RESEED1NG THE RANGE ice so that the experiment aw of professional Card. " nruiu iuini vuvc. Tn tha hiffher narta 0! to Imnaha national forest good late nummer pasture for sheep ia valu able. Snow covers the ground nine months of the year, and the grass that grows must grow quickly. The natural pasture on theee high mountain meadows is fairly good, but there is room for improvement. The native Diue crass does not produce a sod, but in hunches. A sod or turf e is wanted, and some of the mea will be seeded with well- The livestock industry turns to account one of the greatest natural resources of the weat the forage croo. From the plains" to the Pacific an astonishingly large proportion of the area is grating land. It is estimated that this region con tains over 400,000,000 acres which are useful at present only tor pas- .uV k man nriuted in dows -i t th. main areas known fpecies to test whether they of agricultural, gr.sing, and desert will grow and bring the desired i a. . KliK1 n.M Ion auo. result Timothy, redtop, blue- T..t. j .v. ;-l.n,1 wlor crass, and a clover called alsike, M1ti;v...w over nearlv all originally brought from this vast domain, which comprises will be tried. Eight or more i Pa -something like one-third of the chesoffrom3to20acre6eachw.il entire United State, with rela- be seeded. innr natrhes of tne otaer "uv colors. In arid regions the range tain region with lei i almnst those very difficult. everywhere enough forage plants other agricultural machinery could can grow to make grazing profit able. The foreet service, in cooperation with tne bureau of plant industry, has begun a series of experiment C.SBrtnk GO TO Off. c. C. SSrix Offlc with Geo. V. Barnes Orfm. -5$elknaD dt 6dwards JWv SUr Smmt mf trails, and Harrows or not be taken in, except on we backs of pack animals. Plainly, any method of seeding which could have any practical value must find other instruments than the tools . za , w th cirrvinif power upon which the farmer ordinarily of grasing lands within national relies. The sharp cutting hoofs of forests can be increased. In a eheep will be the only harrow nutshell, the problems are, first, used. fcA. am., and second, how to The meadows selected for sow- utilise, the largest amount of ing will first be grated as short as forage. The conclusions reached sheep can crop me nauve graw. are likely to have an important Since the ground is wet, it will be o; n Jmnmvwl use of the much cut up by the sheep. nrn ranee senerallv. The econo- Clover, timothy, redtop, - f WW jT9 jr. &Mrf Cm tmm ... ri' 0. JTyd H0RIGAN & STILL x FOR THE Choicest Meats in the Market. We are prepared to erve our many patrons better than ever. We have always on hand a select stock of BEEF, MUTTON, PORK, VEAL. Hats, Shoes and I Clothing p A complete lino of Gent's Furnishings at Prices that you can afford to pay. Call in and let us show you the goods and quote you our prices. 1 V w ' fish, Game and Vegetables in Season If you want to buy in quantity call on us. We handle all kinds of country produce. HORIGAN & STILL A Choice Line of Cigars & Tobaccos THE OWL CASH STORE R. B. ADA, Proprietor vv vv xv vvw-u I'KKHY LONU WALT SNODKHLY Cai.im imnn Potrn.T Pat o NraMTI Omn Oxi Doo Hoith or amiuom'i Dtca Stok. tun h oilirt n rw)- dvnoa HJlcpnoue. Contctt Hotit-e mic possiouuies oi inese experi ments are enormous. In the past the stockman on the public lands has simply taken what nature offered '"him. But gracing tends to put nature at a disadvantage. Plants which propa- or blue- grass seed will then be sown broad jcast, and the sheep will be driven to and fro across it until the seed is beaten well into the soil. This will be done late in the season, so Si. tSiSs E. C. PARK Importer and breeder of pure-bred Department of the Interior, United states Laud Office, The Dalit. On., Otolwr 2J, 1U07. A stittk-ient conUnt ftutvit having been tiled in this office by John O. Powell, contwUnt, L'itmt homestead entry No. Owm. H.W2, made April 19, 11W6, for NW .Sec. 10, XEl4 XKl4 See. 9, Tp. IS south, ranire io eiwi, . m. uy Alexsnder W. Kamxey, Contettee, tn which it is allitfiM that said Alexander W. Kamwey has wholly aianlonet wia tract for more thau six months lunt til next summer's sun melts the gate by seed, for example, have no snow and warms the ground, chance when the . seed stalks are Whether it will grow, and mature being eaten off all the time. In a crop in three months, remains to many grazing regions the carrying be seen. If it will, one problem of power of the range has been very mountain pasturage will have reduced throueh the pre- heen solved, ior a mucu irKur that the seed will lie dormant un-1 tPoland China JCoyt and Slack L,8t; that he has not reoided niwn or cultivaiHU sam xracv aa rrquireu uj law: that said alleged absence was not jCanyshan Young stock for Redmond, Oregon. Ckiektns sale. Address greatly sent methods of use. Within na tional forests the restriction of the numb of stock to the capac ity of the range nas already quantity of forage will be fur nished bv these plants than the y a native growths supply. If this grass sowing on the high Timber Land. Act June S. 1878, Netk far PaUkatM ITnlwd RlatH I .and Ofltce. Tho nllra. Orcwrni. Novemtier 'i. 1W7. n i. hnh rlvrn that In enmpllanoe with the provision of the act of Congress of June . 1T, entitled "An act for the sale of timber UncU In the Htatea of Caltfnrnta. Ore mon. Nevada, and Wahlnton Terrlury." a extended to all the FubUcXand State by act of Auut 4, W", Mttha J. Vtlrta. ot PrtneTllle. eounty of Crook, Btai or 1W- checked the worst evils which re- Oregon mountains is successful, it "tXn'forX pu will orjeu the way for similar range development elsewhere. There is hardly a limit to the pos sibilities presented. suit from over grazing. But the new investigations promise much greater things. These investigations are to be carried out along three distinct lines studies of what can be done in the way of introducing cul tivated grasses, studies of range Dr. W. H. Lytle, state sheep in- improvement through better gpector, returned from Morrow knowledge of how wild grasses county where he was called by the propogate, and studies of how to very serious condition of a num- handle both cattle and sheep so as ber of herds of sheep in that Dying From Grass Staggers ehaae of the Lot S and X BE1 N K and NE1, of Bee. 4, In TP. u toum. range e r ". M ud will offer oroofto how that the land nought Is more valuable for lu tlmberor Hone th&Qfor agricultural purpoaea.and toeHtalillsh her claim toid land before the county olerk at Prlnevllle, Oregon, on the 30th dayofJan ary, im. 8 he name aa wltneaaea; . W. H. Huaton. John Colllna. L. B. Lafollette, and Walter O'Nell all of Frlnevllle, Oregon. . , Any and all Demons claiming adversely the above - described lands are request ed to file their claims In this office on or be fore the said 30th day of January. 1H. IMP C W. MOORE. Register. due to his employment in the army, navv or marine corps ot the Lniteu states in time oi war. pain pariiea are lierebv notified to appear. resiHnil ana offer evidence touching said alienation at 10 o'clock a. m. on December 10, 1907. Iwtore Warren Itrown, county clerk, at bis office in rrtneville, Urwon, and that Bnnl bearing will te n. iii at 10 nrlnck a. m. on tecniber 17, 1W liefore the Kevister and Receiver at the United States Land Office in The Dalles. Oregon. The said contestant having, in a pro per affidavit, filed October 7, 1907, set forth facta which show that after due diligence rjereonal service of this notice can not be made, it is hereby orderetl and dfrected that such notice be given by due and proper publication. ll-7p V. W. MUUKSi, rieijisier, to reduce the waste due to herding and trampling. The present ac count deals with the first, the in troduction of cultivated grass. The man in charge of these studies is Mr. Frederick V. Coville, county. He found that the herds were suffering from the dry feed and that nearlv every owner in Morrow county had suffered more or less from the trouble. He recommends as a general of the bureau of plant industry, remedy, more succulent pasturage, who is an expert in matters con- green feed, alfalfa pasturage or nected with the use of the range. iujcy feed of any nature and also State Selection Notice for Publication. U. 8. land Office. The Dalles, Oregon. November 20. 1907 Notice is hereby given that umler the pro visions of the act o( ConKreas of August 14, 1S48, and the sets supplementary and amenda tory thereto, the State ot Oregon has this day filed In this office its applicslion No. 691, to select the 8E' of the BW at Sec. 81, T. 17 south, range if c, n. n. An n4 u nnranns claim nz adversely any ef the above-described lands, or desiring fur anv reason to object to the Hnal allowance of the same, should file tbeir claims or objections In this office on or he lore toe mm oi jauu sry, 1908. 1U2S-6W C. W.MOOKE, Register. Mr. Coville made a careful study of grazing problems in the Cas cade Mountains of Oregon for the Interior Department ten years ago, and contributed to the discussion of grazing questions which formed part of the Public Lands Commis sion report made in 1905. It was on his recommendation that the laboratory for desert botanical re search was established by the Car negie Institution of Washington at oi six ounces; also one-half ounce, Tucson, .Ariz. He is, therefore, to be given at a dose to each sheep. very well prepared for this work, The fatal aspect of the disease is which, to be successful, must be that the extremely dry feed causes run on thoroughly practical lines. an impaction in the stomach and The experiments will begin in this remedy will cure where it is urges sheepmen to permit their sucking lambs to run with their mothers for several weeks yet, be fore being weaned, ibis, in a general way, will tend to reduce the disease and render it less fatal. As a specific remedy for indi vidual sheep suffering from the disease he directs that they be treated as follows: Raw linseed For Sale 320 acres 10 miles below Prineville on Crooked river; three-fourths of a mile from school : all kinds of farm im plements; 150 head of hogs, 4 milch cows, one span of homes, 2 wagons and harness all to go with the place; 200 tons of hay; 120 acres in alfalfa; good house and barn and all other out build ings ; all under good fence. This is all eood alfalfa 'and and will be sold at a bargain on easy terms. Also 320 acres one mile from Culver in the Havstack country: 250 acres in cultivation, balance pasture; lots of water on the place; 12 acres in alfalfa eood buildings. All on easy terms. " -s- -a m n a r T tnrrti'ii 8-22tf Prineville, Oregon. Timber Land. Act June 3, 1878. Notice for Publication. United States Itnd Office, The Dalles, Oregon, August 30, 1907 Notice is hereby given that in com pliance with the provisions of the act ot Conirrcs" of Junea, lsS, entitieii "An act for the sale ot timber lands in tne States of California. Oregon. .Nevada nl Wmitiinutfin Territory." as extend ed to all the Public tand States by act of August 4, 18'J2, - Jo in u. Miinp. of Prineville, county ol ('rook, state of Oregon, has this day tiled in tnls onice his sworn statement. So. 42U4, for the purchase of the S and fcj, HW X of Sec. zn. in TP. ID soiun, range in e W. M. and will offer pro)f to show that the land sought is more valuable for its timber or stone than for agricultural purposes, and to establish bis claim to siiid land before the county Clerk Prineville, Oregon, on the 8th day of January, 1908. He names as witnesses: tuaries i. Charlton, C.- A. Graves, Robert U. Smith, and Robert L. Kitching all of Prineville, Oregon. Any and all persons claiming ad versely the ajbove-desenbed lands are requested to file their claims in this office on or before said 8lh day ot January, 1908. 11-7 t;. W.ftlUUKC, Itegisier. Wallowa county, in northeastern Oregon, in the Imnaha national forest. Here,' at different alti given early. The ranges have been very in forest reserves dry during the tudes, a number of moist natural pa8t summer and then lack of rain meadows have been picked out. has kept the foothill pasturage Those having the greatest alti- dir, so the herds have had noth- tude are 10,000 feet or more above the sea, where in early July the snow still covers the gronnd, althoueh rapidly melting under the summer sun. The lowest mea dows are about 5,000 feet above sea level. The purpose of these wet-mea dow experiments is improvement of the summer range. Stock do not winter in the mountains, but are driven gradually higher and higher as the advancing seasons calls forth the vegetation on which they feed. The winter ranges on the plains, supplemented largely by the hay, alfalfa, and other feed crops which the ranches produce, depend for their utilization upon this summer pasturage, to which the stock can be driven when the dry Beason sets in. If means can be found to improve the summer range the benefit will be telt from Canada to Arizona and New Mex- ing but dry feed all summer and fall and the condition is becoming serious. ' Notice for Publicatisn Department of the Interior, Land Office at The Dalles, Oregon, December 7, 1907. Notice is hereby (riven that Cbarlev Edward Parriah. of Crook. Oregon, has filed notice of hi intention to make nnai tive-vear prooi m support of his claim, viz: Homestead tntry ko. luivv majieuec. zi, imui, ior tne WKBWVi.rJEli 8W'X of Section 12 and NEJ4 NWV of 8ec. 13, Tp. 1H south, ranpi 20 east. W. M., and that said proof will bi made before the County Clerk at Prine ville, Oreeon, on January 23, 1908. He names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon, and cultivation of, the land, vis: Lewis V Tice, Harry Barnes, Norris Morgan an Tha ..;fic namn nf th rlinpAHA Edward Parker, all of Crook, Oregon. ihe specific name oi tne aisease w M00HE( Ke'foUst. veie, or grass staggers ana it ia is caused by an third stomach. impaction of the The Key that Unlocks the Door to Long Living. The men of eighty-five and ninety years of age are not the rotund well fed, but thin, spare men who live on a slender diet. Be as careful as he will, however, a man past middle age, will occaslonaly eat too much or of some article of food not suited to his constitution, and will need a dose of Chamberlain's Stomach and Liver Tablets to cleanse and invigo rate his stomach and regulate his liver and bowels. When this Is done there Is no reason why the average man should not live to old age. For sale by D. P. A damson. For Sale Grain, alfalfa and baled hay for sale. Will deliver by load or sell In stack. Inquire of Omar Claypool, at C. W. Elklns' store. Notice for Publication Department of the Interior, Land Office at The Dalles, Oregon, December 7, 1907 Notice is hereby given that Mary E. Vanderpool, Guardian of Joh B. Vanderpool, Insane. of Prineville. Oregon, has filed notice of her intention to make final hve-year proof in support of his claim, viz: Homestead Entry No. 11924 made Dee. 19, 1902, for the Lot 1, NEJi NWX and NJ NE of Sec. 30, Tp. 14 south, range 16 east, W. M., and that said proof will be made before the County Clerk, at Prineville, Oregon, January 23, 1908. She names the following witnesses to prove his continuous residence upon, and cultivation oi. tne land, viz: J. w. Elliott, Harnuel J. Newsom, and Julia McDaniels, all of Prineville, Oregon, and Oeorge 8. Miller, of Lamonta, Oregon. 12-1', 0. W. MOORE. Register. Timber Land, Act June 3, 178 Notice for Publication. United States Land Office, The Pallea, Oct ., SeptemWr 21st, 1907 Notice ia hereby itiven that in eompli ance with the provision of the act ol Coinrress of J una 3. 1S78. enlilKl "An act lor the sale of tinilxr land In tne States of California, Oregon. Sevada, and Washington Territory," as ex tended to all the Public Laud Stales by act of August 4. 1892, Kachol L. .Vila ml. Portland, county of Multnomah, State of Oregon, has this day tile, I tn this office her sworn statement, No. 4:tt3. for the purchase of the SKV SKi of Sec. 9, NWfc and 8V SV ol nec. tu. in l v to eiium. raura in w,, W. M., and ill offer proof to show that the land sought I more valuable for its timber or stone than for. agricultural purposes, and to establish ber claim to said land before the County Clerk, at Prineville, Oregon, on the 13th day ol January. llSIH. She unmet aa witnesses: t mines ,n Charlton. L. K. Hudson, ol Prineville, Oregon, Ella A. Kenyon, Cecil tvenyon of Kedmond, Oregon. Any ana all persona claiming an versely the almve-described lands are requested to tile their claim in mis office on- or before said 13th day of January, 1908. 10-31p U. W. atuoitr., negister. Contest Notice Department ol the interior, liuitcu Stall's liul OlDce Th thtllt,s. flrfimti. iVlotwr 21. 1307. A sufficlviu could sllhlsvlt lisvlng been Sled lu llilsoltlie ly H,.ri w. iwcnom. rontrstsnt, aQalnat lninwitcl entry No. HT7, mailt- nvemijcr a, i, P'r ' BV4 yv H'. it. Iii. 14 amith. rHK U east, . H Long & Snoderly Dealers in Fine Wine, Liquors snd Rrs. We handle the celebrated Sedgwick Whisky, noted for its rich, mellow flavor. Sole agents for Hop Gold Beer and the famous Napa S4da. Trado Solicited. Reception I i 1 3 2 SMITH A CLKEK, Proi'SU-twiiii $ Domestic and Imported Liquors, Wines & and Cigars COUNTRY OUDKUS SOL1C1TK1) $ Poet Office Hox 02 MAIN STREET PRINEVILLE, OKEOON aaiifcji4UJUJfcMfc,-fci-i-"i r,-j dK1 li llt, H Klllnirr l?lllMlce. in which It l..l Uial aslil Jlllllis II. KtllllScr hu wlll'll .i...,.i,,nc,l ulil trai l: that m(iI tract Is not sclildt "lion anil onlltvsleil by salil irl as remilmt b law; that no rosMcuce ha brn emaliltliril on salil claim br him slm-e Ills ap plication ws mails and that no linprovemenu ol any ilccrlitlon are on ssld traci: thatsaiil .ll.,.l KlMt'itce wmm not duo to hliemtilov. mem in the army, narjr or marine corps ol Ihe United Slates In time ol war. Said parlies ere heri-hr uollhiil U appear. n-SM,iid and oltur evidence touehtna said sllcioilon si lu o'clock a m. on lhN'iiil'r IS. Iar7, bdore Warren Hrowa, county clerk, at his olWce In Frlnnirllle, OreKiin, snd that Dual hcarina will be held al 10 o'clock a. m. on Ikwemher'M, Its'!, bclnre the Keslnlcr and R.icIvit at the United Duties Land Office In The palles, Orcon. The said conlolant havltiK, In a proper affidavit, tiled October 21, 1W7, set lorth laiU which show thsl slier due dlllKenee personal service ol this nutlra can not Iw made. It Is hereby ordered and directed that sm h notice be given by due and proper publication. U-7p V. W. MOoKB, Keaister. r.i l J n LJ n LJ ri l. J n .1 r.i LJ r.i LJ r.i LJ r-i L J LJ r.t LJ LJ Timber Land, Act June 3, 1878. Notite for Pablicatiea United States Land OfHce, The Dalles, Oregon, September 17, 1907. Notice H hereby given iiiai in com pliance with the provisions of the act of Congress of June T, 1878, entitled "An act for tne sale oi timoer ianas in the States of California, Oregon, Nevada, and Washington Territory," as ex tended to all the Public Laud States by act of August 4, 181)2, Mary M. Hansen, of Redmond, county of Crook, otate of Oregon, hag this day filed in thin office her sworn statement, rxo. itii., ior me purchaHeof the SKJ 8E of Sec. 10, NEJi NEM and 8 NKof Sec. 15, in Tp. 13 south, range 15 eant, W. M. and will otter proof to snow inai tne lanu sought in more valuable for its timber or atone than for agricultural purpoaeB. anl to eatablixh ber claim to auid land before the county clerk, at Prineville, Oregon, on the 13th day of December, 1907. ' . She name as witneBftea: Fine Woods, Walter Gillespie, John O. Han sen and Burt A. Kendall, all of Ked mond, Oregon. " Any and all persons claiming adversely the above-described lands are requested to file their claims in this office on or before said 13th day of December, 1907. 10-10 C. W. MOORE, KegiHter. Contest Notice Department of the Interior United States Land Office, The Dallea, Oregon, October tl, 1907. A sufficient contest affidavit having been filed in this office by Joseph 11. Crooks, contestant, auainst homestead entry No. Il:t77. made Auifimt 20. 1H02. for N SWi, BW'H BWK, KWWNWJj, Sei. 12, Tpl4 south, range, 18 enst, W.M. bv Pearl Chamberlain Contestee, in which ltlsal!ei:el that said Pearl Chamber lain has wholly abandoned said tract for more than six months last past: that said tract is not settled upon an cultivated by said party as required by law: that said alleged absence was not due to her employment in the army navv or marine corpi of the United States in time of war. Said parties are hereby notified to appear, respond anil offer evidence touching said allegation at 10 o'c lock a. m. on December 10, 1907, before Warren Brown, county clerk, at hin office in Prineville. Oregon, and that final hearing will be held at 10 o'clock a, m. on December 17, 1507, before the Itegmter and Receiver at tne United States Land , Office In ihe Dullna. Oreuon. The said conteBtant navin, in a prop- ... .. 11 ... er amuavii, nieu uciooer w, iwi, forth facts which show that alter uue diligence personal service ol tins notice can not be made, it is hereby ordered and directed that such notice ue given by due Bnd proper publication. 10-31 C. W. MOORE, Register. Hay Ranch for Sale Good hay ranch for sale on upper Ochoco at $10 per acre. 120 acres of land well watered; quite a lot of good timber on place. Inquire of E. M. PIEItSON, Prineville, Ore. 11-7 Notice For Publication. Department of the Interior, Land Office at The Dallea, Ore., . October 30, 1907. Notice is hereby given that a A.iu.,,1. fnmipr v AnnftMafKI 1 1 ! 1 1, JIM....... ; J . . t. t ti Iirh hied notice of her intention to make final live-year proof i ,,r,rw,rtf her claim, vis: Homestead entry No. 11440 made September 8, 1902, for the k NEJ, K&X and ec. 8, tp. 15 outh, range 17 east, W. M. and that said proof will be made before the tounty on January cierk at Prineville, Oregon 'She names the following witnesses to prove her continuous residence upon, and Alma Morris, Stephen W. Yancey, Churles Feuerhelin, and Abel W. Morford all of Prineville, Oregon. . ll-7pd 0. W. MOORE, Register. House and lot for ealo cheap. Pali n J W. Horisan or D. F. Stewart. Ocsert Land, Final Proof, Notica for Publication. United (Hates Land OlUce, The Dalles, Ore., Oct. 80, 107. v,...l. t. ku.l.v thRt ..." ?"?L '.?., S:..il.n ..I M.rths A. Rllhle WHlier i, nuum.1".'"' , , . ot Culver, Crook County, Oregon, lias tiled n.tllcM Ol ltlieilLlOIl lO rf.,-..ri.lnd elalm No. m. lor the W4 u.u. ik Ti. 14 soutn. ranne iz east, vy. m before County CleTa at rrineviiio, uibkuu oi, January 4, 1WIS. " , He names the following witnesses to prove tlie complete Irrigation and reclamation of said land: . ..,. , jamiM A. WoHt. Sidney E. West, James Vox. all of O'Nell. Orciton, and John C Donaldson otClliio Falls, Oronon. ll-asp 0. W. MOOKK, Register. Notice to Creditors. Notice Is horcliv given, by the undersigned the administrator of the estate of Fred P. Anderson, deceased, to all persons having elHlms against the estate of the said Kred P. Anderson to present the same with the proper vouchers to (lie undersigned at his oltice In Prineville, Oregon, within six months ,1 the first publication oi mis nonce. Dated this ltlday of Bent., J907. Administrator of the estate of Fred P. Andor- son, deceased. Rolled bailey, lowest cash at J. E. Stewart it Co. price The 0'Neil Restaurant MILLER BUILDING, PRINEVIUlsE, OREGON First Clau Meals 25c and Up Fresh Oysters and Fish in Season SMELZER&ELLEFSON, Props. r,.i LJ r..i nn CJ r.i LJ LJ on U p,a LJ ra LJ rn LJ nci LJ r..i LJ pel LJ L'JUJLiJL;jLJUJUJUJLjUL.JLiJDJUJf Li LJ LJ r.rt LJ r.n L J r,.i LJ L,rJ LJ LJ n L J LJ n LJ LJ r.,i L J LJ UJUJLiiJIJUyiJUijUJLiijUUUUUlJUUUiJ Seneral ffilacfcsmithing II0B8K8HOKINQ, Wood Wokk, etc., Neatly and Pkomptly Donr When it is Donk By : : : Stoberl TIfooro Satisfaction Will Be Guaranteed Prineville, Okkoon. LiUJ yiJljUBUfciULiULiyiuiJLiUlJULJIiJfciiJfciMV hmumhkiiii""" lrlrtsl Shingles, Mouldings, Windows, Doors, Glasses, Etc Etc., Etc. SHIPP&PERRY a PRINEVILLE, OKEUON K4 Cc2;G3;ri2CE THE HAMILTON STABLES T. F. BUCHANAN, Proprietor PRINEVILLE, OREGON Stock boarded by the day, week or month at Reasonable rates. Remember us when in Prineville. Rates Reasonable. We have Fine Livery Rigs For Rent L'J rn L J nn L J na LJ rsn LJ nn LJ nn LJ nn LJ nn UJ rn LJ US nn LJ nn LJ nn LJ nn LJ nn uy 1 J