HOME COURSE
IN SCIENTIFIC
AGRICULTURE
FIFTEENTH ARTICLE.
THE PROPAGATION
OF PLANTS.
By L C. CORRETT. HortUulturist. Bu
reau of Plant Industry, I niteJ
Slates Depsrtmeut of
Agriculture.
IX addition to uslns tbe natural
menus of reproduction of plants
by seods, bulbs, etc.. man has de
velopevl several artificial ways, of
which the principal are cuttings, layer
ing, grafting and budding.
A cutting Is a detached portion of a
plant Inserted In soil or In water for
the purpose of nroducliis a new plant.
This method of propagation Is consider
ed most Important. The most eonmion
form of hardwood cuttings consists of
straight portion of a shoot or cane
nearly uniform lu sir.e throughout aud
containing two or more buds. At the
lower end it Is usually cut off Just be
low a bud, because roots develop most
readily from the joints. At the top It
Is usually eut off some distance above
the highest bud. A heel cutting con
sists of the lower portion of a branch,
containing two or more buds, cut off
In such a manner as to carry with It
a small portion of that branch forming
the so called "heel." A mallet cutting
Is produced by severing the parent
branch above and lelow a shoot, so as
to leave a sevti n of it on the base of
the cutting. The principal advantage
7
Photo by Lur.g I.-Ia:i'l africuii -rU ei:rl-
BWAEF BAKTL2TT PEB fiEOWS OS QrDCCE
1
In the ue of heel and mallet curings 1
lies in the greater certainty of (Jevei- !
oping ritts. The principal druwhu' k
is that only one ut'ing can Le n.ade
from eaoh lateral l.ratioh.
When it is d'-sin-l to tn.uhe the lar- !
gest nuuiU.-r of cuttings from a :i;;ilt
ed sill-ply uf sto k. cuttings are ni.ole ;
containing but one hud eaoh. Hu h
cuttiiigs are cotjjniojjiy started under
glass witli bottom heat either in green- ,
house or hotbed. i
Cuttings are usually made with two :
or more buds. The cuttings an; made '
while the wood is dormant during the ;
fall or early winter. As fn-t as made i
they are tied In bundles of twenty live
or fifty (butts all one way) and buried j
bottom end up in a trench and covered 1
to a depth of two or three Inches with
sand or mellow soli. Cuttings may also
be kept over winter in a cool cellar
buried in sand, sawdust or ms.
The following spring cuttings are set
about three inches apart In a trench
with only the topmost bud or buds
above the surface. The soil is then
replaced In the trench and thoroughly
packed. In planting, the cuttings
should be exposed to light aud air as
little as possible. After being planted
the cutting should develop roots and
put forth leaves, and by the next fall
or spring It should be ready to put out.
Herbaceous or soft wood cuttings
are exemplified In the "slips" used to
Increase the numbers of house plants.
This method (,f propagation can be
employed In the winter time under
glass. Herbaceous cuttings may be
made from the loaf or stem.
Leaf cuttings are commonly employ
ed In multiplying plants- having thick,
fleshy leaves containing a large quan
tity of plant, food either in the body of
the leaf or its larger ribs. As a general
rule, in preparing slips the leaf area
should be reduced to a minimum lu
order to lessen evaporation.
Usually an Inch of broken stone or
coarse gravel overlaid with one and
one-half to three Inches of sand will
te found ample for all soft wood cut
tings. Short cuttings of the roots may be
osed In the propagation of ninny plants,
especially those which show a natural
tendency to sucker.
A layer Is a branch so placed In
contact with the earth as to Induce It
to throw out roots and shoots. Lay
ering frequently proves a satisfactory
method with woody plants which do
not readily take root from euttlnrs.
All the common poninoeoiis fruits,
the stone fruits and the citrus fruits
- ' I ' . 4
6" " '
are now multiplied by (rniftlnj or bud
ding. A Ion la a portion cut from
plant to be Inserted upou another tor
the same) plant, with the Inteiitlou that
It shall grow. Kvept for lierbaoooua
grafting the wood for scions should Ih
taken while In a dormant or resting
condition. The time usually consider
ed lest Is after the leaves have fallen,
but before severe freoslng begins.
The scions are tied In bunches and
buried In uiolst sand, where they will
not freeze and yet will lie kept cold
enough to prevent growth, Uood re
sults ofteu follow cutting scions In the
spring Just before or at the time the
grafting Is to lie done. If cleft graft
ing is the style to be employed this
practice frequently gives good results,
hut spring cutting of scious for wtiip
grafting is not desirable.
The stock Is the plant or part of a
plant upou which or luto which the
hud or scion Is Inserted, for best re
sults in grafting It Is essential that tlie
stiK-k lie in an active condltlou.
I'loft grafting Is particularly adapted
to large trees when for any roasoii It
N'oomos necessary to change the va-
rlety. tiraucues too large 10 ov or-
wl by other methods cau lie cleft graft-j
ed. A branch one or one and one-half i
Inches in diameter Is severed with a j
saw. tare snoutd in taken u.ai mo
lark be not loosened from any portion
of the stub. Split the exposed end
with a broad thin chisel or grafting
tool. Then with a wedge or the wedge
shaped prong at the end of the grafting
tool spread the cleft so that the scions
may bo Inserted.
The scion should consist of a portion
of the previous seasou's growth aud
should tie long enough to have two or
three buds. The lower end of the
scion which is to be Inserted Into the
cleft should lie cut hito the shajv of a
w,tl-e, having the outer edge thicker
than the other. In general It is a good
plan to cut the scion so that the Ion est
bud will come just at the top of this
wedge, so that it will lie near the top
of the stock. To make this contact of
the gr-iwing irti.ins d oibly eerta.u the
scion is often set at a slight angle with
the st.vk into which It is Inserted.
I After the s. ions' h.iv e been set the
operation of cleft grafting is completed
bv covering all cut surfaces with a
laver of grafting was.
Whip grafting is almost universally
us,s.l in n"t grafting. It ha the ad
vantage of K-ing well al.sptc! to small
plants oniy one or two years of age,
and It can tie done Indoors during the
comparative leisure of winter.
The graft is made by cutting the
ok off dlag-'tialiy-otie long smooth
cut with a sharp knife, testing almut
t ree-f "trtl.s of on ln.-h of cut surfa"e.
I'.a-e the knife sl.u one third of the
l st:i:.. e fr"ta the et.J of the cut ur
f:t t rigl.t F.:.g'.es to the cut aud
sp'.it tlie sio- k :a the Jirei-U' u ff its
ig Ei Cut the l-er en of the
ei on in l.i:e t-uut er. atid le-a the
parts are for -ej together the rut
surfaoes will fit neatly together, and
one w;il r.-eiirly cover other if fci n
and s''- k a-e of the tan s.ue. A dif-
fe-,
Teren- e may Le u:sregarne-j v;u:ess u
e t oo great. After the avion atij stuck
have ! n M fce-I together they should
1 wrap;--! with Eve or sil turns of
waxed lotion to hold the parts firmly
togetl.
It Is in r .ot grafting th.it the
whip -rift finds Its distinctive field.
The rooU are dug and the scions ore
cut in the fall and stored. The work .
of grafting may ! dotie during the
wlntor months. When the op. -ration
bus t-een performed the grafts are
pn ;-d away In tooy. sawdust or sand
in a c. cellar to remain until spring.
In ordinary propagation by no-aus of
whip graft.- the scion is cut with about
Vir-e bud-, and the slock is nearly as
long as the scion. The graft Is so
planted as to brlug tie- union of stock
arid sj -ion not very far below the sur-
face of the ground. I'm where the .
trees are required 'to be especially
hardy In order to stand severe winters 1
and the roots usi-d are not known to
be so hardy as the plants from which .
the scions have been cut a different I
plan is adopted, 'i he scions are cut
much longer, and the roots may be cut
shorter, and the graft Is plunted so
di-ep as to cause roots to Issue from i
the lower end of the scion. When tak- i
en up to be sot In the orchard the orlg- !
Inal root may be removed entirely.
liudding is one of the most ecotiorn- 1
leal forms of artificial reproduction,
and each year witnesses its more gen
eral use.
The operation of budding Is simple
and can be done with great speed by
expert builders. The work has usually
to be done In July. August or early : mIlt n(1 the fnlJ,.L.r wi,0 Btlcks close
.September. The bud should be taken j t0 ,,. (,., tne fowls of vim and
from wood of the present season's I vIj,or U11(J wlng the iimf( Kre,,tl.
growth. Klnce the work of budding Is j dm ks, chickens, turn grass
done during the season of active ,, Kret.backs. (irass saves grain,
growth the bud sticks are prepared so ; nll,i tJle wiKe poullryman jirovldes
that the petiole or stem of each leaf is 1 ,)1(,Ilty ,)f ,1Ui so t,at the ground Is
left attached to serve as a handle to eVer eaten bare and thus a menace,
aid in pushing the bud home when In- j (,llr ,p.tures tell tho story. The first
sorting It beneath the bark of the ' . of mlr yar,is.
stock. This Is what Is usually called ; 0jr flu(.ks ,,re kiluw fr vigor, egg
n shield bud and is cut so that a small n,,o.ty, and we are compelled to go
portion of the woody tissue of the , ,.K(.wnei-e fur subjeds for post nior
branch Is removed with the bud. (,.n!4 tj1(,ro H m ntt(, disease.
The stock for budding should be at I ..-,, H.(.,11 HiIOWH a neighbor bare
least as thick as the ordinary lead pen-
ell. The height tit which buds are in- !
soiled varies; the nearer the ground the
better. When the bud Is made a ligature
Is then tightly drawn nlKint. ubove and
below the bud to hold It In place un
til a union shall be formed. Hands of
ratlla about eight or ten Inches long
mane u niosi coinou euL lyoig male-
.
rial. As soon as the bud
ds have united i
with the slock the ligature should be
cut In order to prevent girdling the
sbiok. This done, the operation is com
plete until the following spring, when
all the trees In which the buds have
"taken" should have the' top cut off
just niiove the hud.
The one objection to budding Is that
II crises an unsightly crook In the
holy of the tree unless the tree la
limited deep In the orchard.
POETEYfir'B
notes gr
iuvekmde rr)
6 ypm
rOKKESPOKTrVTE 'I- .
SUUUTtO U f jJt
(Tht srticlm nl ttluntrstlons mut not
ti revirlnti-d iMllnml pclul irtot
sion. GREEN RUNS FOR SUCCESS.
t'ertaln prfeed poultry phlloso
pliers art preaching that Hiultry doc
as well on a bare jurd as on a clean.
j.,,,,,, S(ll) nm
,f 1t.,r ry , t,,v B( ,,,,,
nK) ,,,, , h; ,,llf tll," ,,, u,u
an,n., a 1-t
.... , veeetnlile L-rmvlb to
take up the polsm of fowl droppings,
or the sick ground Uvoiucs a broiler of
tuberculosis and cholera germs aud In
cuhalor of taiiu rmnd aud gaiie worms
When greens an' fed by hand the
are not alwais N'fore the fowl, may
l'h to by L M. I'.ir:ilt2
os iiiiKis vn.vcr SOU.
not t what It neisls nor be there when
it neeos them nor lu the shape to ren
der tio- n so d.gestlo'e as when a fowl
can pull tl.eui at pleasure, not speak
ing of the el-n-e and bother of fur
Li-hing them in the unnatural way.
tirowing gn-viis attract worms aud
bugs, which make the fowls exercise
and are no essnry to tls-lr health, and
'o-"-" i o. .
even cut Ixuie ami to U-ef scrap and
ll""d meal. The latter two pnslucts
are often only deadly rot, lit only for
fertilizer.
Hut why argue with hot nir high
brows? Cast not thy pearls before bullheads.
.Nature's habitat for fowls is (he green
sward, wi'li the green tree to afford
shade and shelter from sun and storm
and the crystal spring and animal and
vegetable life for food and refresh-
r-' i'i.
, - .-....-re
Photo by C. M. Burnltl.
A TCBRRtXLOHIH BIIAMIII.EH.
yln, ,hs r1)1i,ted yard ho lost .ri8
)f w ,kl,I)s fI,n tuberculosis and
has quit chickens for keeps.
DON'TS.
Iion't sit down and cry over a fail
ure. Hens don't cry when eggs don't
hatch. They cackle and lay some more
. , ...
f li-. nun ii t'.n thn una (in
"
likewise.
Iion't be a pessimist. When It's
cloudy, crow like a rooster; wdten oth
ers knock, be n bully booster.
Don't work without system, but be
ware of these get-rich -quick poultry
systems.
Don't let envy make life's cup bitter.
Let not malice poison the chalice. If
you would have life one sweet song,
then help your fellow mnn along.
!
j
i
.s .. ' j
1 t "' "''' --'-'' t. ' ,-. !
"I've been selling Studcbaker
Wagons and Buggies for
over 30 years, "
"I've Bold thrin lircauae rny reputation ai a
Jrnlcr win nt stake and from rxnerience 1 have found
that Studchntcr mrana tlic beat."
That trlls the Story.
fatitifis bought Stu.lrl.k-r wsgona txdnrs tha Civil wr
and thev h
ItrrauM llirr hJ cunlnlrm o in m nam 5tuUttkpr mnd in
(he rurilv. df prmlntt wtiii ami bumpr lhv huiUI.
And that conhttrnc haa hcon uphrUl. Nutirtiattrr waan
ar buih on honor and ihff.Stuttrlwkrr yuatanlrYiioea with vnr ona.
1 here's a SiudcUakef lor your tiocJa whether yuu hv m
city, town vt country.
Farm WtgatM
FfMiy Carriai
HuJriaMa WlM
JUunw Carta
And 5tutlriioVT harneta alac aawcll and catofully mad
Studcbokcr vehit:la.
5e 0t PttUr w Writ ui.
STUDEBAKER South Brnd, Ind.
MW VOHK
:KMOnL:i
l!t!AOO PAU
S.U t I.AM rn v
D. P. Adamson & Co.,
Druggists
For Drum, Patent Medicinei, Chemicnla
Lowney'a Candici, Ice Cream Sotla, Sta
tionery and Preacriptions aee
D. P. Adamson & Co.
r,
DeLAVAL
Cream Separators
Sold on Easy Terms
Pioneer
Prineville, Oregon
NIGHT TRAIN SERVICE DAILY
Through Between
Cent'l Oregon 1 Portland
Beginning Sunday, June 22d, 1913
Tourist Sleeping Cars and First-Class Coaches
This service ih in liou of tbe day trains run horetofore. The
train will leave Bond at 8:30 p. m.; DeHcliuteB, 8:48 p. tr..; Red
mond, 9:10 p. m.; Terrwhonne, 9:24 p. m.j Culver, 10:02 p. m.j
Mtstoliua 10:20 p. m.; Madras 10:!!0 p. m.; Mecca, 11:08 p. in.;
Maupin, 12:40 a. m ; Sherar, 1:08 a.m., arrive Portland 8:10 a.m.
Leave Portland 7:00 p. m., arrive Sherar 3:03 a. in.; Mau
pin, 3:20 a. m.; Mecca, 5:18 a. m.; Madras, 6:00 a. m.j Motolius,
6:13 a. in.; Culver, 0:28 a. m.j Terrehonne, 7:08 a. m.j Hudmond,
7:23 a. in.; DeHohutes, 7:43 a. m.j Bend, 8:00 a. m.
Connections are made in Portland to and Irom Willamette
Valley and Puget Sound points.
Fares and schedules
application or hy letter.
W. C. WILKKS,
AhhL Gen. V. & P. Aent.
and
II. BAUKOL, Agent, Redmond, Ore.
H HnaMt
CnU ' W van
- KS KSSA1CH t.NVa
AN riASCISCO utt aso, OS.
Cream Co.
REGOMIKY.
CENTRAL OREGON LINE
details will be furniHlied on
II. II. CROZrElt,
Asst. Gen. Pass. Agent.
0 19-tf
HAVE YOU
l iltnl yttir Urctl? Of Course.
HAVE YOU
An Al)ilnu t?
(Vrtiilnlv i vei vone b an ab'tract now.
io you know Iiiok your coinera um.
i.il, No, Not i tly.
Drewiter Enginrerinf Company,
I'l'llu'Vlllli, thwgoll, hl lis-ato thrin lor
j on and guuiaiilK the oik. Surev
ing, I'lstilng, imitation Kiigiiieering,
l'hoii I'lonis-r VIM.
r:
RECEPTION
Champ Smith, Propr
ImporteJ and Domratic
J Cigars
j Fnmoui Whikici
Olil Crow; I ImuititKr; Red
i Top Itye; Yrllow Stone;
C'nnttditin Clul; Cirnm
i Rye; Jitmr M IVpiw-r.
i Mooic' Malt,
i 2
1 Porter, Ale and Olympia
Q Draft Beer on Tap.
i a
! Imported Wine, and
Liquori.
The Brosius Bar
Finrftt Dranda of Winca,
Liquors and Ciara.
LACER BEER ON DRAUCHT
F. E. BROSIUS, Proprietor
Coroner's Coctail
Mix three rlmrtia liirln illi
uk tiiutiv tut' ii nml m i hi k in
ill h m t 11 1 u' ii unit tiiiiltut lit.
S(iiii'i-.o in to an nutii. Add it
il v ol joy nml it drunken
rlinuffiT, Shnki well. Servo at
Keveiity tiiili n an hour
And ilo not (oriict llmt we tin
nil kin Ih uf ) i i 1 1 lei wink. If
yon tire wutiliii( 1 1 it y i i K or
liiirvoKlinu pii'ttirea, ((et uur
prii't. ' urn roiiHlinit ly
niliiini; Hew nppiirutiiK mnl
lining lietler work. See our
Intent work mnl lie convinced.
Amateur IIiiIhIiIiiu ilone neiitlv
nml iii!tkl,v. Mull iirclorH nt
tonilcil to priiiiiitl.v. I'liiilo
wnrk excliiiUKeil fur wiioil.
LAFLERS STUDIO
We Strive tn I'leiino
Fruit Trees! ))
Central Oregon Grown if
The only kind .vim can tiffon!
to plant. ILLUSTRATED
..-vTALOGUE FREE. ,Vrlto
for line. I'rleeH low imioiikIi
to HiirprlMo yim.
Lafollette Nursery Co.
Prinrville, ft (1 Oregon
The Oregon Bar
At the Old Stand
G. W. Wiley & Co., Prps
i
All kinds of Choice Liquors
Wines and Cigars.
Famous Ranier Beer in
Bottles and on Draft.