IH,....WW M TMH
m the Little I
Farm Pay
By C. C B0WSF1ELD
H- H-H ! H 1 111 I 111 11 i I 1
Good farming, good homes and thrift
are coupled with (he little farm Idea.
Aa small places are apt to hare va
riety of produce, they stimulate good
selling methods. They are a means of
developing direct marketing plan by
which consumers pay reduced prices
for kitchen supplies, while producers
receive more than wholesale rates.
A reader who recently bought a ten
acre farm a mile aud a half from town
asks me to make up an outline for the
successful management of his little
place. Ue wishes to keep a team of
horses, two or more cows, some poul
try and have as wide a diversity of
production as possible in order to dis
tribute labor evenly.
In nearly every case persons taking
small farms are lusplred with the need
of diversified crops, so that if one
thing falls there are other products to
keep tip the income. 1 will say right
here that many ten acre tracts are
maintaining several cows and consid-
5X .0S"
fc&Zr .US-
OK THX LITTLE JAB-
erable other live stock, besides allow
ing room enough for a large produc
tion of vegetables and fruit.
A farm of this size may devote two
acres to pasture, three acres to corn,
two acres to a commercial garden, one
ere to orchard, one acre to root crops
and the tenth acre to buildings, poul
try plant, etc. This arrangement will
enable the owner to alternate the three
acres of ground devoted to corn with
the three used for garden and root
crops. These products should be grown
In rotation not only for the purpose of
keeping up soil fertility, but as a
means of fighting insect pests.
In the acre devoted to orchard there
may be about fifty trees, which should
include at least apples, pears and cher
ries. There will then be room for about
200 raspberry and currant bushes
among the trees and around the edge
of the orchard. The root crops should
Include carrots, beets, rutabagas and
other things of the kind. The three
acres of corn will supply roughage for
six or eight bead of stock, and between
the rows rape should be sown so that
after the grain has been harvested a
number of hogs may graze through the
fall months. The plowing can be done
before the ground freezes. There will
be corn enough to fatten the bogs for
the winter market and to feed the
horses besides supplying part of the
poultry rations.
After crops of lettuce, beans, early
potatoes, onions, peas and radishes
have been taken off early in the season
the garden can be fitted for succession
crops, such as cabbage, tomatoes, cel
ery, sweet corn and late potatoes.
This program of double cropping can
be widely varied. It enables a person
to raise twice as much stuff as the ordi
nary garden produces, and as there is
an extra amount of cultivation the soil
does not wear out Bo far as possible
plowing and fertilizing should be done
in the fail.
There should be earnings about as
follows: Toultry plant for 200 hens,
$300; three cows, $400; ten bogs, $150;
garden produce, $400; fruit, $200; one
horse raised each year. $150; total. $1,
600. Each of these estimates of earn
ings may be enlarged a little, as they
are conservative. A little additional
Income may be gained from the sale
of calves. It would also be possible to
clean op some money by keeping pi
geons. An incubator run In connection
with the poultry plant ought to in
crease the earnings of that department
a hundred or two. A gross Income up
around $2,000 Is not unreasonable.
There must be paid out about $500 for
help in the garden and for mill stuffs
for the cows and poultry. If cream Is
sold or butter made there will be a con
siderable amount of skimmed milk for
the bogs and chickens.
This cannot be more than a sugges
tive outline for the guidance of peo
ple who are taking little farms. The
problem will not be exactly the same
In any two cases, and the owner of
the farm must figure out methods for
himself. A much wider diversity of
production Is feasible. For Instance,
twenty or thirty colonies of bees do
not take up any room worth speaking
about, but they may add $300 to $500
to the yearly Income. It will be found
that the above estimate of possible
earnings In orchard and garden Is low.
Quarters For Brood Sows.
Prepare warm. dry. but ventilated
quarters for the brood sows and do
so now. Cold storms will be here be
fore we are ready for them.
' 4
DIVERSIFIED FARMING.
An apple orchard In New York
state, containing fifteen acres
and 627 tm. has been the ob
ject of detailed study for two
years by the United States de
partment of agriculture. Accu
rate records were kept of the
cost of spraying, barrels, seed
for cover crops and other ex
pense. The orchard is over fif
ty years old. well located and is
a part of a farm of 1 acres on
which potatoes, wheat, beans,
sheep and horses are raised. The
department experts sum up their
conclusions with the advice
that-
"The cost of growing apples Is
lessened by growing them In con
nection with other farm cro
I and utilising the man and horse
labor on those other crops also.
In other words, the farming
that usually pays best is the
kind where the equipment and
labor of both men and horses
can I used all through the year
and where the owner Is not de
pendent on one sort of crop.
Diversified farming Is not al
ways the easiest, but. it Is the
safest and usually the most prof
itable, even in this era of spe
cialization. lllllltt liifcAif Tiilnl 1 J I I i't
ft fTf f T CTT11 f'l '
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.
Danger of Contaminated Milk Spread
ing the Disease Overcome.
Prepared by United States Department
of Agriculture
The anxiety that has been expressed
In several quarters in regard to the
effect upon human health of the pres
ent outbreak of the foot and mouth
disease is regarded by government au
thorities as somewhat exaggerated.
The most common fear is that the milk
supply might become contaminated,
but in view of the precautions that the
local authorities In the infected areas
are very generally taking, there Is com
paratively little danger of this. Milk
from Infected farms is not permitted
to be shipped at all. The only danger
Is, therefore, that before the disease
has manifested Itself some infected
milk might reach the market For
this reason experts In the United States
department of agriculture recommend
pasteurization. As a matter of fact
however, pasteurization is recommend
ed by the department anyway for all
milk that is not very high grade and
from tuberculin tested cows.
It has been demonstrated by experi
ments which have been made in Den
mark and Germany that pasteurization
will serve as a safeguard against con
tagion from the foot and month dis
ease just as readily as it does against
typhoid fever, but in nny event It must
be thoroughly done. The milk must be
heated to 145 degrees F. and held at
this temperature for thirty minutes.
In this country the foot and mouth
disease has been so rare that there
are few recorded cases of its trans
mission to human beings. In 1902
few cases were reported In New Eng
land, and in 1906 In a few instances
eruptions were found in the mouths of
children which were believed to have
been caused by contaminated milk. In
both of these outbreaks the sale of
milk was stopped as soon as the dis
ease was found among the cattle. As
long, therefore, as the disease can be
confined by rigid quarantine to cer
tain specified areas the danger from
this source Is very small. Should the
pestilence spread all over this country
and become as general as It has been
at various times In larger areas In Eu
rope the problem would become more
serious. Under any circumstances,
however, pasteurization would be an
efficient remedy. Where pasteuriza
tion Is not possible and where there
Is sny reason to suspect that the dis
ease may exist the precaution of boil
ing milk might be advisable.
To Tighten Wagon Tires.
A southern Iowa farmer, says the
Farm I'rogress. uses a very Ingenious
scheme for tightening loose wagon
tires. As is often tbe case with all
farmers, this man Is troubled with
loose tires on some of his wagons,
which when the weather becomes wet
again are perfectly tight He takes a
long, tapering cold chisel (an old buggy
spring would answer admirably) and
drives it between the filler and tire di
rectly over a spoke. He then makes
Wedge of some bard wood, which he
drives In as tightly as possible beside
the chisel. The chisel Is then driven
out and the wedge cut off evenly on
both sides, and the job Is done.
Any one who has never tried this
would be surprised1 at tke degree of
"set" that can be given to tires
thus wedging them, in fact, until the
wedges looen by wear they are almost
as tlirht as If set by the usual method
Remove Dead Leaves.
if you find bunches of dead leaves
hanging in the trees remove them
Tliev contain destructive young lar-
vac. Hpray If you see evidence of the
stale.
rm-f tt rr i t m i r H 1 i iihi i
Scientific
Farming
l-WIWH I I M HH U HII-U
ORCHARD COVER CROPS.
Rye,
Vetch or Bur Clever Will Con-
serve and Build Soil Fertility.
An orchard cover crop should be sown
at
once If It has uot already been, says
the
Home and Farmstead. To neglect
this
la to fall to do one's duty to the
orchard. When thu Erven rrou la turn
ed under in thu spring It will contribute
organic matter to the soil, a tiling so
much needed by many soils. It will
Improve the moisture holding content
of the soil aud result In releasing a
greater amount of the soil's plaut food
to the growing trees.
If It Is a clay soil It Is close and wa
ter iiercolatea down through It quite
, V
i V
COVIB CBOFS ADD TO ORCHARD PBOrlTS.
slowly. In fart, much of the water
runs off the slopes where much of
the clay lands of America exists and
does not get down to the tree roots as
It would If It were a cultivated orchard
and especially If cover crops have been
turned under.
if it is a sandy soli where the orchard
exists tbe cover crop will improve the
texture of the soil, add to Its water
holding capacity and check the leach
of the soil fertility.
Bye. vetch, bur clover or other of the
usual winter cover crops will add ma
terially to orchard profits if they are
given a chance to conserve and build
soli fertility In the orchard tract
CROSSING ALFALFA.
S
Experiments That Premie to Improve
the Plant For Grazing Purposes.
Alfalfa Is such a well known forage
crop that little has been done to im
prove it by scientific breeding. But al
falfa has several serious defects. It u
not well adapted to grazing, and it
does not produce seed freely.
William Southworth of Ontario Ag
ricultural college, Guelph, Canada, has
been making some experiments that
promise greatly to improve alfalfa In
these respects. He picked out as tbe
plant most likely to fulfill the condi
tions, the common yellow trefoil,
known as black medlck i.Medicago lu-
pnllna L.)
The black medlck la looked upon as
weed In the United States and Can
ada. It grows profusely in meadows.
generally almost or quite flat upon the
ground. It has slender sterna and pro-
dice an abundance of fine leaves.
bleb yield good grazing, but not good
bay.
in the Journal of Heredity Mr.
Soutbworth reports on tbe success of
bis experiments. While alfalfa seeds
poorly. Its cousin, the black medlck.
produces an abundance of seeds. Al
falfa seems to need the help of bees In
its pollenatlon, while the black medlck
Is generally self fertilized.
Mr. Soutbworth began in 1911 with
mother alfalfa plants obtained from
tbe United States department of agri
culture, Washington, but, owing to tbe
hot season, not one of tbe crosses set
seed. In August of that year be pick
ed out an alfalfa plant growing in a
discarded grass plot with rich green
foliage and an abundance of healthy.
vigorous, violet flowers. These flowers
be fertilized with pollen from black
medlck growing as weeds. From these
be obtained Ave healthy pods.
Bowing the seed from these In the
fall of 1912, he raised twenty-four
plants, nineteen of which be removed
to the open field. These were allowed
to fertilize themselves, and the plants
from their seed were raised in the
autumn of 1913 In the greenhouses of
the department of plant breeding, Cor
nell onlversltyv
Without going Into the details of the
growth of each plant the results may
be summarized by saying that 72 per
cent of the plants grew above tbe av
erage (5.5 inches) in height and about
78 per cent were not erect in growth.
Mr. Soutbworth says the cross Is
difficult to make. He is continuing bis
experiments and urges others to In
vestigate along tbe same lines.
He notes also that the difficulty in
getting bard alfalfa seeds to genni
nate may successively be overcome by
Immersing them for ten minutes In
strong commercial sulphuric acid and
then washing them free from the acid.
This method was Invented by Profes
sor II. n. Love of Cornell.
Prune the Grapevines.
Prune grapes as soon as foliage Is
off. Lay tliem down and cover with
earth before the ground freezes.
I I 1 Mill H-H-H I III liK I tr
DAIRY WISDOM.
Uniformity in the time of milk- !
lug and order of milking will ;
have the best effect on the cows. !
The fact that man keeps a ;
cow does not prove that he is I
dairy farmer.
The fodder that does not find
place In the silo should be
shredded, and then the part of It
not used for feed becomes ex
cellent bedding.
There Is uo line of work where
thouglit pay better tliau lu dairy
farming.
A cow's possibility for produc
tion Is a heritage that shu bring
Into tho world and takes out
again with her. It cannot lie
controlled or lntlaenced material
ly by feed.
PREPARING THE COW
FOR MILK MAKING
The proper time to begin feeding a
cow for milk production Is six to eight
weeks prior to freshening. She should
have at least this length of time to
rest aud prepare for the next luclallou
period. Tho feeds given at thla time
should meet tho following requlrw-
inents: Kest and cool out tho digestive
tract, supply nourishment for the
growth of the fetus or utiboru calf
and build up tho flesh and strength of
the cow herself.
Cows that are to freshen during tho
winter altouhl receive from twenty to
twenty-five pounds of corn silage, all
the clover or alfalfa hay they desire
and a grain mixture of three part
ground oats, two parts bran uud otie
part oil men I. The amount of grain
per day Is to bo governed by the In
dividual animal. Animals thin In flesh
may be glveu a small quantity of corn,
but should not be crowded, but rather
fleshed up gradually. Timothy hay
and cottonseed meal are not desirable,
as they ere rather constipating, while
laxative feeds are needed at this time.
Too large a quantity of corn Is likely
to have a bad effect upon the system.
It Is well to reduce the ration slightly
Just prior to calving, as by so doing
the danger of milk fever aud arter
calving troubles Is decreased to some
exteut
A few days before calving put tho
cow In a clean, disinfected, well bedded
box stall. If her bowel are not mov-
f7 , f1 ' it . V H
When the farmer wants to raise
both meat and milk a duel pur
pose breed should be aelected, euch
aa are the Shorthorns, Ked Polls.
Devone or Brown Bwlaa. One
should not expect a dual purpose
cow to produre aa much butter fat
a highly specialised cow of pro
nounrml dairy type, nor ehould a
tear from auch a cow be expected
to equal in weight at maturity a
ateer of pronounced berf type, but
In the extremes may not lie the
greatest profit.
Ing freely a dose of three-quarters to
a pound of epsom salts or a quart of
raw linseed oil will prove very bene
ficial. A grain ration of two parts bran
and one part ollmeal la very good at
this time.
For a few days after calving the
cow's drinking water should be luke
warm. In addition to alfalfa or clover
bay and a small quantity of silage she
should be fed bran mashes or a small
allowance of bran, ollmeal and ground
oats. If the cow does not pass the
afterbirth promptly and the man In
charge doe not understand tho anato
my of the reproductive organ a com
lietent veterinarian should be called.
That should be done also when the
cow has difficulty In calving.
If the cow has been properly cared
for the first three days she may then
be placed on dry and more solid food.
Experienced feeders of beef cattle re
alize that thirty days are required to
get steers on full feed, and likewise
the dairy cow need to be given thirty
days.
A Good Dairy Ration,
A very good ration can be made by
letting each animal weighing 1,000
pounds have thirty pound of silage
daily and a liberal allowance of alfalfa
hay. A mixture consisting of 200
pound of ground barley, 100 pounds
of ground wheat and 100 pounds of
bran will supplement this roughage
well. Feed about a pound of this mix
ture for each three and a half to four
pounds of milk produced.
System In the Dairy.
There are many way of making the
dairy work easier. Perhaps no one Is
better than to systematize the work
and get it Into such a shape that It
moves with the regularity of a clock
There are many conveniences that can
bo had In the dairy without any seri
ous expense and yet they will ave
many steps.
Cold Raini Injurious.
The cold rati) will stop the milk flow
If the cow have to gland all day with
out siioller.
I h
A Belgian Lullaby
liuah; oeas your hunger orjrt
Hleep, beby mine.
Tour tether rmlm tont(ht
On settle Hue.
Far from s distant land.
Over Die lee,
Shli are s-wlllna, babe,
To you and me,
Ships are -iIHng. love.
Out of the hi,
Boarinc the very things
You like the beat
Ood grant them efe eacArt
Through tempest wlli
That from their bounty 1
May sav my child.
Iluh; ee ynur hunger oryt
Bleep, beby dear,
There will come food and warmth
Boon to ua here.
Far (roin a dlatmtt land.
Over the eve,
Rhine are i-salllng, babe.
To you and me
-New York Times.
TELLS HOW IT FEELS
TO BE HIT BY BULLET.
Wounded French Officer Thought He
Had Found Perfeot Death.
An oltlcor who wn wounded while
leading a charge at the head of hi
company Una glveu In a letter to l.e
Teiiipe, In l'a r la, bl Impression at the
moment when he wu struck, lie any:
"The ball which struck me was tired
from a distance of about fifty feet. I
suddenly eii'iui'd to foil a tremeudoiis
blow In the buck, although lu rui't 1
hud been struck In the breast 1 puu
completely round on my heel, and my
saber, which 1 had lowered for the
charge, was Ihrowu twenty feet away
from mo.
"The ball continued II course and
wounded lu thv shoulder a soldier who
followed uie. I uniile every etTort to
keep my feet 1 realized that 1 was
fainting and tried to prevent myself
from losing my sense, but little by tit
tle 1 felt cotisclouiueM going from me,
aud I had the Impression that I we
dying In a parudU of unexampled
beauty.
"It teemed to me that I had found
the most iwrfect death possible (track
when at the bead of my company, a
ber In hand and ordering the charge
against Uie Germans. But then 1 real
lzed the possibility there was that I
tight fall Into their hand, and 1
(ought my revolver, but before I could
use It It was taken from me by one of
my own men, and 1 was raised and
carried to the rear through a storm of
ride bullets and exploding shells.
"I undomtood then bow well I had
gained the confidence and love of my
men. for though 1 ordered tbetn to
leave me they would not obey my com
mands, la the evening 1 received
visit from the sergeant of the company,
to whom I had turned over tbt com
msnd. He csnie to me In the ambu
lance In w hich I was alum to he car
ried to the base hospital Me bad pri-
pared a little speech, but when he saw
me so pale he believed that J wsa dy
ing and only asked permission to em
brace (ue, and a be did so 1 felt the
warm tears flowing down hi face.'
VICTORIA CROSS FOR INDIAN.
First On t B Recommended Killed
Eleven German.
The correspondent at Boulogne of
tbe London Time ny that Unvlldar
lingua Singh of the Fifty seventh
Wilde's rifle Is tbe flrat Indian to be
recommended for the Victoria cros
Ue arrived In a hospital ahlp a bundle
of splint aud bandage, but very
cheerful and full of heart. He ha
Ore bullet wound one In a leg, on In
tbe cheat, one In eacb band nd one
on the ca id from a revolver urea
point blank.
Tbe bavlldar and fifteen men of hi
regiment were attacked In their trench
before dawn. Tbe German were top
ped for soma secouda by barbed wire
enuinglemeut aud lost heavily before
they broke through. In the hand to
hand druggie that ensued the bavll
dar shot the (iermau officer, whose
bullet grazed bl bead. Us took hi
word from him and killed ten more
before be wa brought down by a bul
let In the foot
"Otherwise," be nld, "1 ahonld have
killed more. It wa a heavy sword.
FEARS SHORTAGE OF MATCHES
Germany Unebte to Get Material For
Manufacture.
Germany la facing a shortage
material used In the making
matches, At the recent conference of
match manufacturers It was an
nonnced that tbe price of this indis
pensable article will shortly be raised
from 80 pfennig (about T 1-2 cent)) to
82 pfennig. .
About six year ggo the Gorman gov
ernment levied a tax on matches .to
help defray the expense) of national
preparedness. The price was then'
raised 0 pfennigs (1 1-4 cental. .
Russian wood la generally uaed for
mati-hei, and since the beginning of
the war thu Importation of this wood
ha ceanod. Chemicals used In the man
ufacture alio are Imported.
Match manufacturers are being
warned In circulars by the government
not to undertake unjustified Increases
lu the price of matcbo.
Extend Naval 6hor Sohoollng.
Apprentice seamen In tbe future will
receive six months' ncndemlc and pro
fessional Instruction at navnl training
stations Instead of four months as
heretofore. In annoiinelim this rhnnge
Secretory Daulels guld It marks an
extension of tho general educational
plan of the navy.
" ' The Wig.
Now, why did I buy It, I wondert
1 must have been orepy, I know.
Fot the papers are full of the fashion.
And the saleswomen flattered me sot
I dread tor my hueband to see It.
He's certain to grumble and ennld.
He ueed, In the day of our oourtshlp,
, To liken my tresae to gold.
How Madge and I.outia and Gladys
And the rest at the women would stare
If 1 should appear In the tango, ,
Oh, eeramnla, out of my lialrj,
Hut I'll bt they would go In convulsions"
Of Jealouay over my rig, ....
And I gueaa, after all, that I'll wear It
To plt them, my new purple wig-
Minna Irving In Judge,
Bh Understood It
"Who I that rim u 'Willi the blue suit
on Just behind III 'catcher 1"
"That, myjltair, 1 the umpire,"
"What does he dot'
"Ilu calls ball uud' strike and tell
whether or not man 1 safe at the
plate." ,.
Oh, I sen, Mrt1 there to warn the
batsman when hu, '' the pitcher U
:olng to hit bliuvvWtbo ball."
"You grasp fV .fllea perfectly, my
dear," lie said,' choosing the easiest
way of dropping, the discussion, De
troit Free I'rcits, ,
Vehicle For Compliment.
WhiU cun wlih .lliimu.lnM competeT
Well, autoa I do not dlaperage.
Hut whn I'm carried oft my feet
It Is by Mnr'e charming carriage!
What's nicer than a molorboet
In whl'li ynu aslm the ocean brlnyt
lMt r than nny .crnft aDiutt
1 love my Mary smnok, so tlnyl
What ntetttt oiiirunka the aeroplane?
What la more gtiu-efu), what mors
alryT
llore I n'lUat ninjwer, cine again,
, A flight pt m jf of mv Mary.
,' .( ,. yTown Topic
.'-"n "
' t;- Manner. ) '
A young woman, ui-r arm tilled with
package, slowly entered an elevated
car. followed closely by a gruff look
ing man, who In lit rush to get tho
only vacant seat trod on the young wo
man' dree and nearly toppled her
over, lie received a com atnre, oui it
brought forth only a grunt Flopping
nto thu eat and leaving tbe heavily
burdened woman (landing, the man
growled: -
Why don't you hold up your klrtr
-New York Post
i
Ambition.
UK.
No ducal erowna nor laurel wreath
Not vat eHntea tor me,
Dill a few old friend, a few old books,
A little home and theel
-Itocky Mountain New.
HUH
Borne prfity crowns In shape of hale,
Rome reel eetate will do.
torn frlenile. a good fat pocketbook.
An aulo cer-aiid you.
, -Tonker Btateentao.
Men Man.
Employor-tiood morning. Robert I
hope alt your family are well thl
morning. -
Office Boy (unsuspectingly) To, sir.
thnjiV, Jon.,- '. '. ...
F.iuilyf-I m glad in near it, moo-
ert Titer I to be a baseball game
thla afternoon, and 1 wa afraid It
might bav a. fatal (Tact on soma of
thetn.-Boston Transcript
Banting.
Put iwey (he piinrnke batter.
We went pnncitke nevermore.
We have grown so tat and latter
- Than we ever were of yore.
Put away the redhot biscuit
And the aauaage. Though we tret
We're afraid that If we risk It
Our ehap will grow rounder yet
Tou may fetch a grapefruit, dearie.
Ht It here where we are at
Though It makee ua sad and dreary,
No on eould get (at on that
llouaton Poet
Wrong Gueaa.
1 ftUV-And o you proposed to berT
Jlll-Te.
"Was ber answer In two or three
letter r
Three."
"Good I Then It wa 'ye 7"
"You're wrong. It wa 'nix.' "-looker
Statesman.
Cheer Up!
If you're nursing a big boll.
. Try to grin.
If you're taking castor oil.
1 '
Try to grin.
If you owe a million bills.
If you have a million Ills,
Don't toi to chew your pill.
Try to grin.
-Cincinnati Enquirer.
More Impraotioal Advlo.
"I should advise you to gamble rath,
er than1vrlt." wild the man of con
spicuous bl'itnldii.
"ye," tepljed Me.; penwlggle, "bat
a gambler hag to b'ave money to start
wltbV'-tftfcBlitgton Btar.
- '
4 Soralohed.
When little' 1gne taw the eat (he mur
red, ,'Uler' a treat!"
- iJ'i- And then
We heard her say, "That wretched thing
. has splinters In hi feet
' , t; :Aalnl"
, ; -Philadelphia Ledger.
Fore of Habit.
"My neighbor used to be a farmer,
but now he wants to go Into Wall
atreet"
. "Then tbe first thing he will pro
ceed to (Jo will be to watof his stock."
Baltimore American.
0-hol
young woman
There wa
whose eye-
brow
Quite worried a gentleman highbrow.
"Though I've written a onnt,"
lie murmured, "upon It, ,.
Tla really less closalo than my brow."
-New York Sun.
, No Smoking Allowed.
Medium -Nlmll I call up tho spirit of
your dead wire?
"Half n moment while I put out my
cigar. Hhe never allowed me to
smoke."-Pelo Mele,