HOME COURSE
! IN SCIENTIFIC
i AGRICULTURE
NINTH ARTICLE AGRI
CULTURAL DUTY OF
WATER.
By W J M'OCE, Ult Soil Water Eiptrt
Burtsa ( Sails, tailed Stst Df
aartmeot ol Africa-liar.
TUB iperlenre of the farm li
very Country and a bai
ahnwo that Ilia frultfulneaa o.
oil dejwnda on adequate watei
supply; no water, no rropa. no anluiala
no buinan life- Initial, no nil.
Hull la of (lirvo parts -ona anltd, an
oiIikt fluid and tha third (naxoua. ' Thl
solid part conslsta of mineral and or
(ante waller lu fragmentary or granu
Inr rondlllun. It forma tlw sUbfo
body of Ilia anil. Tlia fluid art la I
solution consisting of water rarrylin
mineral and ornanlc matter. It formi
tha circulatory medium of all an
lanta. Tlia gnaemia part constats ol
air (nitrogen and otygi-n) uilied wilt
aiiiMMia var, rnrhun dloildv, hydro
n dllde, nr. It permeates the IkmI)
of tha will, moving with the movement
of the circulatory fluid, changes 111 torn
Hrntura and barometric pressure, etc
The three pnrta ara convenient!)
known aa aoll body, aoll fluid and aoll
jftta.
Much of the substance of plnuta ll
tnltiMi directly and tlint of anluiiila tu
directly from tha aoll. and aoll grows
largely thmiiiih (lis mum of aul
amines from plnuta and animals In
mora highly differentiated or rli-hfi
form, and tha chief source of vital en
ergy In aull is ipreaard by Ita own func
tloultig and measured by It fertility)
la derived from tha growth and decsy
if plnnta and anlmnla. Tliua potash
ami nitrates are elaborated and mil
entrnted by plnnta and pboaphntiMi by
anlmnla and returned to tha aoll, which
la Ihi'rvhy enriched nud rendered more
effective In sustaining both plnnta and
.anlmnla.
Wlilla lbs Interdependence of aoll
and orgnnlama extends to all tbs ma--tortilla
and powvra of both, It operates
rholograuh by Tnnr ngrltniltural ex
parlmrnl alntlolL
lm iiiNa to riiKVKyr wahiuno ,or soib
iilrty Uirough tha pocullnrly potont
ubalnni'S wntrr, of which largo qunn
tlllca cxlat In tho aoll and pnaa thenca
Into tho plnnta and anlmala, and tho
vital energy of orgiiiilania, like Hint of
anil, la malnUlnvd Inrgcly by tho clr-
culiitlon of tholr fluid portions, which
.conalat chlelly of water. In moat mil
mill genera the circulation la fftlrly
uniform throughout life. Among mi'Ht
klnda of plnnta It vnrlea widely with
tho aensou, while In aoll the circula
tion depends Inrgely ou cllmnto and
aeiiHou, especially ua these are related
to plant growth. Other things cqunl,
the Inlerniil work or functioning of
soil la determined by Its capacity for
conserving water and conveying it to
grow ing plants.
Tho frenh water onterlng soil la do-
.rived from rnlu or melting anow ci
ther directly or through overflow or
'underflow by Irrigation or otherwise.
Tho water within tho aoll may bo or
unity not lie euVlent In circulation or
In aoll functioning, according to Its
qunntlty In relation to tho aoll texture,
for with lis quantity Its condition mny
lie saltl to vary from, flnjt. atntlc to.
second, djniuiilc-thnt la. It may be
either Inert or active.
Tho full capacity of a glvon Boll for
Tvtitor ranges with Its texturo or poros
ity from some 30 per cent to over 60
per cent of Its volume. This mny be
.denoted the wnter of saturation. It
completely fills the interstices among
the soil grains, displacing; tho soli gas,
and ordinarily moves nyiirosumcuiiy
under the Impulse of gravitation, it
impedes or- prevents norinnl function
ing of the Boil and remains In a vir
tually stntlc condition until tho ex
cess is removed by drainage, etc.
The water required to form soli
fluid (or to furnish the most effective
soli moisture) ranges with tho texture
. of the aoll body from, say, 10 per cent
for snnd to 40 per cent for fine clay
and much more for muck. The quan
tity sufllces to form a film Biirround
'ng each soil grain in such manner as
to permit cnplllnrity to act throughout
tho mass and yot leave space for air
.(or soil gas) within the interstices.
While ordlnnry annual crop plants
root within the first foot from the sur
fnce, the underlying three feet of sub
soil forms a reservoir whence they de
" - ' . '
V .-: W i .r .-": r
i' , ' i ft
.' ... . t " .''. .
rive much of tha molatura required for
their growth. Now, tha mean uiolatura
of a mirage soil when In good condi
tion approachua 25 er rent, while tha
mean uiolatura when plant growtb
renaea by mason of eihniiatbin of lb
aoll fluid la probnbly li-aa than 10 par
rent, and tha difference ineaauras tba
ature of water additional to tha cur
rent rainfall on wblcb the plants may
draw. This difference (IS per rent of
four fact, or 7 2 acre Inches 81S tons
per acre) may ba denoted tba effectlv
aoll fluid of areraga aoll.
Tba rata of aoll plant circulation and
tha quantity of water paaalng thronib
aoll and plants during tha growing
season art Indicated by tha exhalation
from growing plants. A graaa plant
will In tha course of bot day exhale
Its own weight of water, and a youof
leaf of wheat or rye exposed to theoo
may even exhale Its own weight In an
hour.
The maintenance of tha aoll plant cir
culation required for crop production
generally Involvee repeated additions
of water during tha growing eeneon,
for tha effective aoll fluid wltblo four
feet of the aurface would at the ob
served ret of plant tranaplratlon auf
flce for bua meager yield even If the
entire quantity were utilised,- In ordi
nary farming the water la not fully
conserved and applied to plant growtb,
ao that practically the 7 2 acre luchea
of effective aoll fluid growtb would nut
aurtlce to produce a crop or even per
mit any yield whatever from moat
types of soil, though under certain
conditions water may be drswo from
greater deptha In the aubsnll than four
feet If properly cultivated and wa
tered tho average acre foot of soli,
weighing aome 2.IKK) tona (Including
the contained water), retnltia efflclenry
for centuries, but to be even moderate
ly productive this aoll must convey to
tho crop plnnta fully 1.5 acre feet of
water, or an amount equivalent to Ita
own weight, during encb growing sea
son. To lieeomo effective In plant growth
wnter must enter tho aoll body, take
up both mineral anlta and orgnnlc aub
alnnces In aolutlon and pna thenco
Into the plnnta and ou Into the sir.
This Is the normal course of soil plant
circulation, and the relative quantities
of the solid snd fluid parts oT tbe aoll
Involved In plant growth probnbly cor
mqKind fairly with the atrcngth of
the solution, or one to several hundred,
reudlng preclxe determluatlona, it may
lie annumed thnt the strength of the
solution forming the soil fluid and the
ratio of the solid and fluid parts requir
ed to maintain efficiency are about
equal and aomethlng like 1 to 1.000.
In nature the flora vnrlea with the
nilufnll from apnrsely distributed cacti
and other desert planta to luxuriant
foreats, snd aa lands ara brought un
der cultivation the crop ylelda vary
from place to place and from aeaaon to
aensou with the rainfall or with the
water aupplled by Irrigation. Ucner
ally throughout tlie United Htnlea the
aclunl yield per unit of water Is con
alderably leas tlisn the ratio of dry
matter to water determined by plant
exhalation. A fnlr to good crop from
an acre (1. c., an acre foot) of fertile
aoll aupplled with four aero feet of
wnler during tho year mny be put at
a ton of gruln and three tons of atover
and stubble, or four tona In oil equlv
nleut to 1-l.llW of the weight of the
water. With lessening of the aggro
gnte water supply (whl.n of course
Includea rainfall, accumulated ground
water, subsurface flow and Irrigation)
the yield dlmlnlnhca more rnpldly than
the quantity of water, virtually cens
ing when the supply falls below sa
acre foot, while with augmented sup
ply the yield Incrosses more rapidly
than the water so long aa tha tillage
and character of crop are adapted to
full use of tho entire aupply.
With present knowledge the ratio Is,
of course, but a rough approximation.
Measurements are vague and experi
ences variable, boIIb differ both in com
position and In the texture controlling
circulation, and the yield of succulent
vegetables or of Juicy fruits or fresh
forage may be several times that of
grain, nuts or dry fornge, so that It
will probably bo found needful In time
to work out ratios for particular crops.
Just as it Is now convenient to rcckou
yields per aero lu different averages for
the several crops.
In tho courso of his work on lrrlga
tlon I'owell recognized the necessity
for determining "the amount of water
which is needed to servo an acre of
land" and spoke of this service as the
"duty" of water measurable In acre
feet, and irrigators have frequently ap
plied tho phrase to the measure of the
water rather than of the service per
formed by tho water a service sus
ceptible of useful measurement only In
terms of what the water does In that
production which furnishes food for
man and forms the foundation for hu
man industries and institutions. So,
pending more precise determinations.
tho agricultural duty of water may be
defined 08 the production of one ouo
thousandth pnrt of its weight In aver
age plant crop or one tour-thousandth
of lis weight In gruln.
Nnturally the coefficient for plant
yield will not apply to general farm
production, Including crops of meat,
eggs, wool, hides, etc., for not only do
animals drink many times their weight
In wnter annually, but they consume
Indirectly In their feed the equivalent
of thnt much larger quantity required
for tho growth of the vcgotnl tissue of
which the feed consists. The human
consumption Is still larger. The 5,000,
000,000 acre feet (or, 215,000,000.000.000
cubic feet) constituting the total yearly
water supply of mainland United
States would suffice for a population
of about 1,000,000,000.
In a brond way It may be said that
the final duty of water Is to sustain u
human life a yenr for each five acre
feet used effectively In agriculture.
A Thoughtful Son-in-law,
"Aren't yon afrotd I'll be drowned 7"
"Ob, you see, I bare a buoy to put
around you In ess of dnngerT I'ele
Mela.
Huhby-Wbnt In thunder does tbls
bill mean. Mntllda? It aays, "Auto
mobile c-t, $150; trimmings. W.Ooa"
Wlfey lea; it'a all right, dear. You
aee, the item "trimmings" Is an auto
mobile ordered to match the coat-HL
Louis l'ost-Ulapatcb.
t
Not a Clear Title.
"loes Thompson
bear a good repu
tation r
"Let me see
Thompson?"
"Yes."
"No. I don't
think so."
"WhyT
"He ran for of
fice once."
t at
Infallible Sign.
Angler (Instinctively) Something
tells me tout there are Hub about
here!" Syduey Bulletin.
And the Thing'a Dona.
"I wish 1 were popular."
"That's easy."
"How easy?"
"Just buy a cottnge In the country
and serve chicken suppers to your
friends."
"Bsfora and Aftar.
"lie conies to see her every night In
the week."
"That Is nice for her."
"Yes, but wearying."
"She should put up with it though.
A girl should Bee aa much of ber fu
ture husband as possible before mar
riage, for after tbat be may not be
irouud eveuitiss."
Trimmings, )J
mm
II f YwassV 1
i
"PRINORE"
AND
"STANDARD"
Prineville Flour
HotelOregon
PRINEVILLE
NEWLY FURNISHED
Beds 50 and 75 Cents
FREE BATHS
Meals, 25 Cents;
G. W. LIPPINCOTT. Manager
State
at of R
The First National Bank
Of Prineville, Oregon
BK80UBCE8
Loan! snd DtMOtmU... .t2.8B5 0B
United Btataa Bond! UJS00 00
Bank tremlMatc 12.540 IJ
Cab a Hue from banks m,Ki 04
S31,4'J4 It
B. F. Atl.a. Pmideat
Will WarawaUW, Vka-PrMidaat
A PAN
( k
I S S
v9Vv
from us it a dream of tenderness and delicious flavor. The fine
roasting quality of our Beef is proverbial among our numerous
customers, and that is why a Pan Roast is such a favorite dish
with our patrons. Mutton, Veal, Lamb, Pork and Poultry,
when purchased here, are thoroughly reliable. We are also
headquarters for fine, toothsome Steaks, Chops, and Cutlets, and
for mild-cured Hams and Bacon.
City Meat Market
DUDREY'S
Automobile Line
Between Prineville and Redmond
Leave Prineville,
(c
Leave Redmond ,
Fare, $3.00 5 22 imp
Home Cooking
and Liabilities of
LIABILITIES
capital Stock, paid in $ 80,000 09
Barplna load, earned 600 00
Undivided profits, earned 17,734 M
Circulation 8.600 00
Deposlte tSSfl a
6S1,424 19
T. M. Baldwin, CaAier
R Baldwia. Aat't Caaaia
ROAST
6rDLr
HUTS
1
daily
(
daily
5:00 a. m.
- 3:00 p. m.
8:00 a. m.
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Round Trip, $5.50
WHYNOT?
letyoir
corna come olt
LIKE
MAGI
At your drusts
I Hotice for Publication
j (Not Coal Land)
' Department of tbe Interior)
1 U. 8. Land Office at Lakevlew, Ore.
June 3, 1913.
Notice la hereby given tbat
. Horace Brookings
of Hampton. Oregon, who, on De
i oemlier 4. 190U, made homestead en
try No. 0202 for awj awj, section 8,
at sei, section 7, nj net, ee nej, n
m-i, section 18, township 22, south,
I range 21, east, Willamette Meridian,
! baa Bled notice of Intention to make
I final three-year proof, to establish
I claim to tbe land above described,
. Iiefore U. S. Commissioner A. & Fogg.
at Hampton, Oregon, on the 23d day
jof July, 1913.
) Claimant names aa witnesses: C.
F. Staut'er, T. C. Ewlng, - James
Hrickey and Bert M. Ueeks, all of
j Hampton, Oreg-on.
tt-12 A. W. Obton, Register.
Notice lor Publication.
1 533 (So' Coal Land)
t Department ol the Interior)
U. S. Land Office at Lakevlew. Ore.
June 3, 1913.
i Notice Is hereby given that
Mary 8. McMulltn
of Hampton, Oregon, who on Decern -
her 18. 1909, made homestead entry
No. 0208, tor lots 2 and 3, s nwj,
s) Dt'i, ne sei, ej swj, section 7,
township 22 sontb, range 21 east,
; Willamette meridian, has filed notice
of Intention to make final three-year
! prool to establish claim to tbe land
' above described, before L:. S. Com
missioner A. 8. Fogg, at Hampton,
. Oregon, on the 23d day of July, 1913.
Claimant names as witnesses: C
lj. Stauffer. T. C. Ewing, James
Brlckey and Bert M. Meeks, all of
i Hampton, Oregon.
6 12 A. W. Ortox, Register.
Hotics for Publication.
Department of tbe Interior,
U. 8. Land Office at Bams. Oreeon,
May 2, 1913.
Notice ir hereby Riven that
Ferdinand M. Smith
whose poatomce address is Paulina.
Oregon, did, on the 10th day of April,
1913, file in tbia office sworn statement
and application No. 06673. to purchase
the a)t awi, section 24 and nei n t
section 25, townahip IS south, range 25
east, Willamette Meridian, and tbe
timber thereon, under tbe proviaions of
the act of Juoe 3, 1878. and acts amend
atory, known as tbe "Timber and
Stone Law," at such value aa might be
fixed by appraisement, and that, pur
suant to uch application, the land and
timber rbereon bare been appraised, in
the aggregate (350.00; that said appli
cant will offer final proof in support of
bis application and sworn Btstement on
the 30th day ol July. 1913, before T. E.
J. Duffy, U. 8. Commissioner, at his
office at Prineville, Oregon.
Any person is at liberty to protest
this purchase before entry, or initiate a
contest at any time before patent issnes
by filing a corroborated affidavit in tbia
olfice, alleging facts which would defeat
' tbe entry.
6-8-10tp W . Farm, Register.
Sheriff's Sal af Real Estate (Jailer Eiecstisa ia
Feredatsrt.
In tbe circuit court of the atate of Ore
gon for the county of Crook.
J. M. Conklin, Plaintiff,
va.
James HcElroy, Defendant.
i By virtue ol an execution issued out
of tbe above entitled court on the 23rd
day of May, 1913, in favor ol the above
named plaintiff, J. M. Conklin, and
againtt tbe above named defendant,
James McElroy.upon a judgment against
the defendant, for the sum of eight
hundred ($800.00) dollars with in
terest thereon from the 1st dav
of April, 11111, at the rate of 10
i per cnt per annum and (75.00 attor
: ney'sfeee, and the further Bum of 110.00
'. costs, which judgment was enrolled and
docketed in the clerk's office of said
' court in said county, on the 12th day of
i May, 1913; and whereas, it was turther
ordered and decreed by the court that
; tbe west half of the southwest quarter
of section 35, township 11, south, range
1 14 east, and lots 3 and 4 of Bee. 2, tp 12
south, range 14 east of the Willamette
Meridian, Crook county, Oregon, be Bold
in the manner prescribed by law, notice
is hereby given that I have levied upon
and I will, on
The 28th Day of June, 1913,
at the north tront door of the court
house, in Prineville, Oregon, at the
hour of two o'clock in the afternoon of
eaid day, sell all the right, title and
interest the said defendant, James Mc
Elroy, bad m and to the above described
real property, to the highest bidder, to
satisfy eaid judgment, interest, costs,
nd accruing costs, subject to redemp
tion according to law.
First publication May 29. 1913.
Fbank Elkins,
Sheriff of Crook County, Oregon.
By D. H. Peoples, Deputy.
Notice for Publication
Department of the Interior.
Land Office at Tne Dalles, Oregon.
May 17th, 1913.
Notice is hereby given that
Charles A. Stevenson,
of Held, Oregon, who on June 20, 1907. and
May 8, 1911, made homestead No. loSMti,
serial Nos. 04141 and 08869, for w aw1-,,
sec. 25, eX aeyi, sec 26. and e nwX,
swVi ne'4. eX neVi, section 35, township
19, south, range 19 east, Willamette Me
J ridian, has tiled notice of intention to
make final five-year proof, to establish
i claim to the laud above described, before
; the county clerk, at hisofflce.at Prineville,
i ii
0
V, I 1 1 till 1ZJ 1 1
! - novr A
N I corswo
1 r v r. W M
uregon, on me atm aay oi June, 113.
Claimant names as witnesses: Charles
Parrish, of Held, Oregon; Harry Barnes,
Fisher C. Logan and Otis Logan, all of
Barnes, Oregon, U, W , Moore,
5-22p Kegister,