HOME COURSE IN
SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE
One of a Series of Sixteen Articles by
Noted Government and State Experts
FIRST ARTICLE-SOIL CONSERVATION.
By W. J. SPIllMAN, Afrkultorkt la Chirr ( Firm MsnareoKat, Bursas el
Pilot Industry, Dfparttncet ol Apiculture.
HOW to restore and maintain
tns productivity of tbe aoll Is
the most Important, phase of
the conservation problem. In
man; of our older communities toil
fertility has been reduced below the
point of profitable production. Nation
wide effort at the present time,
through federal and state agency, la
directed toward tbe restoration of fer
tility in these localities. In tbe older
countries of Europe, where farming
has been followed for many centuries,
the problem of 'satisfactory yields of
farm crops has been solved. The ag
riculture of Germany is similar to that
of tbe rnited States, but the yield per
acre of wheat In Germany is more
than twice that in the United States,
the yield of rye nearly twice as large,
the yield of barley nearly a third lar
ger and tbe yield of oats more than
one-third larger.
The proportionate area of cereals
grown in Germauy is about one-fifth
less than in the I'nited States, while
the proportionate area of hay and for
age crops is one balf greater. In aildi- j
legumlnoua crop frequently leave In
the soil suthYlent nitrogen for tbe
needs of tbe crop that follows. Kecent
Investigations by tbe department of
agriculture In Kansas, and Nebraska
show that tbe average increase in tbe
yield of corn grown after alfalfa, com
pared with corn grown after nou legu
minous crops. Is 75 per cent A good
crop of clover has a similar effect on
the yield of crops which follow It In
stances are known where the practice
of sowing bur clover In cotton fields In
tbe fall of tbe year and turning it un
der In spring in time for another crop
of cotton has in three years doubled
the yield of cotton. Crimson clover
sown In a similar manner between
crops of com has lu a few years In
creased Uie yield of corn 50 per ceut
or mort.
The reason these leguminous crops
have such a marked effect on fertility
in many ca?es on depleted soils lies In
the fact that nitrogen Is not a eon
stituent of the soil propef, but only of
the decaying plant and animal matter
in the soil. When soils are farmed for
many years w it limit any attention to
their fertility this organic matter Is
tion to that, the percentage of the total j rotted out and the nitrogen disappears.
itenre nitrogen Is nearly always the
first plant food constituent to become
deficient in the soil.
Tlie fact has already been referred
to that we export a large proortioti
of our cottonseed meal, otlmeal aiuf
other rirh nitrogenous feeding stiilTs
These materials are all exceedingly
rich In nitrogen. They should be kept
at home, fed to live stock and the
area which is planted to root crops is
enormously greater iu Germany than
In the rnittii States. Those root crops
consist largely of potatoes ami sugar
beets, and the best German authori
ties estimate that at least oue-third of
the products of the area of these two
crops is available for stock feed. They
also estimate that one-third of the
products of the area devoted to cereals
is devoted to the feeding of domestic ! manure returned to the land.
animals. Germany therefore devotes
very much more of her soil to the pro
duction of feed for live stock than
does the United States.
On the same area of farm land the
German farmer maintains on the aver
se from 30 to 78 per cent more live
stock than does the American farmer.
The manure from these animals Is also
better cared for in all European coun
tries than it is In this country. Not
It . .
sj -mwsU
i , .11 J
'ASIIIALS WITH OOLDES HOOPS" SHEEP
MAKK XHK SOIL FKMTLE.
only that the United States exports
vast quantities of cottonseed meal, lin
seed oilmeal and other rich nitrogenous
feeding stuffs, while Germany imports
vast quantities of these materials. Ger
man farmers not only conserve their
own natural resources, but they draw
on other parts of the world to main
tain the fertility of their lands. Amer
ica has been mining her soil and ship
ping the products to Europe. In addi
tion to the sources of fertility above
given, Germany uses annually on her
soil SoO.OOO tones of nitrate of soda,
75.000 tons of sulphate of ammonia,
1,200.000 tons of superphosphate and
1,400,000 tons of basic slag in addition
to large amounts of potash salts.
' We are now confronted by the same
necessities that compelled the adoption
of sound systems of agriculture in the
old world. How shall we meet this
problem?
! The Solution of the Problem.
I In the first place, We must increase
the number of domestic animals on
our farms. Where land Is farmed by
renters the leases must be made for
longer terms, and where the renter has
not the capital to provide the proper
number of domestic animals these
must be supplied by the landowner.
Tbe effect of live stock on the fertility
of the soil needs no demonstration. It
Is well known to every intelligent
farmer. Up to the present time, at
least, no system of agriculture has been
permanently profitable without the nse
of domestic animals as a means of
tialntainlng tbe productiveness of the
Soli. Whether such systems are possi
ble remains to be seen.
I In addition to Increasing the number
of domestic animals on American farms
our farmers must pay more attention
to leguminous crops and to other crops
which provide a supply of humus for
the soil. Legumes, such as clover,
peas, alfalfa, etc., are especially Im
portant because of the fact that with
the aid of certain soil bacteria they are
able to draw their supply of nitrogen
from tbe air. Having thus an unlimit
ed supply of this valuable plant food
constituent, tbey become very rich In
nitrogen. The stubble and roots of a
Dependence on Our Own Resources.
There Is this difference between our
situation and that of the older coun
tries of Europe: Hitherto we have beeu
exporters of our feedstuff's rich in fer
tilizer constituents, while they have
been importers. They have beeu draw
ing on the newly settled regions of the
world for materials with which to feed
their crops. The American farmer will
be making a long step forward wheu
he quits exporting these materials and
returns them to his own soil. What
ever shortages there may be must be
made up by the intelligent use of com
mercial fertilizers. There Is no danger
of a nitrogen famine. We can grow
leguminous crops to supply nitrogen
We can also, by Judicious use of tbe
refuse from grain aud other crops and
by the use of Intelligently planned crop
rotations with occasional catch crops
for green manure, keep up an abun
dant supply of humus. Even if we had
no other resources for maintaining the
fertility of the soil than leguminous
plants and humus making crops we
! could on much of the laud in this coun
try maintain a niurb higher standard
of yields than obtains at the present
time.
Examples of Successful Farming.
In New York state there are large
areas of land which formerly produc
ed satisfactory erons but which in fa.
cent years have been reduced in fertili
ty to the point where their cultivation
is no longer profitable by the methods
in vogue in that section. A few venrs
ago a representative of the department
of agriculture Induced a farmer in that
section to grow four acres of potatoes
under his direction. This farmer had
beeu growing potatoes for manv venrs.
using seed which had been grown for
sixty years In that locality without se
lection to maintain its quality. His or
dinary yields of potatoes were about
forty bushels per acre. He was induc
ed to secure new and improved seed
aud to cultivate in the most thorough
manner. As a result these four acres
produced a yield of 250 bushels of po
tatoes per acre. Similar results have
since been secured by a number of oth
er farmers In the same locality.
An Illinois farmer a eood manv venm
ago established on his farm a rotation
of corn, corn. oats, clover. The com
and oats were fed to hogs, which were
allowed to graze on the clover. Very
little feed was purchased, but every
thing raised on the farm was converted
Into manure and returned to tbe land.
At the beginning of this system of
farming the yield of corn was about
thirty-flve bushels to the acre. Ten
years later it had risen to elorhrv hush.
els per acre, the average yield for four
consecutive years being 80.4 bushels
per acre.
A Missouri farm which had been de
voted to corn and wheat for sevenlv
years and on which the yields of wheat
Vre about eight bushels ner sera anrl
corn about twenty-five bushels was
subjected to a system of farming simi
lar to that Just described for an Illi
nois rarm. in six years the yields of
this farm were morn thnn A ntihlori In
work of this character tbe following
points are emphasized: .
Deep fall preparation of the aoll
Planting of well selected seed.
Mainly shallow and frennent onlHvn.
tion of the crop during the growing
season and especially after a rain.
The Judicious nse of commercial fer
tilizers and the lnrrpflaofl una n h.mA
produced fertilizers and the growing
ui leguminous crops.
wornout Machinery.""
Economy Cemanda That It Be Role
gated to the Scrap Heap,
Iu the older steel plants of miuiII an4
medium siie ami even In plant trmt
have gronu up from a modest begin
ning to become Immense concerns em
ploying thousands nf men we Hud that
the auxiliary iw-r machinery baa
been given Utile consideration la
modernizing the machinery lu general.
lull with auxiliary iiimliliiorv it Is very
difl'erent. Ill manv cases air cotu-
pressor nnd puuiw, een such Impor
tant machines as blowing engines, have
beeu kept lu service king ufier their
days of usefulness were over, when
they were using enough stmiu to pay
for a new machine in a very short time
and to make the purchase of up to date
machinery a splendid Investment. Tha
reasons for this method of ptvcedtira
were that the new auxiliary owcr ma
chines would uot show an Increased
output of steel, nor would they show
a great saving lu the cost of produc
tion of the steel.
In many localities fuel was cheap.
Iu some cases the steel companies
owned their mines close at hand and
coal could 1h had for the digging. In
a few Instances byproduct gas fur
nished all the fuel required. In theso
cases there was some excuse for keep
ing Inefficient machinery In use.
More recently, however, conditions
have taken a decided change. The
price of coal has advanced, making It
urgent to be more careful In the use of
It. Steel companies have found that
It pays N'tter to sell the coal than to
burn so much of It themselves. Then,
again, the supply of natural gas In
some localities has become limited or
has given out entirely another reason
fur saving fuel.
Iu later years competition has be
come keener. I.arue plains have been
built, and the older concerns have had
to conserve their resources In order to
meet this cin:pe!iiinn. I'-iirim-ers have
bivn employed to look a'ter the saving
of fuel -otiiiiK'tont, trap e.l engineer
i!h eltl.-lent assistants. These depart
ments keep a sharp watch on nil fie
power machinery, s'eaai. elr. gis and
water. Their business is to make effi
ciency tests on the ma lilin-ry. meas
ure Kiver used bv the ili'feront mills
and department, click up the fuel
consumption of the boi'er houses and
lie ready at any time to rcniniiiend the
removal of a machine ns soon as It be
comes a paying proposition to replace
It w ith a machine of greater etliclency.
Engineering Mugtirlne.
"Young man, when you buy a
buggy, be sure it' a Studebaker"
Sound advice from the man who has been
driving one for twenty years.
When you buy a StuJcLitker buggy you are buying
all the skill, experience and science in buggy building
that half a century can produce. You are protect
ing youraclf against the mistakes of younger builder.
You will nlwayi be proud of the Studebaker
namrplnte, for there isn't buggy on the roud that ii
its equal for style, luxury and good looks.
Flexible bent-reach gear, graceful line, solid cor
ner, plugles body, double-ironed shafts, are a few of
the special Studcbukcr features,
The new close-fitting shifting mil is enough in
itself lo make you buy a Studebaker buytjy.
F.rm W.
lloWM W.
True It,
Milk W
AN EFFECTIVE RADIATOR.
German Invention Said to Give a Re
markable Amount of Heat.
A remarkably effective radiator has
been devised by a professor of a tech
nical high school In Prussia. The
fnmln,.,.,.,,.,! ,.p)n..l..ln ii.- ....
- ..mult,,,, j.i i in to i or iijijm i ai ua
Is the use of a great numlier of Indl-
rect radiation surfaces made of a ma
terial that has a high conductivity of
heat.
For this purpose very thin zinc cov
ered copper bands are disposed radially
In the circular lly of the radiator
. i
J
pump W..M. H
ll!(-.( O PAIJA KANS,crrV t'KNVtl If J
B.U.I LAKKCTTY rlLl0 PUKTIJkNK. OSS. H .
I
Set our Dtltr or writ ut
STUDEBAKER South Bend. Ind.
NH vt'SK
MiNSEAIVUS
D. P. Adamson & Co.,
Druggists
For Drugs, Patent Medicines, Chemicals
Lowney's Candies, Ice Cream Soda, Sta.
tionery and Prescriptions see
D. P. Adamson & Co.
r;-
HEW OKIIMAR BAIlIAIOII.
between the concentrically arranged
hot water or steam heating coils, whlcli
are flat Hy properly calculating the
surfaces, cross sections uud other di
mensions an extraordinary heating ef
ficiency Is obtained with a miiiliuuia
of material.
This efficiency Is said to tie so great
that a radiator twenty-eight luetics In
diameter and fourteen Inches high can
raise the temperature of nearly 400,
000 cubic feet of air over 100 degrees
F. per hour.
A New Elixir of Life.
Dr. Frank It. Sturkey of Philadel
phia, In a serious report that has
startled the medical world, has made
known to tbe public some remarkable
results of a series of experiments on
which he has worked for several years,
first on his aged mother, then on him
self and fifty friends. Ills object
was to find an extract from the vari
ous ductless glands of the body which
will prolong life nnd make the aged
look and feel much younger. Dr.
Sturkey says he Is a living testimonial
of his success, ns the treatment he has
taken has made him look ten years
younger, and that the same Is true of
others. lie calls his remedy the "poly
glandular 'extract" and says It Is a
combination of extracts from the thy
roid, pultary and other ductless glands.
It Is administered by Injections Into
muscles or blood. It Is said to raise
the defensive power of the blood
against serious poisons or disease
germs.
s
DeLAVAL
Cream Separators
Sold on Easy Terms
Pioneer Cream Co.
Prineville, Oregon
.if
Burial Caskets of Cement.
A burial casket or rough box madeol
cement has been Invented by a citl
sen of Prescott, Ont, und a company
has been formed to place the product
on the market. Tbe caskets have been
nsed for some time and are reported
entirely satisfactory. The claim la
made by the inventor that fine caskets
of wood or metal, as well as the body
and Its clothing, are preserved In this
cement outer case secure from damp
ness, no matter whnt the condition of
the soil. Consular Reports.
Excursions East!
Daily, May 28 to September 30
Return limit October 31. Choice of routes and atop overs in each
direction. Via
GUREGaNTRDtll(Rr.
CENTRAL OREGON LINE
LOW ROUND TRIP FARES
Baltimore 1107.60
Boston 110.00
Buffalo 92.00
Chicago 72.50
Colorado Springs f5.00
Denver 55.00
Dea Moines (15.70
Detroit 83.50
Duluth 60.00
Indianapolis ,. 79.90
Kansas City 60.00
Milwaukee ,72.60
Minneapolis 60.00
New York 108.50
Omaha 60.00
Philadelphia 108.50
Pittsburgh 91.50
St. Louis 70.00'
St. Paul 60.00
Toronto 92.00
Washington 107.60
Winnepeg 60.00
LIMITED TRAINS EAST
The train leaving Band 6:45 a. m., Redmond 7:24 a. m , Terre
bonne 7:36 a. m., Culver 8:09 a. m., Metolius 8:30 a. m., Madras 8:40
a. m., Maupin 10:48 a. m., makes direct connection at Fallbridge with
limited train east vi Spokane. Portland dt Seattle Railway.
Train- schedules and other details will be furnished on request.
Baggage checked and sleeping car accommodations arranged through
to destination if desired.
R. II. CROZIER,
H. BAUKOL, Agent, Asat. Gen'l Pans. A?ent, Portland, Ore.
Redmond, Ore. W. C. WILKKS,
6-1-t' Asst. Gen'l Freight & Pass. Age, Portland, Ore.
FREE
Sunshine Lamp
SOOCnndle Power
T Tr In f our Own Nm
Tnw Klk tutor. Ol'ss hMtof II fct I
tltoN stm. W. IM. llT I wnlisiary I
lttfti tsHll ltafal Fit? HuMeSO I
Moras. llaUla. i httfVhM A hlld MM bL(1A Nil
svrit IU "still f'uOl C
uttitwW fiu. MiHuHjr a sw- -at
Am m Ml fill Tat; 1
W ill n for Ummil In sslnaitw I ' nv 1
Ht roftUlHtf lump In tit wM PJS
wick. chhrmT, ha mnill f- N
trtniht nnrilrt, nogd. nomh I f
Itnriir I. lf,ktiai Jr., Att, IMnrviltn.
ir"
!J "RECEPTION"
Champ Smith, Propr
Imported sind Domestic
Cigars
Famous Whiskies
OKI Crow; I Irrmitagc; Red
Fop Kyr; Yellow Stone;
Canndian Clu!; Cream
Rye; James L Pepper;
Moore's Malt.
Porter, Ale and Olympia
Draft Beer on Tap.
Imported Wines and
Liquors.
' WW AAA A
The Brosius Bar
Finest Brands of Wines,
Liquors and Cigars.
LAGER BEER ON DRAUGHT
F. E. BROSIUS, Proprietor
I'iiIi'Sk n it nt k t K'xxl, an we ran
nnil rhmilil,
W'v iniiilit to sd h nk to tin' wimmIh;
lor I hi' Minn wlin in three
iikkIitii iliiy,
In tin man who ililivrm Ihti
KixuU.
We arn li(r ami are iMIvorinu
tlin nn.i'ln, an, i( ,H wih, (, (
ahown come in ko urn rraily to
allow ynu that u ilo kooiI work.
I'ortrullH, t'opviiiK ami KnlarKing.
AIbo Amatiiiir I'liiichliiK.
Lafler's Studio
We strive to ili'ime
Fruit Trees!
Central Oregon Grown
The only kind you can afford
to plant. ILLUSTRATED
-.-.TALOGUE FREE. Wrlte
for one. Prices low vnougli
to Nurprlxe you.
L&foIIette Nuriery Co.
Prineville, 60. Oregon
The Oregon Bar
At the Old Stand
G. W.Wiley & Co., Prp$
All kinds of Choice Liquors
Wines and Cigars.
Famous Ranier Beer in
Bottles and on Draft.