HOME COURSE
IN SCIENTIFIC
; AGRICULTURE
SECOND ARTICLE THE
LIMING OF SOILS.
By It. J. W M MLM. Ph. D.. Dlrtclor ao4
Chemist ol Ibe Rhode Island AfrUul
taril Experiment Stalloa.
THE recognition of the ifrliul
turol value of certain form of
Unit li out now, and It appear
from tin wrtthiiti of I'llny
(hut liming waa prrtld by tht (Io
nian mora than 2.mo jmn a bo. Id
r:ngland, Germany, Krancw and other
Kurwan roimtiipa the application of
lima In rarlnua forma hna bran and la
atlll practiced MlrnslvelT, but, aa Itnb
rta atntva, probably 00 wr cenl of the
arable Boll of the I'nlted Ktatva baa
never been limed, and Indeed many
large arena are nut In need of It.
Authorities aeem t agre thnt lima
la iin'vunrjr to the plant, and If It be
wholly lucking In aolla. even though an
I'hotosraph by t'nlt4 Biatea department
of agriculture.
Mar OiHHioa plant mitr i.m
rr to uuuh m rui.ua trbatbd with
Liu.
abundance of all the other eaaentlal
element la proaetit, the plant cannot
develop normally. The plant rannot
grow If auy one of tho eaaentlal ele
ment of plant food la lacking fortu
nately, however, uiutiy aolla are well
provided with lime by nature, and It la
at'ldoin or never nmeaanry for those
who cultivate (hem to reaort to lim
ing The method uatially resorted to for
ascertaining tlio amount of lime In
aolla la to treat them with aoma atrong
mineral acid tuaunlly hydrochloric) and
determine tha amount of lime whirl)
la thua dlasolved. Home writer elate
(hut If only one half of 1 per rent la
thua eliown to be present Immediate re
sort to liming la desirable; other sot
the amount higher, and some aeem to
prefer to have present aa much aa 1
per cent
The fact that bevta of all kinds make
a ready response to liming on aolla
which are deficient In carbonate of
lime may be utilized aa the busts for a
practical and reliable method of test
ing the lime reiUlrvmenta of the soli.
I'or thla purpose lay out two plnta of
land, each about 12 by 30 feet manure
each of tho plats with like amounts of
a fertilizer containing potash, phos
phoric acid and nitrogen and apply
lime to one of tho plnta at the rate of
from ona to two and a half tons per
acre (forty pounds per pint would bo
approximately two and a half tons per
acroi. A couipnrlsoti of the growth
and yields on the two plnta will fur
nish a aafe menu of Judging whether
tho aoll will respond prulltably to ap
plications of lime.
Liming Somstlms Injurious.
Excessive amounts of lime, especial
ly on llcht anils, may have nn Injurious
action. Thla la particularly true of
freshly slaked lime and of ground
limestone upon light snndy aolla, which
arc Inclined to be dry and which con
tain only small amounts of organic
mutter. It hastens unduly the decom
position of organic uintter and thus
renders the soil inure open nud less re
tentive of fertilizers and moisture than
before. If either ground burned lime
or slaked lime must be used upon such
soils It should be applied In small
amounts at not too frequent Intervals.
The arguments In favor of the use
of lime are summarized thus:
The uae of lime aa a soil improver is
very ancient, and lta value for this
purpose Is generally recognized. Its
notion as a fertilizer is both direct and
Indirect
There are many aolls In which lime
k deficient notably such as are deriv
ed from granite, mica schist and cer
Inln snndstouea, slates and shales. On
such soils lime Is often of direct value
in supplying necessary element of
plant food.
Indiraot Valua of Lime.
The indirect value of lime la perhaps
more importnnt than Its direct action,
because probnbly the majority of culti
vated soils contain sutneient lime to
meet the direct demands of plants for
food. Lime Is of indirect value in uu
kcklng lb unavsiiant porssn, pnna- 1
pluirtc arid and nitrogen In the soil.
Mill eiert s decided Influence oa
the mechanical condition of soils, ren
dering heavy reiiipin't looser la
toxin re and tending to bind particle
of loose, leachy soils.
Mine Is also benefliliil In furnishing
roinlliloim In III soil fuvmable to the ,
activity of the mlcroorgaiilsuia which j
convert the nitrogen of organic matter
Into nitrate which are readily assliu- j
listed by plant which decompose or- ;
gatilc mutter and which assist certain
legiiniiiioua plant to aulmllat the
free nitrogen of the air, j
One form of lime (gypatimi baa been
showo to be moat affective correc
tive of black alkali. I
The continued us of lime unaccom
panied by other fertilizer may prove
Injurloua, especially on poor aoll.
Inc It convert th Ineoluble nitro
gen, potaah and phosphoric acid com
pounds of the mil Into such aa ran be
rapidly taken up by plant or washed
out In the drainage, thua hastening the
ihaustlun of the supply of these aub
stances In the soil. As the German
dag atatea, The use of lime without
manure makes both farm and farmer
poor."
Behavior Toward Lint.
It baa been shown that even upon
many upland and naturally well drain
ed aolla, apparently In good condition
otherwise, the sourness (acidity) la an
great that most varieties of plant will
not thrive. Mm I the moat econom
ics! and effective atilsitnnc thua far
used for correcting this condition. Ac
cording to eiprtmeuts made by the
Ithode Island agricultural eipcriincnt
station on add soil In thnt state, the
platita tested may be classified with
regard to their behavior toward lime
aa follow: I'lntit heuerlted by lim
ing, spinach, lettuce (all kinds), beet
(all kinds), okra (gumbo), salsify (veg
elnble oyster), celery, onion, parsnip,
cauliflower, cucumlier. eggplant, can
tnloupe, asparagus, kohlrabi, cabbage,
dandelion, Hwedish turnip, pepper,
pen nut, Kngllah or flat turnip, upland
cress ('ipergrasl, martynln, rhu
barb, common jvea, pumpkin, aummer
acjtiSHh (acallopedi.' golden wax bean.
red Valentine boon, horticultural pole
lienn, btiah lima henn. lentil, ilubbnrd
sipinsh. aaltliuah. hemp, tobacco, aor
ghuin, alfalfa, clover (red, white, crim
son and alslke), bnrley, emmer, wheat,
on Is, timothy, Kentucky blue gnus.
Canada iea, t'uthbert rasplierry, goose
berry, currant (White Imtch). orange,
quince, cherry and Ilurbank Japan
plum; plnnts but little benefited by
liming, Indian corn, spurry (It haa
been reported In ICngland that apurry
I l.ijured by liming, but uch result
have not been obtained In Ithode la
land), rye, carrot, chicory, Ithode la
land bent and red top; planta allghtly
Injured by liming, cotton, tomato, cow
pea (drummondt). Concord grae.
peach, apple and pear; plants dis
tinctly Injured by liming, lupine, com
mon aorrel iltumex acetnsellal. radish,
velvet bean, castor bean, flnx, black
berry, black cap rasplierry and cran
berry. Frequency of Liming.
The frequency with which liming
should he practiced detends. among
other tilings. Ukiii the character of the
aoll and the rate of application, the
number of years Involved In the rota
tion practiced, tho planta grown and
their order of auccesslon. As a gen
eral rule. It may be atated that from
one-half to one and one half tone of
lime per aero every five or alx yeara la
sufficient Appllrallona of two or
three tone may, however, be advisable
In cases of very acid aolla which are
to he aeeded down and are to remain
In grnss for several years. The prac
tice of applying amnll amounta of lime
at aomewhat frequent Intervals la be
ing generally accepted aa preferable
to the uae of largo amounta at rare
Intervale.
I.lme combined aa carbonate, aa In
marl, wood ashes, etc., can usually be
applied with safety In the spring or at
auy other season of the year, but au
tumn Is always tho safest time to ap
ply caustic or slaked lime. It la gen-
Photograph by United States department
of agriculture.
WASTEFUL MKT110D OF STOIUNU IIANUHB.
ernlly considered best to apply the
lime to the soil immediately after
plowing and harrow It In thorough
ly. Lime which Is already slaked
may be spread upon the soil direct
ly from wagons or carta or dumped
into benpa and then spread with a
shovel, although the most autlsfactory
plnn In such cases la to uae a lime
spreader or ordinary grain drill with a
fortillzor attachment Where a lime
spreader or similar Implement Is not
available the burnt lime may be plac
ed on tho aoll In plies of from forty
to fifty pounds each, covered with
moist enrth mid allowed to slake be
fore being Bpread with a shove;.
In conclusion, It may be said, nscer
!n first whether lime Is needed. It
Is, apply It Judiciously, nnd nevei
pond upon lime alone to maintain
he fertility of the aoll, for all of the
ingredients which plants need must
be present In the soil to Insure the
profitable production of crops.
' l IT,
SCAFFOLD BRACKET.
Nonallpplng Dtvlo Insures Safety eaj
Sloping Roof.
Almost 40 per rent of the accidents
In building neralloiia are due to Iliad
equate const ruction of false work and
ainrfoldlug In building frame at rue
lure accldenla of thla nature ahow
even a larger percentage, any I'opular
M whs nlca. Th fault la not alway
laid at the door of the contractor, for
workmen will oftnu take risk that en
(lunger their I In- without any good
reason other than to save time and
InlMir. A carpenter who builds hi own
scaffolds la often aa rarulc aa any
one In thla respect
Khlnclliig roofs Is even more risky
than framing the bouse. W here the
plti h Is sharp the risk Is greatly en
hanced In repairing roofs good
ROMsuprmo bbaokbt.
many carpenters do not even go to the
Iwlher of building scaffolds, but depend
uhiii their ability to hold themselves
on the slo. If one bad folding brack
ets, which would make roof shingling
simple and safe, fewer accidents of
this nature would be recorded. A
curls-liter with a pair of folding brack
ets aa a part o( Ida equipment would
never be lu danger of slipping or slid
ing from the roof while shingling.
Ills equipment would consist simply of
a pulr of bracket aud a board.
Tho brackets, aa Illustrated, are
made to fold up and are aelf sustain
ing. That Is, the board which fits flat
against tho slant of the roof la spiked
to cling to the surface and It would
take a good deal to break It loose
from lta mooring. The aplkca are
made of ordinary screws with the
ends protruding one quarter of nn Inch
Is-yond the flat board and filed to a
sharp point Three of these at the
lower end of the bracket end two at
the uper end serve to bold the brack
eta firmly lu position. A alight tap of
a hammer will drive the brads In suf
ficiently and when the scaffolding
board la placed across the brackets
the thrust, being downward, tenda to
push the points of the spikes deeper
Into the wood surface. A pair of
brackets of this nature will sustain
ths weight of several men working on
the same board. The Illustration
ahowa clearly the construction of each
bracket
A WONDERFUL CLOCK.
Radium Driven Timplo Could Run
Far Centurie.
It I claimed that If not touched the
radium timepiece Invented by the Eng-
Ushmnn, Harrison Martingale, could
run for 80.0U) yeara. On a qunrtx rod.
In an exhausted glass vessel, la sup
ported a tube containing a email quan
tity of radium. An electroscope la at
tached to the lower end of this tulie.
It couslsts of two long strips of silver.
The natural action of the nullum scuds
an electric charge Into the strips and
causes them to separate until they
touch the eklee of the vessel, where
they are Instantly discharged and fall
together again. Every two minutes
thla operation la repeated automatical
ly, ao that each bent of thla wonder
ful timekeeper la In reality two min
utes long.
The most trustworthy clock In the
world Is said to be that in the base
ment of the observatory at Berlin, in
stalled In 1SIW. This clock Is inclosed
In an air tight glass cylinder and hna
frequently run for two or three
months, with an average dally devia
tion of only fifteen one-thousandths of
a second. Vet astronomers are not
satisfied even with this remarkable nc
curncy, and their efforts are constant
ly In the direction of more ideal con
ditions for a clock, by keeping It not
only In an air tight case, but also In nn
underground vault where neither
changea of temperature nor of baro
metric pressure can ever affect It
To Repair Tungsten Filaments.
As persons using the brilliant tung
sten filament electric lnmp have rea
son to know, they are easily broken by
a sharp jarring of the bulb. So deli
cate is this tungsten burner thnt in
spite of the better light many house
holders feel they cannot afford them
or. If using them, make sure that they
shall hang pendnnt from a height
above tho ordinary chance of one'a
striking the chandelier with head or
broom handle or duster. Recently an
Inventive person hna discovered that In
the case of a broken tungsten filament
a light tapping of the bulb, allowing
of the broken ends to come in quiet
contact from the vibration, will result
In the filament's broken ends coming
in contact and fusing fast again. Of
roursft the current at the time must be
timed oa.
England' Youngest Bride.
The youngest bride who was ever
led to the altar in England, so far as
we can discover, was little Catherine
Apslcy, who had only seen four sum
mers when she became the wife of the
first Earl Bathurat who was exactly
double her age. The tiny ring worn
by Catherine on this occasion, over
two centuries ago, is still preserved.
Lord Itnthurst survived to see the
eighty-third anniversary of his wed
dlug day, while bis lady was a wife for
seventy-six years. London Chronicle.
It!
I H C Quality Shows in Service
: E could sell
but we don
of wagon.
order, and
order you
can't be sure of getting those orders unless the
first wagon you buy from the I H C local dealer
proves so satisfactory that you would not think
of going anywhere else for the second. We
have to tell you how good our wagons are to '
get four first order. After that, we expect the
wagon itself to do the selling. I li C wagons
Weber New Bettendorf
Columbus Steel King
are made of selected, high-grade material
throughout. The lumber is air-dried in huge
sheds for three years or more before it is used.
Air-drying takes years of time, and leaves the
fibres of the wood filled with and cemented
together by the natural resinous residue of the
sap. Kiln-drying requires only a few days'
time and leaves the wood brittle and weak.
Air-drying produces elastic, lumber, wagon
parts that bend and give under loads and
strains, but that spring back when the strain
is removed.
Weber and Columbus wagons have woodi
gears; New Bettendorf and Steel King have
steel gears. The I H C local dealer will give you
literature and full information about the wagons
he sells. See him, or, if you prefer, write
International Harvester Company of America
(incorporated)
Portland Ore,
SSSSRSSOSSiEaSSMS
"PR1NORE"
AND
"STANDARD"
Prineville Flour
Peter Schuttler
Wagons
We have oh hand a number of Wagons (all sizes) at very
attractive prices
J. E. Stewart & Co.
Paint Your Home!
While White Lead and Oil is Cheap
We sell Pioneer White Lead at 1 0c per pound in
50 pound lots and up. Best on the Pacific Coast
Boiled Linseed Oil at 85c per gallon. Guaranteed pure.
We have a lot of Cedar doors, different sizes, in
5-Panel and regular 4-Panel, 1 in. and li in.
thick. AH Al goods which sell for $1 50 and $1.75.
All Prices Subject to Change Without Notice.
A. H. Lippman & Co.
wagons for less money,
t care to sell that kind
We want your second
your third, and every
give for a waeon. We
iiil
No stockman should be without
tin valuable tonic and alterative
remedy. It i a natural correct
iv prepared from the medicinal
barks, herbs, roots, leaves, and
earthy salts, provided by nature
for the preservation of health and
prevention of disease.
Strongly recommended for the
relief of Colds, Coughs, Distemper,
Lots of Appetite. Sluggish Liver
and those disorders arising from
constipation and imperfect elim
ination of harmful waste matter.
It is especially valuable in those
cases in which domestic animals
are deprived of their natural food
by confinement or environment
Pacific Stock Food produces
such excellent results that we
guarantee it to be the very best
preparation ever offered for the
relief of the common ailments
with which domestic animals are
usually afflicted.
Guaranteed to contain nothing
that can possibly prove injurious,
and to be more active and effica
cious than other remedies.
"An ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure." Do not
wait for the attack of disease.
Ward it off. Safeguard the health
of your stock as you would your
own. Ask your dealer for
Pacific Stock Food,
clarkc, woooano drug co.
Poaruee. Oeo
"WHY NOT?
let your
corns come oil
LIKE
MAGI
rTJTA,
VXOHN ,
At your dru6ists
Hotic of Contest.
Depurtment of the Interior.
U. 8. Land Ottlce, The Dalles, Ore.
April 2. 1913.
To George W. Weddle of Prineville,
Oregon, couteetee :
You are hereby notified that
Emerten M. Yonng, who frl Prine
ville, Oregon, aa ner poetomce ad
dress, did on March 20, 1913, ale In
this office her duly corroborated ap
plication to contet and secure the
cancellation ol your homestead,
entry No. , serial No. 08300, made
June 12, 1911, lorej nwj, swj nwj.
vl Dei section 22, townsblp 14
south, range 16 east, Willamette
Meridian, and as grounds for her
contest she alleges that said George
V . Weddle has wholly abandoned
said land for over six months last
past; that be haa wholly failed to
reside upon. Improve or cultivate
said land as required by law or at
all lor six montns next proceeding
the filing of this contest; that said
claimant has not been absent from
said homestead by virtue of the act
of Junes, 1912, or upon novice nled
in your office relative to such leave.
and for the reasons above stated Is
now wholly In default thereof.
You are, therefore, further notified
that the said allegations will be
taken by this office as having been
confessed by you. and your said en-
Ui will be canceled tnereunaer wltn
out your further right to be heard
therein, either before this office or on
appeal, If you fall to file In this office
witnin twenty days alter tne
rOURTH publication of this notice,
as shown below, your answer, under
oath, specifically meeting and re
sponding to these allegations of con
test, or it you mil wttmn tnat tune
to file In this office due proof that
you have served a copy of your
answer on the said contestant either
In person or by registered mall. It
this service is made by the delivery
of a copy of your answer to the con
testant In person, proof of such ser
vice must be either the said contes
tant's written acknowledgment of
his receipt of the copy, showing the
date of Its receipt, or the affidavit of
the person by whom the delivery
was made stating when and wjjere
the copy was delivered; It made by
registered mall, proof of such service
must consist of the affidavit of the
person by whom the copy was mail
ed stating when and the postoffice
to which It was mailed, and this af
ndavlt must be accompanied by the
postmaster's receipt for the letter.
You should state In your answei
the name of the postotllee to which
you desire future notices to be sent
to you.
C. W. Moore, Register.
Date of first publication April 10.
Date of second publication April 17.
Date of third publication April 24.
Date of fourth publication May 1,
Notice to Creditors.
Notice Is hereby given by the un
derslgned, the administrator of the
estate of Samuel S. Jones, deceased,
to all creditors of Bald deceased and
to all persons having claims against
said estate to present them with the
proper vouchers to the undersigned
at the office of M. R. Elliott In Prlne.
vllle. Oregon, within six months from
the first publication of tills notice.
Dated this 3d. day of April, 1913.
Chaki.es E. Jones,
Administrator of the Estate of Sam
uel S. Jones, Deceased.
Duroc Jersey Pigs
Fifty head, thoroughbreds, either
sex, at my ranch at Powell Butte.
Address G. L. Braaee. Redmond, Or.
egon. 410-6tp.
S . I CENTS )
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