HOME COURSE
IN SCIENTIFIC
AGRICULTURE
THIRD ARTICLE BARN
YARD MANURE.
B; W. H. BEL of the Office o! Ei
pcrinxnt Stations, Department
el Airknllure.
a CCORPIXO to mnt starlstica
A there are In the United State,
in round numbers, 19.50O.WO
horses, mules, etc, 61.iXXl.000
cattle. 47.000.000 hogs and 51,000.000
abeep. Exrri,uents Indicate that If
these animals were kept In stalls or pens
throughout the jenr and the manure
carefully saved the approximate value
of the fertilising constituents of the
manure produced by each borse or
mule annually would be $2, by eacn
. . . .)-. t
head of cattle SM. by each hog S and
by each sheep i
These estimates are based on the val
ues usually assigned to phosphoric
acid, potash and nitrogen in commer
cial fertilizers and are possibly some
what too high from a practical stand-
rH.fc.p l;,.h..rt.i h.is sucirest-
f i
ed S250 as . conservative e timate of
the value of the manure produced dur- I
leg seven winter mouths on a small
farm carrying four horses, twenty
cows, fifty sheep and ten hogs.
If we assume that one-third of the
value of manure is annually lost by
present methods of management, and
this estimate is undoubtedly a eouserv
ative one, the total loss from this
source in the United States, as Indi
cated by the Brst figures, would be
about $708,400,000, or, using Roberts'
figures, the annual loss for each farm
would amount to $53.33.
It should be clearly understood that
when the fanner sells meat, milk,
grain, hay. fruits, vegetables, etc, from
his farm, or neglects to save and use
the manure produced, he removes from
his soil a certain amount of potash,
phosphoric acid and nitrogen that must
be restored sooner or later if produc
tiveness is to be maintained.
Spring the Time to Haul.
Speaking of the loss of valuable ma
nurial constituents by leaching, fer
mentation, etc, the Kansas station con
cludes that farmyard manure must
be hauled to the field in spring, other
wise the loss of manure Is sure to be
very great, the waste in six months
amounting to fully one-half of the
gross manure and nearly 40 per cent of
the nitrogen that it contained."
It is the prevailing opinion of chem
ists as well as practical men that
where It Is practicable it is best to ap
ply manure and urine to the soil In
the freshest possible condition. The
fertilizing constituents of well rotted
manure are more quickly available to
plants, and the manure itself is less
bulky and easier to distribute. On the
other hand, fresh manure mixed wltb
the soil readily undergoes a fermenta
tion which not only increases the avail
ability of its own fertilizing constit
uents, but also assists In rendering
soluble the hitherto Insoluble fertiliz
ing constituents of the soil. In fact
even with special precautions to pre
vent injurious fermentation under the
feet of the animals and in the heap,
the greatest return is likely to be got I
from manure applied in the fresh con
dition. Methods of Applying Manure,
In applying manure to the field three
methods are pursued: First, the ma-
nure is placed in larger or smaller
heaps over the field and allowed to re
main some time before being spread; i
second, it Is broadcasted and allowed
to He on the surface for some time or i
plowed in immediately, and, third, It is !
applied in the hill or drill with the j
seed. !
It has been the general experience i
that probably the best way to utilize
barnyard manure Is In combination
wltb such materials as supplement and
conserve Its fertilizing constituents.
Certain substances, such as kalnlL and
superphosphate, which are sometimes
employed as preservatives, may also
be used to advantage to improve the
fertilizing value of the manure, but it
Is necessary to do more than this if a
well balanced fertilizer is desired, for,
as has been shown, barnyard manure
considered simply as a supplier of nl
trogen, phosphoric acid and potash is
comparatively poor.
Should Be Saved and Used.
Summarizing the experience of ob
servation in the use of barnyard ma
nue, it may be said that it Is the most
Important manurial resource of the
farm and should be carefully saved
and used. It represents fertility,
which is drawn from the soli and
must be returned to it if productive
ness Is to be maintained. It not only
enriches the soil with the nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash, but it also
renders the stored up materials tf the
soil more available. Improves the me
chanical condition of the Boil, makes It
warmer and enables It to retain more
moisture.
The urine is by far the most valua
ble part of the excreta of animals. It
la especially rich In readily available
nitrogen, which rapidly escapes Into
the air If special precautions are not
taken to prevent Its loss. It is also
nrtt ta potaah, but deficient !o phoav
photic acid. It should, aa a rule, bo
used tn connection with the solid dune,
the one thus supplying the deficiencies
of the other and making a mors evenly
balanced manure,
ltarnyard manure la a very variable
eulwtnuce. Its composition and value
ling mainly upon (1' age and
of animal, fit quantity and quali
ty of food, (3i proportion or litter ana
(41 method of management and ago
I Ordinary barnyard manure properly
! cared for may be assumed to contain
I on the average oue-half per cent each
I of nitrogen and potash and one-third
I per cent of phosphoric acKI.
! Mature animals, neither gaining nor
j losing weight, excrete practically all
! the fertilising constituents consumed
' lu the food. Growing, animals may
I excrete aa little as !K) per cent of the
' fertilising constituents of tho food,
j milk cows excrete from OS to S5 per
cent and fattening or working aulmals
from S3 to 95 per' cent. As regards
the fertilising value of equal weights
of manure In Its normal condition,
farm animals probably stand lu the
following order: Poultry, sheep, pigs,
horses and cows.
The amounts of fertilising constitu
ents In the manure stand tn direct re
lation to those In the food. As regards
the value of mauure produced, the con
centrated feeding stuffs, such as meat
scrap, cottonseed meal, linseed meal
and wheat bran, stand Unit: tho le-
anu woeai onto, siuuu urai; iui ir
gum,uou plan,s (cor(,r fic )
ond; the grasses third: cereals (oats,
corn, etc.) fourth, and root crops, such
as turnips, beets and mangel wurxela.
lust
The nitrogen of the food exerts a
greater influence on the quality of the
manure than any other constituent It
Is the most costly fertilising consum
J moJlntll)n
n gtl)UMl.h thaa ,he min.
eRl ,,,(,,,,, (I10t.lsh and phos-
pin.rjc acidi aud rapidly escapes from
the manure in fermentation. The se
cretion of urine Increases with the in
crease of nitrogenous substances in the
food, thus necessitating the use of lar
ger amounts of litter and affecting both
the amount and value of the manure.
The use of watery foods, as is obvious,
produces the same result
Barnyard manure rapidly undergoes
change. When practicable to remove
the manure and spread It on the Held
at short Intervals the losses of valua
ble constituents need not be very great.
LOADING HANUKI WAOON WITH TBOLLKT
PKOM BAH.N TO WAOOH.
but when the manure must be stored
for some time the dilhculties of pres
ervation are greatly increased.
The deterioration of manure results
from two chief causes, (ai fermenta
tion, whereby nitrogen, either as am
monia or in the gaseous state, is set
free, and (bi weathering or leaching,
which involves a loss of tbe soluble
fertilizing constituents. The loss from
destructive fermentation may be large
ly prevented by the use of proper ab
sorbents and by keeping tbe manure
moist and compact Loss from leach
ing may be prevented by storage under
cover or in water tight pits. Ex
tremes of moisture and temperature
are to be avoided, and uniform and
moderate fermentation is tbe object to
be sought To this end it is advisable
to mix the manure from tho different
animals tborougbly In the heap.
Effect of Fresh Manure.
Where improvement of the mechan
ical condition of tbe soil is tbe princi
pal ooject sought fresh manure is best
adapted for this purpose to heavy soils
and well rotted manure to light soils.
Where prompt action of tbe fertilizing
constituents Is desired the best results
will probably be obtained by applying
fresh manure to the light soils, al
though excessive applications in this
case should be avoided on account of
the danger of "burning out" of tbe soil
In dry seasons. Fresh manure has a
forcing effect and is better suited to
early garden truck, grasses and forage
plants than to plants grown for seed,
such as cereals, or to fruits. Direct
applications to root crops, such as sug
ar beets and potatoes, or to tobacco
often prove Injurious. Tbe manure
should be spread when carried to the
Held and not left in heaps to leacb.
The rate of application must be de
termined by Individual circumstances.
As a rule it Is better to manure light
ly and frequently than to apply a large
amount at longer Intervals.
One of the best ways to utilize barn
yard manure Is to apply It In connec
tion with such fertilizing materials as
Supplement Its fertilizing constituents.
These materials may be either com
posted wltb the manure or used sep
arately, except In case of a nitrate,
such as nitrate of soda, which should
never be composted wltb barnyard ma
nure on account of danger of denltrifl
cation and loss of nitrogen. As Is well
known, barnyard manure Is lasting In
Its effects and In many cases need not
be applied so frequently as the more
soluble and quick acting superphos
phates and potash and nitrogen salts.
T-T,-Lf Sv3 ? " 1 1 v i
BEAUTIFYING ROAD STATIONS
PLEASES THE TRAVELERS
"Eyesores" Do Much to Keep Visitors
Away What One Town Did,
Nowhere are "eyesores" more offen
sive to the traveling public than those
that are sometime met at country mil
road station. At one stop the travel
er Is likely to notice a rickety old
shanty serving as a stattou, while at
another the building may be up to
date, but the surroundings are alto
get her out of uniformity.
Ovssklll, X. J, realised with a start
last year that It needed something to
Fjrlr,r-rjtVt 4C Ti Ft n
CRBucn.1 tn. j.) KAttnoAO btatiow.
give Its railroad station a pleasing ap
euranee. Suggeotloiis begat) to pour
in from various tltUeu as to what
they believed In thetr opinion was the
best suited for the requirements. The
most economical and ettlclent plan wa
decided upon, with the result that to
day the station Is surrounded with
trees and flower bushes, giving the
traveler a decidedly gHd opinion of
the town the minute he arrives.
SMALL MEN ATE SUCCESS.
Rival Who Shows Buiineis Ability
Makes Him Their Enemy.
Why is It that the niisider who nr
rives poor In a small town and who.
by Intelligence ntid bard rk. boosts
himself to mercantile pr'inliience,
usually feami, shunmd and h:ited?
lie must be an able man. That goe
without saying. He is nearly always
a public spirited chap and full of the
fellow feeling spirit, and his nc!ghtors
should bo proud of him. but Instead
they dislike him In-eatise he has made
a distinct success where they have
boV'ii plugging along In n rut all the
days of their years.
Kvery man who makes a success of
life has to undergo the same sort of
thing, to some extent, liven Julius
Caesar discovered that there were citi
zens of Home who were ready to hand
him a knife ri.ther than a nosegay.
Yet most towns nre full of people
who hate the successful man. The
smaller merchants waste a great ileal
of time cussing him. lie Is abused for
the very qualities that should make
hlra popular. If be contributes n
handsome sum to any cause, he Is not
given credit for generosity. "It's all an
advertising scheme," say the croakers.
He Is accused of nil sorts of com
mercial sins, because he Is enterprising
and employs modern methods as far as
they can be employed In a small town.
l!ut, strange to say, he keeps right
on being successful.
CITY OWNERSHIP PAYS.
Dover Makes Money on New Water
8ystem May Branch Out.
Municipal ownership has wen favor
In Dover, N. J., since the reirt of the
water commissioners has shown that
the plant under borough management
is returning enough surplus to guaran
tee the payment of the bonds Issued
for its construction.
A movement is under way to extend
municipal operation to the street aud
commercial lighting system, which now
costs $i!,7.V) a year.
The saving effected 111 the water de
partment In hydrant rentals alone was
$4,710. Under the municipal system
no rental Is paid.
ENCOURAGE TREE PLANTING.
Bill Provides That Connecticut Plan
tations Be Exempt From Taxation.
A bill which alms to encourage tbe
planting of forest trees bus passed tbe
Connecticut house of representatives.
The measure provides that any tract
of land of one or more acres planted
at tbe rate of not less than 1,200 trees
to the acre and continued ns a tree
plantation shall be exempt from taxa
tion for not more than twenty years.
Cutting Cost of Living.
A big grocer in Los Angeles has de
cided to reduce the cost of living 20
per cent without waiting for tbe gov
ernment to revise the turlff or bust
tbe trusts.
This is how he does It:
Sells only on a cash basis, thus sav
ing the annual expense of $30,000 for
collecting and bookkeeping.
Customers who want to maintain a
running account deposit cash and are
credited 4 per cent interest on the un
used balances.
He abolishes all free deliveries,
(barging 5 per cent on all goods sent
f) the customer's house. As he for
merly figured 20 per cent an cost of
delivery, the customer Is ubead to the
tune of 15 per cent.
lie slashed 20 per cent from the
price of all goods on the day that this
system was put Into practice.
A saving of one-fifth of the grocery
bills of the nutlon would add very ma
terially to the comfort of life In mil
lions of homes.
If the plan works In Los Angeles
why isn't It workable anywhere else?
Anyhow, you don't have to wait for
f)ngrens to act before you can try
this wuy of reducing tho cost of liv
ing. Wichita Beacon.
I it XI a iw b . . ajf Til f J BaT M -P" I em lloi aac
Rough hauling?"
"I don't mind. This is
a Studebaker Wagon1
that's why I bought it. I noticed that
men were using the Studebaker where
ever the work was hard hauling steel
girders in the city, logs in the woods,
stone in the quarry."
"My work is hard and I know it. My wngon
is on my payroll and must rarn its salary. That's
why i bought a Studebaker. I can't ailord to
buy a cheaper one."
"Get in touch with a Studcbjilier dealer, he's
a good man to know."
Se mt Lultt
STUDEBAKER
Nrwvi-FK CH!l V'; ! U
m;nnicivus ; tjn.s r:iv
1
D. P. Adamson & Co.,
Druggists
For Drugs, Patent Medicines, Chemicals
Lowney's Candies, Ice Cream Soda, Sta
tionery and Prescriptions see
D. P. Adamson & Co.
r,
DeLAVAL
Cream Separators
Sold on Easy Terms
Pioneer
Prineville, Oregon
Excursions East!
Daily, May 28 to September 30
IMurn limit October 31. Choice of routes and stop overs In each
direction. Via
AOregohTbRy.
LOW ROUND
Baltimore 1107.50
I Boston 110.00
jHuffalo M.00
Chicago 72.50
Colorado Springs. 55.00
f Denver 55.00
Dea M"ineB (55.70
Detroit Hli.50
iDuluth (iO.OO
IndiannpoliH 71). 90
Kansas City 00.00
LIMITED TRAINS EAST
The train leaving Uond 6:45 a. m., Redmond 7:?4 a. m., Terre
bonne 7::i6 a. m., Culver 8:09 a. m., Metolius 8:30 a. m,, Madras 8:40
a. m., Maupin 10:48 a. m., makes direct connection at Fallbridge with
limited train east via Spokane, Portland & Seattle liailway.
Train schedules and oilier details will be furnished on request.
Haggage checked and sleeping car accommodations arranged through
to destination if desired.
It. II. CROZIER,
II. BAUKOL, Agent, Asst. GenT Pass. Apent, Portland, Ore.
Itodmond. Ore. W.C.WILKES,
5-1-tf Asst. Gen'l Freight & Pans. Age, Portland, Ore.
fu W
or irttU us.
South Dend, Ind.
M KAK'AICt'iV 1.NV
wirnAs ;sj rxrijkNU. o.
J3
ml
Cream Co.
CENTRAL OREGON LINE
TRIP FARES
Milwaukee 72.50
Minneapolis 60.00
New York 108.50
Omaha 60.00
Philadelphia 108.50
Pittsburgh 91.50
St. Louis 70.00
Kt. Paul 60.00
Toronto 82.00
Washington 107.50
Winnepeg . . 60.00
Sunshine Lamp UflEC
T Try la iwr vmn nwfnw
htnim! ,mmOi ihm. r I Vx
i-i--aa ifSa
COSTS 1 CERT A AIGKTI I
Uill mv fit It Mil In UlnMjriUy I LtUx
SI CERT A BIGKTl 1
Hkllns Urn In Ihe wtU f"" r
a. no cbimaav. taftO I
, nariirt, noetl., Bouru.k. I I
ueiiereai. roa baui till , 1
!. rli
Na wtck.
tratitiltjtj ft
t.i.r' T. Ilrlkim Jr., Aift. t'ritifvlll.
r
" RECEPTION '
w
Champ Smith, Propr
Imported and Domestic
4
Cigars
4 Famou Whiskies
j Old Crow; I lermitaKe; Red
Z Top Rye; Yellow Stone;
2 Canadian Club; Cream
2 Rye; Jnmes E. Pepper;
1 Moore's Malt.
Porter, Ale and Olympia
Draft Beer on Tap.
4
I Imported Winci and
Liquors.
:4
A
The Brosius Bar
Finest Brands of Wines,
Liquors and Guars.
LAGER BEER ON DRAUCHT
F. E. BROSIUS, Proprietor
I'nl.'HM nil inuki' itixkl, i ran
anil uliuiilil,
Wo ouvtht tn go t u-k to tin. wimhIi ;
r'or ttit follow wlio atnyn, In tlirpe
irnxliTii ilnv.(
la tlm man kIio tli'livrra tlio
gOollfl,
We aro liirn ami are ittillvtriiiK
the K'hkIh. ami il you wixh to he
aliown mine In we are rraily to
ahow ynti that we do tt'wl work,
I'ortraita, t'opvinic suit KnlarKiiiK.
Aluo Amutiiiir r'iiilalil.
Lafler's Studio
We atrlve to plt'imc
'I
Fruit Trees
Central Oregon Grown
The only kind you cun afford
to plant. 'ILLUSTRATED
..-.TALOGUE FREE. ,V rltu
for one. Prices low enough
to Hiirprlee you.
Lafollette Nursery Co.
Prineville, - 6 0 Oregon
The Oregon Bar
At the Old Stand
G. W. Wiley & Co., Prps
All kinds of Choice Liquors
Wines and Cigars.
Famous Ranier Beer in
Bottles and on Draft.
t