HOME COURSE
IN SCIENTIFIC
AGRICULTURE
SIXTH ARTICLE HOME
FRUIT GARDEN.
By L C CORBETT, Horticulturist, Bo
rtn of Plant Industry, Depart
Kit of Apiculture.
THE possibilities In fruit culture
upon restricted area bare beu
Tery generally overlooked, with
the result that many persons
who own a city lot, a suburban hoaie
or even a farm now look upiu fruit as
luxury. This can all be changed,
and much of the land which is uow
practically waste and entirely uure
munerative can be made to produce
fruits in sufficient quantity to give
them a regular place upon the family
bill of fare and at the same time add
greatly to the attractiveness of the
table and bealthfulness of the diet
In order to prove a source of con
stant pleasure and gratification a fruit
plantation must claim the attention of
Its owner from early spring to late
autumn. Its products, too, must be so
planned as to cover the greatest pos
sible portion of the aeasous between
frosts. For a commercial place on an
extensive scale it would be out of the
question to attempt to alter the char
acter of the soil to suit the needs of
the plant, but with a small area the
case is quite different. If the soil is
heavy it can be lightened with sand
if it Is not desirable to increase the
proportion of humus which It contains.
If it is lackiug in organic matter the
addition of leaf mold and well rotted
manure or the turning under of some
leguminous crop, such as cowpens or
AVV.,
S, t-rtsya j J, , ,
Photo by New Hampshire agricultural
itation.
WELIi PRUNED AND WELL CULTIVATED
OKCHABD.
Canada field peas, will accomplish the
desired result. If the soil is loose and
sandy, losing its store of plant food
readily, this fault can be remedied by
the addition of retentive material, such
as clay. The amount of clay to be
added must be governed by the degree
of stiffness desired in the soil. If, on
the other hand, the class of plants to
be generally grown is suited to a loose,
sandy soil and it seems desirable to
add to the collection a plant, such as
plum, which naturally requires a
heavy, retentive soil, It would undoubt
edly be better to chanee the character
of the plant by grafting It upon a stock
adapted to sandy soil conditions than
to attempt to modify the soil to suit
the plant
Such modifications in plants are not
always easily accomplished, and with
many plants there is no alternate but
to use them on their own roots. In ! grafting may be turned to good ac
me of the plant When the oprrarlon
of transplanting Is complete the plant
; ohonlil stand one or. two hi lies deeper
i than It stood In the nursery.
In the case of the apple and th
pear the fruits are Ixirne iiihui "apnr
of the previous year's growth only
these spurs appearing ou wood one
year or more of a-e. Heading In or
shortening each shaot of the season':
growth, therefore, must b done with
care In order not to reduce the (var
ies wood beyond a profitable limit
The bearing shoot are usually ob
scurely located upon the sides of the
branches.
With the peach, however. It Is the
wood of the last season's growth uion
which the fruits are directly borne
and with them heading In may be suc
cessfully employed to limit the quautl
ty of fruit borne by the tree. Japanese
plums bear on both year-old wood and
spurs. Pruning may therefore be used
to thin the fruit, the same as In the
case of the peach.
The grape bears its fruit on shoots
of the season, which In turn usually
arise froin canes of the previous year's
growth. Old wood on the grai Is
therefore of little value: hence the de
velopment of so many systems of
training which maintain only a single
permanent trunk, from the top of
which the boating canes are renewed
each year.
liy planting the vines closely and
carrying up single trunks to a fixed
height and from the top of the stalk
carrying out horliontnl arms along
which "spnrs" are maintained a short
growth from each spur will be suitl
cient to give a uniform and sufficiently
dense catiopy of leaves for the arbor.
Kasphorries and blackberries loth
lear their fruits on short shoots which
arise from canes of the previous sea
son's growth.
In the case of the currant and goose
berry the fruits are produced on both
old and new wood. The fruits appear
as axillary growths from the shoot It
self, and wood three years or more of
age Is unprofitable and should be cut
away.
Strawberries nre rarely produced In
profitable quantities by plants more
than one year old. 1'Iants over two
years of age should be rooted out to
give room for new ones.
The Interest of a fruit garden may
be greatly enhanced by growing there
in plants not adapted naturally to the
climatic region in which the garden
is located. The most hardy sort should
be selected, In addition to which the
fruiting shoots may be wrapped In
matting, covered with straw, and the
fruits thus successfully protected, or.
If It seems desirable, temporary sheds
may be built over the plants and these
thatched with straw or fodder sutil
ciently to protect tliem from frost.
Then, again, semi-hardy sorts may be
tipped over by cutting the roots on one
side, bending the branches close to the
soil, pinning them down and then cov
ering the whole plant with matting and
earth or a straw thatch and earth.
The fact that trees can be grown as
dwarfs as well as standards will en
able one to utilize a space which had
previously been considered unsuiwd
for the development of a tree. In pro
portion to size dwarf trees are more
fruitful than standards, and they come
Into bearing sooner.
Dwarfing is accomplished by bud
ding or grafting robust growers on
slow growing stocks, and most tree
fruits lend themselves to this treat
ment Besides this method of modifi
cation, there are other methods quite as
Important to the owners of small areas.
Standards may be grown nfc "bushes"
or as "pyramids," thus making It pos
sible to grow them much closer togeth
er. Truning and training used In com
bination have shown the possibilities
of restricting plants to the "espalier,"
"cordon" and other styles of training
employed In growing fruits against
walls. These methods not only allow
plants to be grown more closely than
Is common in orchard practice, but
they allow the grower to take advan
tage of locations and conditions under
which trees could not develop normally.
Besides the advantage of dwarfing,
ROTARY BORING DRILL
Removable Hard Steal Con Grind
Rapidly Through Roca,
For sinking ll and artotuu wells
through bard rock a new rotary drill
bit. the Imeiitlon of a Texas oil pro
ducer, Is Coming Into very gvucral
Use. says IVptilar Mechanics. Instead
of scraping Its passage through rock,
as did the old one piece bits, this uow
Instrument crui' Its nay downward
at a rate many turn- that of th old
bits.
The Illustration suggests at once how
the bit accomplishes Its woik. When
rock Is encountered the dirt bit Is r
JL
ROTAXT BIT WITH KXTRA CONKS.
placed by the rook bit. which screws
ou to the pipe by means of the large
collar. The pli revolves with Its
total weight resting on the rollers.
These are thus made to turu by fric
tion, and their hard steel teeth Kwdet
the rock beneath rapidly. The How ol
water downward through the plpo and
up ou the outside washes away the
powdered rwk as fast as It Is pro
duced. A small pipe Inside of the
collar contains lubricating oil and a
metal float which forces the oil through
canals to the cones. The hardest al
steel Is used In manufacturing the
bit The cones are easily removed aud
replaced w ith new ones heu they
hare become worn.
VALUABLE PILING TIMBER.
In
'Yes, our new wagon 's a Studebaker
the only kind we KNOW"
"The StUfletSnkcr idem has hern in our family for
sixty years. We have never thought of buying Buy
other kind of wagon."
"It's true, we're continually being offered other
wngoni costing little less, with lots of promises as o
what they will do. But we nom in our family what
Studebaker will do. A few dollars difference in price
doesn't mean much. It's the riVcs wagon gives
that we consider most."
"Long service for fair price means more every
time than short service for few dollars less."
Thai's why we atiik to Sludrliakrr and "Stick to Studs,
baker' is pretty good motto f, man who urn wagona."
"Studebaker wagons are built ol good atuU. I hey'ra made
right by people who've had yeara and yean of eiixnenrs in
malum them right paopU who ai (mated th wotU over.''
"Studebaker wagona laat, becauae they're mads to lart."
"Look out for the dealer who telle you hia wagon ia juet sa
good aa a SiuJehaker. That's my advice alter a good deal of
eiperience and the experience of all of mv people. You net s
Studebaker and you're got aala invealutcut.
S ear Wr er vrtle a.
STUDEBAKER
South Bend, Ind.
t YOK
UNNIAI-UUI
riii.Aoo pua KNsscrrr prNv
(AI-TLAKt Cm UK ntHUKkl rolTLANli,
this latter case the soil Itself must be
made to conform to the demands of the
plants. The soil, in addition to be
ing heavy and retentive, may also be
cold and wet.
If the soil be unduly moist the only
safe and satisfactory remedy lies in
thorough nnderdralnage. This can be
accomplished In two ways. Drains
may be dug and a stone conduit built
to allow the superfluous water to es
cape, or, what is better, agricultural
tile may be laid In the bottom of the
trench. If the soil Is very stiff and re
tentive the tiles should not be laid
ever two and a half or three feet deep
and about one rod apart If the soli is
porous the drains may be plated far
ther apart and burled deeper.
At planting time all broken or decay
ed roots should be cut away, leaving
only smooth cut surfaces and healthv
wood to come In contact with the soli.
IT a large part of the root area of the
plant has been lost in transplanting
the top should be cut back in propor
tion to the roots remaining.
The holes in which trees, vines or
shrubs are to be set should be ample
so that the roots of the plant may have
full spread without bending them out
f their natural course. The earth at
the bottom of the holes should be
loosened a spade depth below the line
of excavation. The soil placed Imme
diately in contact with the roots of the
newly set plant should be rich top soil,
free from sod or partially decayed or
ganic matter. Firm the soil over the
roots by trampling, as this brings the
soil particles together and at the same
time in close contact with the surface
of the roots. A movement of soil wa
ter Is thus set np and the food supply
of the soil brought immediately to the
count to enable the owner of few trees
to increase bis sorts beyond the limits
of the trees he possesses. There are
single trees known which bear as many
as 130 varieties of apples.
In addition to the advantages to be
gained from restricting the growth of
plants by training and dwarfing, some
of the methods of training offer adap
tations which allow of combining
plants of various habits of growth to
the advantage of the grower and with
little or no disadvantage to the plants.
To Illustrate this, currants may be
combined with grapes, apples with cur
rants or raspberries, grapes and straw
berries. The advantages of these methods be
come oppnrent at once when the ob
ject is the most economical utilization
of a limited land area.
Besides the special adaptations af
forded by dwarfed trees and by spe
cial combinations of low growing and
high growing plants, certain well
known systems of pruning and training
allow additional liberties to the skillful
planter. The vine may 1 utilized ns
a cover for walks and drives or as a
canopy over small outbuildings. A
cozy summer verandn may be covered
by grapevines, thus securing the don-'
hie advantage of a cool, shady nook
during summer and a supply of fruit in
autumn.
Where there is more land at one's
disposal there may be both a fruit gar
den and a vegetable garden.
Tor specific recommendations as to
varieties of fruits adapted to the va
rious fruit sections of the United Htates
see fanners' bulletin No. 208. "Varie
ties of Fruits Itecommended For Planting."
British Guiana Greenheart Used
Panama Canal Locks.
The secretary of the Institute ol
mines and forests of British tittlann In
book of Information which Is Issued
an official document writes as fol
kiws:
There are three varieties of green-
heart-yellow, black ami maintop ull
most serviceable and durable woods II
ut at maturity oreenheart is one ol
the tallest forest trees of British (Jul
na. and logs can tie had from eighteen
to twenty-four Inches square and sev
enty feet long It grows In clay soil
near the rivers and creeks. Owing to
the great demand for this timber and
the absence of legal restriction to pre
veut the cutting of the young trees It
Is becoming extremely difficult to pro
duce good preen heart, and Its preserva
tion Is worthy of the attention of the
legislature.
(Jreenheart Is already familiar to the
trade, being highly esteemed for all
classes of submerged work-piles, dock
gates, etc. It Is one of the eight first
class woods of Lloyd's, and admirable
keelsons, knee and other timbers can
be hail of It. Sawed Into scantling It
Is used for planking vessels. For
wharfs, house framing, mill' thither
and many other purposes greeuheart Is
unsurpassed by any other wood In the
colony.
The Panama consulting engineers nft
er a comparison of the world's woods
have adopted British thiiaim green
heart for the Panama canal locks, re
garding It as superior to Australian
l,..nt.i..L tn I.. ... .).. . .. . I.
.."iiji.ia imu iu 1,1, l I'Mm-l lit tf IU IIH'
teredo. J
Though the excellence of greeuheart
has never been so prominently brought
before the notice of the world. Us dura
bility and suitability for lock gales nre
widely known. Most of the lock gates
constructed lu the Mersey during the
last twenty years have been made with
It, as have those at the Manchester
ship canal, and when the necessity oc
curred for enlarging some of the canal
lock gates fully thirty years after they
were placed In position It was found
that the wood was In such an excellent
suite of preservation that It could be
used over again.
D. P. Adamson & Co.,
Druggists
For Drugs, Patent Medicines, Chemicals
Lowney'g Candies, Ice Cream Soda, Sta
tionery and Prescriptions see
D. P. Adamson & Co.
r,-
Ship With Three Skins.
The launching of the Iron Duke at
Portsmouth, England, recently, marks
a new era In British naval construction.
The vessel is the twenty-eighth British
Dreadnought to take the water. Her
displacement Is 21.400 tons, and her
main battery consists of ten 13.5 inch
guns firing shells of 1,400 pounds, or
lo0 pounds more than the projectiles
fired by former weapons of this caliber.
The chief feature, however, of the
new Dreadnought Is the Improvement
that she demonstrates in her protec
tion ngnlnst submarine attack. Over
the whole length of the "vitals" (from
the first turret to the last) the hull of
the ship consists of three separate
skins, so that even If the two outer
ones should be pierced by rocks or tor
pedoes the stability of the vessel would
not be Impaired.
Producing Tungsten Wire.
Ductile metallic tungsten is now pro
duced In the electric furnace. Tung
steu particles have been hitherto welded
Into a continuous filament by passing
an electric current through a binding
material containing the metallic parti
cles and driven off by the high heat
By this new method the metallic tung
sten can be drawn Into fine wire much
stronger and more rugged than the
sintered fliuments.
DeLAVAL
Cream Separators
Sold on Easy Terms
Pioneer Cream Co.
Prineville, Oregon
Excursions East!
Daily, May 28 to September 30
Return limit October 31. Choice of routes and Btop overs In each
direction. ia
(ii)0iii(llY.
CENTRAL OREGON LINE
LOW ROUND TRIP FARES
Baltimore 1107.50
Boston... 110.00
Buffalo !)2.00
Chicago 72.50
Colorado Springs 55.00
Denver 55.00
Ilea Moines (!5 70
Detroit 83.50
Duluth 00.00
Indianapolis 79.!J0
Kansas City 00.00
Milwaukee 72.50
Minneapolis 00.00
New York 108.50
Omaha 00.00
1'hihwlelphia 108.50
Pittsburgh 91.50
St. Louis 70.00
Kt. l'aul 00.00
Toronto 92.00
Washington 107.50
Winnepeg 00.00
LIMITED TRAINS EAST
The tram leaving Bond 6:45 a. m., Redmond 7:24 a. m , Terre
bonne 7:30 a. m., Culver 8:09 a. m., Metolius 8:30 a. m., Madras 8:40
a. m., Maupin 10:48 a. m., makes direct connection at Pallbridge ith
limited train east via Spokane, Portland & Seattle Railway.
Train schedules and other details will be furnished on request.
Baggage checked and sleeping car accommodations nrranoe,! t.hrmmk
to destination if desired.
It. H. CROZIKR,
II. BAUKOL, AKent, Asst. Gen'l Pass. Agent, Portland, Ore
Redmond, Ore. W. C. WILKKS,
5"1-w Asst. Gen'l Freight & Pass. Agt., Portland, Ore.
FREE
Sunshine I Jimp
SOOC'mulIc Power
lm Try In Vwr Own Nm
T"WtiitlnM.tr. liliwMWrliiM
lliatn ataalrliit ttr II uidiuii
el. lUlta. ( tturvUa A Ml4 l
mil It fcufc lu 1'iM rri.
inT i rmT MiritTlu
i WlU par t.w lla.ll In MOttr tlar I in
: tt rvaillrta
; No wtoa. nu
traulUa. aailln.
(iuaimataail I rmt. foa Halm Hi
Horace I'. Irlkna Jr., Att, l'tlni xilln.
j . A rfk A A rfk . A .1. .
i
" RECEPTION
riff Ump In It wtM rjL
nu thimnv. mnt T
ulirt. ma oil no tmoh I V
1 Al
Champ Smith, Propr
Imported and Domrttic
Cigars
Famous Whiskies
OKI Crow; I lermitngp; Red
Top Rye; Yellow Stone;
Cnnndian Club; Cream
Rye; Jnme E. IVpjier,
Moore's Mult.
j4
4
Porter, Ale and Olympia
Draft Beer on Tap.
Imported Winei and
Liquor.
The Brosius Bar
Finest Brandt of Winei,
Liquor and Cigari.
LAGER BEER ON DRAUGHT
F. E. BROSIUS, Proprietor
I'lilrBt wt iniiliK khhI, aa w ran
anil ultonlil,
Wo mtiiht In no lurk totlio W(hI;'
For IIih fullmv who laya, in tlici.ii
mtxlrrn liny.
la tliu mail who di'livrrn tlm
Kootlit. '
V am lii'rn ami nre dellvuriiiK
tin K'lO'l'. ami II yon kinIi to l.u
alinwit I'litim in we uro rrmly to
how you that we do goo. I work.
I'ortrnitu, Copying ami Kiilariiuig.
AIho AmaltiiT KinlrliliiK.
Lafler's Studio
We Htrlvi to pli'iiHii
s
Fruit Trees!
Central Oregon Crown
The only kind you can afford
to plant. ILLUSTRATED
...-TALOGUE FREE ,Wrlt
for one. Prlri'H low piioiiirli
to surprise you.
Lafollette Nursery Co.
Prineville, II 0 . Oregon
The Oregon Bar
At the Old Stand
G. W. Wiley & Co., Prps
All kinds of Choice Liquors
Wines and Cigars.
Famous Ranier Beer in
Bottles and on Draft.