, 1897. Spain granted to Cuba
an autonomist system, which has been de
clared a mockery by all impartial judges.
The Cubans rejected It, and the new
MEN ! be cured
JIHAD WAOON OS IT BOr.NPS.
well as the proposals of peace from the
captain general of the island, Don Kmilio
Calloja. Hie envoys of the captain gen
eral told Muso that tho revolution was a
failure. The provinces of Pinar del lilo
and llMaim were entirely quiet. A few
unimportant bands In Matanzas and San
ta Clara hud been dispersed or had aur-
rendered. Puerto Principe was unanl
mously in favor of peace. Hut Maso,
knowing well how to receive such reports,
refused to yield. Me had confidence In
the landing of Maceo, Marti and Gomez
lie knew the great moral effect that the
presence of those leaders In the held wa
Kiting to havo on the Cuban people; am
Siiaiu knew it u'so. The news that Maceo
was hi Cuba reached Madrid shortly aftf
the overthrow uf the Sagasta cabinet
A SCENE AMONG TflE STARVING EECONCENTRADOS.
of representatives, started for the east
with 2,000 of his men. On Oct. 30 Gomez
Invaded I.as Villas. Maceo joined hlni on
Nov. 29 near a place called Los Guayos.
From there they began their triumphant
march. On Dee. 3 the Spanish Col. Se-
gura was defeated tiy me insurgents at
Iguara and had to leave his dead on the
Held, together with a great supply of arms
and ammunition. On Dec. 15 the Spanish
battalions of Cnnnrias and Trevlno were
routed by Maceo at Mai Tlempo, after the
most gallant chnrgo with machetes of the
Cubau cavalry, led by Maceo himself, that
lias ever been seen in the Cuban wars. On
Dec. 21 the victory of El Desquite cleared
the way for the invaders to the province
of Matanzas. Martinez Campos then
made a desperate effort to chock the two
Cubau lenders. Until that moment he had
been recoiling U'fure the invaders with
his columns, hoping that they would stop.
Hut he saw that each step of the patriots
to the west was n decisive triumph for
their cause. The enthusiasm of the revo
lution was growing day by day through
out the country. The Cuban ranks were
filled by volunteers from all the cities and
towns by which Gomez and Maceo passed.
Martinez Campos rallied his almost dis
persed men ami presented battle at El Co
liseo on Dec, 23.
The action was sharp and decisive. Mar
tinez Campos behaved bravely, lending
one of his wings In a charge against Go
mez, but Maceo, falling on the Spanish,
won the day for Cuba and comiollod Mar-
tine Campos to retire. Hie captain gen
eral hurriedly entered Havana, making
preparations to defend the city, and he
confessed his defeat to the astonished
Spanish volunteers and residents of the
capital.
Ppntn 8c-mis Weyler,
On the night of Dec. 27 the captain
general made that avowal. A few days
later the rabid Spaniards of the city com-
nelled him to tender his resignation to
Madrid. They demanded from Canovas a
captain general framed In the old Iron
cast of the Spanish conquerors, not to
fight, battles and risk his life on the field,
but to exterminate the native population.
In their tolief, women, rhildreu, every one
born lu Culm, should lie held responsible
for the situation. They did not like a
soldier with a gallant career and personal
courage. They wanted an executioner.
Cauovas satisfied them and appointed Don
The most summary court mnrtlal preceded
the executions as a mere formality. In
other cases the victims were murdered In
cold blood In their dungeons or thrown
alive into the sea during the night at the
entrance to the harbor to feed the Bharks.
The horrors of the Council of Blood under
Alva look pale when compared to the
crimes of Weyler. In the country his
troop lmJ orders to kill every non-combatant
without regard to age. In the
cities he appointed as inspectors of police
the most infamous murderers and thieves
from the Spanish penal colonies In Africa.
In a short time more than 100,000 persons
emigrated from Cuba panic-stricken.
Hut Weyler was not satisfied. He In
tended to destroy the country nnd to ex
terminate tho natives. Seeing that the
executions In the forts were too slow a
method and that the destruction wrought
by his columns was not enough to ruin the
island, he conceived one of the most mon
strous crimes ever committed against hu
manity. On Feb. 10, 1890, he issued his
two famous decrees of concentration, By
them every human being In the country
districts was compelled to leave his home,
after it had been destroyed by the Span-
regime Inaugurated In Havana on the first
day of this year by Gen. Blanco was as
a complete failure. The patriots declared
the acceptance of autonomy an act of
treachery to their Dag. They hanged as
TtAO OF FRKE CUBA.
Ish columns, and go to oue of the fortified
towns under the vigilance of the Spanish
soldiery. W Uta the homes of the reeon
ceutrados their cultivated lands were to
be devastated and around the towns
where they had to live not a piece of
bread was to be given to them. In this
manner, under pretext of a military opera
tiou, halt a uiiUiou peopl-', most of them
itliii
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EDWIN STONE, Mgr..
spies nil the Spanish agents sent to them
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