?
h.
5 y
I IF WAR SHOULD COME. I
HE recent terri
ble occurrence
in tlie harbor of
Havana, which
resulted In the
destruction o f
millions of Fed
eral property In
the shape of the
battleship
Maine and the
death of nearly
300 sailors,
startled a great
deal of specula
tion as to the real value of our navy and
its relative importance among the
naval armaments of the world. It has
revived the discussion of what the re
sult of a war between the United
States and a foreign nation would be,
DIHAI'l'K.UtlN'O OL'N AT NKW YBliK.
and brought forward the three opin
ions concerning such matters, viz. the
theory which holds that we have no
more use for a navy comparable to
ithat ot the great nations of Kurope
than we have for n standing army like
(that of Great Britain, Germany,
'France or Russia; the stand that the
money put into our navy would better
ihave been expended In coast defenses;
and lastly that opinion which demands
that on In lid and sea we should be
equally powerful to 'any nation on
earth.
It Is now over half a century since
the guns of this country were turned
uin a foreign foe, and this long period
of peace has Inclined a very large pro
portion of American citizens to the first
named course of reasoning. The mid
dle ground position is held by the coast
defense theorists. They believe that
with our coast defended by modern
formications and guns wo can almost
dispense with a heavy navy altogether.
The third party believes In the widest
possible display of our naval power.
At the present time the only country
with' which we are likely to become
embroiled In strife Is Spain, and as a
war with the Spanish would he largely
a naval one it Is therefore of Interest
to consider what the possibilities of
such a war might be.
Since the Maine went down numer
ous reports have been spread broad
cast that Spain Is now superior to us
fia a naval power, and many persons
have grave fears as to the outcome of
a conlllct. Let us see. Since l.SN.'i
Congress has authorized the construc
tion of seventy-seven war vessels, at
a cost of $1:14,4311,700.10. Sixteen of
itho vessels have not yet been com
pleted. The vessels authorized since
1883 are an follows: Hattleships, Hrst
class, nine; battleships, second-class,
itwo; crulseis, 18; gunlMmts, 13; harbor
defense ram, one; monitors, six; dyna
mite cruiser, one; torpedo boats,' 21;
submarine torpedo boat, one; training
ships for cadets., two; dispatch boat,
one.
Of the sixteen ships of war now un
der construction, the Secretary of the
Navy estimates that all will be com
pleted during the present year except
JL,
THE GUN THAT GUARDS HAVANA HARBOR.
the flvo battleships, which will prob
'nhly not be ready for service until the
'latter part of the coming year. It Is,
'therefore, obvious that the United
i States Is not so powerlws upon the
seas as some would have It understood.
During the past ten years there havo
been expended yearly on seaeoast for
mications and their armaments and
for submarine mines and torpedoes the
sum of J 10,000,000; our principal sea
port towns have thus been put In inn
dltlon so that, with the aid of the
navy, the country could easily resist
the attack of any one of rue great naval
i powers of the world,
' There Is no doubt as to which of the
(two nations, Spain or the Vnlted
States, Is the stronger from a naval
standpoint. In ships and armament
we have by far the superior navy,
! While Spain has more men In her navy,
we outnumber her in ships, although
(die includes some splendid cruisers In
, her list. Like us, she Is adding to her
navy, replacing the boats she lost In
1805. She Is obliged to have this done,
however, abroad, as she has no ship
yards of her own. ller limited credit
lias kept back this work, and It Is not
likely that the boats now under way
would be completed even on "rush"
orders before two years from now.
Then, too, the classltlcatUms made lu
the tables favor Spain, placing boats
in tlio second class of battle-ships
which, although heavier than our solo
remaining specimen of that class, could
not cope with It.
On paper Spain has about the same
cumber of warships available for
lighting as the United States has on
the Atlantic coast, eliminating torpedo
boats, which can operate, by . the na
ture of things, only in home waters.
But what about the ships themselves?
Spain has only one first-class battle
ship1, the Pelnyo; we have In the East
the Indiana, Iowa, and Massachusetts.
Spain strictly has no battleships of the
second grade; we have only one now,
the Texas, sister ship practically of the
Maine. Spain has one iron and use
less monitor, the Pulg-Cerda; we have
four of them, matchless fighters the
I'urltan, Terror, , Mlantonomah, and
Amphitrite. Spain has six armored
cruisers, all of them practically In
splendid fighting trim the Almlrante,
Oquendo, Carlos V., Infanta Maria Ter
esa, I'rlncesa de Asturias, and VIzeaya.
We have two such vessels the New
York and Brooklyn. For defensive
fighting our four monitors are superior
to the three armored cruisers which
we seem to lack In comparison with
Spain, but, allowing that they are only
equal, it may be said that in that class
ti e navies of the two nations are of
equal strength.
That throws the comparison back to
battleships, of which we have four
available, three first-class and one second-class,
and of which Spain has only
one available, tRe first-class Pelnyo.
The armament of the monitors and ar
mored cruisers on both sides is practi
cally equal. The armament of battle
ships Is four to one in our favor, and It
Is the kind of armament that tells ten
to one in a naval battle. So much for
strictly fighting ships. We have ten,
Spain has six. In protected cruisers
Spain has not more than fifteen and we
have ten available on the Atlantic
coast. The armament of our ten, care
ful calculation shows, is a little more
than equal to that of Spain's fifteen.
THE "DEVIL OF
mm
ir f " War ana fuss mgao fiittiw
fiii 1
A Whitehead torpedo lired from an overhead tube and its progress through the water. On striking the water the tor
pedo is propelled at tremendous speed by its own engine. In the forward portion of the torpedo is carried an explosive
clmrge of 100 pounds of gun cotton. The ninss is exploded by a percussion fuse fitted into the nozzle of the weapon.
The torpedo would wreck the strongest ship afloat.
. Of gunboats Spain seems to have
twenty; we have not more than twelve
on the North Atlantic const. Nearly
one-half of Spain's gunboats, according
to Lord Brassey, the great Kngllsh au
thority, are "small steamers from 80
to 348 tons." In Jthe matter of unar
mored ships, the commerce destroyers,
Spain has a slight advantage in num
bers; we have a slight advantage In
strength. We could use our torpedo
Ixmttt; Spain couldn't get hers over
here. We could use our ram Katahdln
and our Holland submarine boat; Spain
has no such vessels.
In the matter of ships and guns, de-
spite the loss of the Maine the United
States has a decided advantage. Bat
tleships are the ones that count lu real
fighting. But naval battles are not
won solely by ships and guns. They are
won by men valorous men, patriotic
men on board the ships. Our ships
ore manned by seanfen nine-tenths of
whom nre American seamen. Span
iards, of course, man Simla's ships.
There you nre as to men; Americans on
one sldo and Spaniards on the other.
Need more be said?
Stronger than any reason yet given
as to tho result of a fight between us
and Saln Is the one to 1h deduced
from the scene of action of war. The
war would take place In aud around
Cuba, We could get coal easily and
Spain could not. It's the coal in the
bunkers as much if not more than the
powder and shot In the magazines that
decides naval contorts to-day. Tho
man at the stokehole is just as Import
ant as the mail behind the gun. Spain
can't whip us on this side of tho Atlan
tic, that's sure; we shall not tight on
tho other side.
One Serious IMmul vnntngc.
In a naval war with Spain we would
have the disadvantage of a tremen
dous coast line, east, south and west, to
defend. Wo could do little damage to
Spain's commerce, because she has
comparatively a small amount, while
some of her second, third or fourth-rate
boats, while keeping away from our
cruisers, could do us almoxt Irrepara
ble damage. The power of the mod
ern ships' guns enables them to do
their lighting at comparatively loug
range. The deadliness of these arms
is great enough under those circum
stances, as China and Japan kuow to
their cost. What the result would be if
several Spanish and United States bat
tleships met In closer quarters may eas
ily be Imagined, and it is no exaggera
tion to say that the chances favor the
destruction of nearly everyone, engaged.
F
UNITED STATES STEEL PROTECTED CRUISER COLUMBIA.
Modern gunnery and armor-making
have kept such steps together that no
sooner has a plate been invented which
would resist the most penetrating
projectile of that time than a gun was
speedily devised or an explosive discov
ered which necessitated .the Invention
of a plate of still greater resisting
power. This game has gone on, until
the modern ship is a gigantic floating
hulk, the propulsion of which through
calm and known waters is no easy
task, to say nothing of Its manage
ment in heavy seas or during an en
gagement, where rapid action is neces
sary. But besides the things visible with
THE SEA" HOW THE TORPEDO DESTROYS.
ft
El? W U i I WVi f via
wUlch modern cruisers must contend
Is the problem of submarine warfare.
The Invention of Ericsson has been Im
proved upon, both as regards the abil
ity of warships to eject the deadly tor
pedo Itself and the torpedo-boat capa
ble of submerging itself wholly or in
part Inventors all over the world nre
working upon tho submarine torpedo,
boats and rams, nud, while they have
not attained the success of Jules
Verne's fancy, It is believed that if
they have not already solved the prob
lem it is a matter of a short time till
we shall have a boat capable of sub
merging itself for a time sufficient to
do terrible damage to tho largest bat
tleship and still not be in sight during
the engagement
This Is not speaking of the establish
ed practicability of the sunken torpedo
or more to bo used In harbors nnd dis
charged by electricity from a distance.
These last can be utilized for coast de
fense and aro very effective. They
could destroy any cruiser anchored or
sailing over them, but are only useful
uuder those circumstances.
The war department has guarded
with absolute secrecy the plans for all
Its coast defenses. It Is scarcely known
outside of army circles that New York
is one of the most strongly defended
towns In the world. No vessel could
get within fifteen miles of the battery
without meeting a worse fate than that
which befell the Maine.
Tho entire harbor Is thoroughly
mined and wtres run to underground
casemates where the operators work.
Tho harbor is divided into sections
and squares each of which Is known by
a letter or figure. For instance, in ease
of war, If a Spanish war vessel were
sighted, word would be telegraphed
UNITED STATES STEEL PROTECTED
from one of the conning towers to the
officer lu charge of one of the under
ground casemates near Sandy Hook.
The message would be read something
like this: "Vlzenya x op 23, 14 S. K."
That would mean that the Vlzcaya
was then passing over a certHlu sec
tion of the hnrbor In which was lo-c-"d
a mine or a torpedo. The opera-
tor would Immediately touch a button.
U-ie explosion which followed would
completely wreck the warship and
would doubtless kill all on board.
The work of preparing these mines
has been done very secretly, and no one
outside 'of those lu charge of the har
bor defenses knows where they are.
The sunken casemates, too, have been
built with caution, and their situation
is not known either. The necessity for
this caution is apparent when It is re
membered that any interference with
the wires by the subject of some for
eign nation might disturb the work so
that none of the mines could bo used.
Another great means of defense is in
the big disappearing guns, which work
as If they have human Intelligence. No
fort Is necessary for theye guns. The
gunners are absolutely protected by a
big parapet. When the gun is at rest,
it, too, is concealed behind the parapet,
where It is loaded. When firing be
comes necessary ponderous machinery
raises the big cannon so that its mouth
points over the parapet. In thirty sec-
iiiiiiiimiii ill
onds the gunners have trained the can
non properly, nnd an enormous projec
tile is sent flying ten miles over the
sea. Woe to the vessel it strikes! Ar
mor has not yet been made strong
enough to stand against the shot fired
from these enormous machines.
At present the inner harbor of New
York Is guarded by two 12-lneh, three
10-lnch and five 8-Inch disappearing
SUNKEN MORTAR PROTECTING NEW YORK
guns, as well as thirty-two 12-inch
mortars. These are ail completed and
put in position. Work is now going on
for other disappearing guns which will
be finished this year. The southern
and eastern entrances to the harbor
are more fully protected than the Inner
harbor Itself. Here is an armament of
21 12-lnch guns on lifts, 13 10-lnch and
9 8-lnch guns on disappearing car
riages, 170 12-Inch mortars and many
submarine mines operated from five
mining casemates.
Most of tho work of a defense has
been done by the officers at the United
States School of Engineers at Wlllet's
CKUISER CHICAGO.
Point, New York harbor. Twenty-three
officers aud 380 enlisted men are sta
tions! at Wlllet's Toliit, and their
work Is mostly with torpedoes and high
explosives. Occasionally mines are
planted and exploded, Just as In regu
lar warfare. Vessels are seut out to
try and come without Mug seen, and
ijilmlc, war holds full sway.
miiiiti
I, m ' - in iii ' " V"
.Hi bs cured f?
If you suffer from any of the
ills of men, come to the oldest
Specialist on the Pacific Coast,
DR. JORDAN A CO..
,1051 Market SL Est'd J852.
' You ii a: men and middle i
O OKCll men who are suffering
1 from the effects of youthful indiscretions or ex- 1
cesses in maturer years. N ervous and Physical
uriiii,Tlimpuieaejr,l.OHlinaiilHil
in all its comDlic.itions: Nmi'iiifitkii-hfnn.
ProttatorrhTCit, Oonorrhna, Ulrrt, i
FrefHUI'uer Of ITrtlintillir. nIA. Rv a.
i cumuinauon ot remeaies,ot great curative pow
er, the Doctor has so arranged his treatment '
that it will not only afford immediate relief but
permanent cure. The Doctor does not claim to '
perform miracles, but is well-known to be a fair ;
and square Physician and Surgeon, pre-eminent '
m his specialty Diseases of Men. ,
. nygimiis tnorouffniv erudicfltedlrom the '
ystnni wlthoutushiK Jkeirrnrx
KVEUY MAN aimlvlnv tn im will to. I
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ROUTES
GREAT
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SHORT LINE.
VIA
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KANSAS CITY,
OCEAN STEAMERS
Oregon, Geo. W. Elder and City of Topeka
Leave Portland Every 5 Days for
ALASKA POINTS
Ocean Steamars Lave Portland Every i Days
SAN FRANCISCO.
Steamer Monthly from Portland to
Yokohama and Hong Kong, in con
nection with the 0. K. & N.
For further Information call on 0. R. & N.
Agent.
F E. D0SALDS0N, or address
W. H. HURLBURT,
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nOIIWKI.I, CARLILL A CO.,
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Leave for the Eat via Huntington dallv,S:00pm
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Arrive from Ea.i lu;15am
WANTKD TRUSTWORTHY AWD ACTTV1
mWmen or ladles t travel for responsible
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Fassenger aecommodationi unsurpassed..
Shortest route between the Willamette Valley
and California.
Fare from Albany or points west to Ran
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Cabin, round trip
, Steerage
TO Coos Bay and Port Oxford:
' Cabin, .
To Humbolt Bay:
Cabin,
Round trip, good for 60 days.
15 00
6 00
6 00
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Steamers "Albany" and "Wm. M. Hong,'
newly furnished, leave Albany daily (except
Saturdays) at 7:45 a. m., arriving at Portland the
same day at 5 p. m.
Returning, boats leave Portland same days
at 6:00 a. m., arriving at Albany at 7:46 p. m.
J. C. MAYO, Supt. River Division,
CorvaUis, Or.
EDWIN STONE, Mgrf,
PRACTICALLY A PART OF IT;
Charman Bros.' Block
EAST AND SOUTH
VIA
The Shasta Route
OF THK
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Express Trains Leave Portland Daily.
South. North.
6:00P.M. I Lt Portland Ar 9:30a.
6i.i2p.n. Lv OregonClty Lt :4oa.h
7:4hA.M. Ar SanFranclsco Lt 8:00p. m
The above trains stop at all stations between
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AND
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Attached to all Through Trains.
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KAILTKA1NCAILYIIXCIFTSUNDAY.)
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At Albany aud CorvaUis connect with train
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