Water Mipplf Kriourcr ol Rw
Vork l!Uy.
What will probably interest the
averago Now Yorkt'r more than
any of the geologic facts published
by the United ftutos Ooloie Pur
vey in the recently ismcd New
York City Geologic Folio (No S3),
. is the description of the New York
"water supply by Mr. II. A. Pressoy,
which concludes the text of the
1 folio.
The first municipal supply in
New York was provided in IT!)!',
when tha city, having a opahi
tion of 60,000 purchased 2,000
shares of the stock of the Manhat
tan Company, and this company
constructed a well 25 feet in di
ameter and 30 feet deep, in Center
street, and pumped the water to a
tank on Chambers street, from
which it was distributed through
pipes made of bored logs. The
population and the demand for
water increased so rapidly that
greater supply was required, and
in 1830 the city constructed a well
at Thirteenth Street near Broad
way, 60 feet in diameter and 112
feet deep, 97 feet being through
rock. At 110 feet belnw the surface
two lateral galleries were tunnelled
out from the main Well, each 75
feet long. The water, which was
very hard, amounted to somewhat
over 10,000 gallons a day, and was
conveyed in cast-iron pipes over a
portion of the city. The Manhat
tan Company also sunk a well at
Broadway and Blvckcr street, 442
feet deep, through rock, which
yielded 44,000 gallons a day. Four
years later the city drilled a hun
dred feet deeper in the Thirteenth
street well, increasing the supply
to 21,000 gallons a day, and at
about the 6ame time a well was
dug at Jefferson Market, 30 feet
deep, from which some water was
derived.
The supply from these various
sources was so limited, however,
that 1,600 hogsheads of water were
brought in daily from wells in the
' country and sold, and 1,415 hogs
heads of water were daily imported
from wells in Brooklyn to supply
shipping. A plan for procuring
water from the Croton river was
adopted by the Common Council
in 1S35 and ratified by popular
vote. Construction was begun at
once, and water was introduced
into the city through tne Croton
Aqueduct in 1842. In 1883 the
Legislature created an independent
Aqueduct Commission, and in
1884 construction of a new aque
duct was begun under this commis
sion. This new aqueduct has a
capacity of 290,000,000 gallons a
day and began the delivery of wa
ter in 1890. In 1891 the Aqueduct
Commission wrs reorganized, and
is now engaged in the conctruction
of a storage reservoir which would
probably have been completed in
1903 had not recent changes in de
sign delayed its completion about
two years. When this reservoir
shall be put in service, probably
in 1905, it is thought that the en
tire practicable yield of the Croton
watershed will be available for the
use of New York City.
At the present time there are
seven reservoirs in the Croton
watershed (including the Cornell,
now constructing), which, with
certain natural lakes that have
been made tributary to the Croton
Bupply, drain an aggregate water
shed of 360 square miles and have
a total Btorage capacity of 73,736
million gallons. In addition Jto
this, a supply has been introduced
from the Byram Riveis, yielding
about 17 million gallons a day.
Originally this was used in part
by the Borough of the Bronx, the
surplus being delivered to New
York; but at present the demand
by the Borough of the Bronx is
greater than the eupply from these
two small basins, so that in addi
tion to this, about 10 or 12 million
gallons a day are now furnished to
the Borough of Bronx.
Brooklyn had no public water
supply until after its population
reached 200,000. In 1859 a pub
lic system was completed by the
city, the supply being taken from
ponds and streams on the south
side of Long Island, east of the
city. Since that time the yield of
r . . t" , : ,
b iriace waior nas neen suppn
meuted by pumping ground water
from driwn wells along the line of
the conduit which conveys the wa
tor from the ponds, and a further
supply is furnishod by water ob
tained from wolis at two" punming
stations in the southern part of the
city. Three private corporations
furnish water, drawn from wells,
for portions of Brooklyn. The en
tire supply of the borough i:
pumped either into reservoirs or
directly into the mains.
The Borough of Queens has only
a small supply, obtained from
wells and pumped directly into the
mains, the works being owned
partly by the city and partly by
private corporations.
The borough of Richmond has a
small supply derived from wells
About 5.89 per cent of the total
water supply of Greater New Y'ork
is furnished by private companies,
these companies depending solely
upon ground-water sources.
It is thus shown that the present
water supply of New York is ob
tained, from four general sources:
First, the watershed of the Croton
River; second, the watersheds of
the Bronx and Byram rivere;
third, the watersheds of a series of
small streams on the southern
shore of Long Island; fourth, the
ground water which is found
underlying a stratum of clay on
Long Island and on Staten Island
The present demand is danger
ously close to the capacity of the
sources now available, and within
the next few years this demand
Jiust be met by a materially in
creased supply. In considering
these future demands of the city,
several additional sources have
been suggested, some of which are
briefly considered in the folio,
namely, Housatonic River, Ten
mile River, Wallkill River, Rond
out Creek, Esopus Creek and Cats
kill Creek, the Hudson River or
some of its upper tributaries, Lake
George, Lake Champlain, and the
Great Lakes.
The water supply of the New
Jersey cities within the limits of
this quadrangle iB also briefly dis
cussed. The contents of the New York
Folio are as follows: 19 large
sheets of descriptive text; 4 Topo
graphic sheets, on the scale on one
mile to an inch, with 20-foot con
tours; 4 Historical Geology sheets,
showing the areal distribution of
the underlying rocks and also
quarries, mines, gravel-pits, clay
beds, etc.; 4 Surficial Geology
sheets, showing the areal distribu
tion of the surficial deposits, with
special reference to the deposits.
left by the ice sheet; 1 Structure
Section sheet for the Harlem area,
with 7 cross-sections; 2 sheets of
photographic illustrations, show
ing the Palisades of the Hudson,
the Falls of the Passaic, glaciated
rock surfaces in Bronx Park, and
the columnar structure of the ba
salt lavas of the Watchung Moun
tains; and 12 figurts, distributed
through the text, among them a
map of North America showing the
extent of the ice sheet, a sketch
map showing the position of the
ice front across Greater New York
City, and a map showing the Ap
palachian sea during the Cambrian
period.
This folio should be of great
value to the secondary and higher
schools, containing, as it dies,
within brief compass so muebma
terial not otherwise available out
Bide of the resources of the larger
libraries of the country.
strikes a Hich Kind.
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debility," writes F. J. Green, of Lan
caster, N. H., "No remedy heiped me
until I began using Electric Bittern,
which did me more good thnn all the
medicines I ever used. They have
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for years. She says Electric Bitters
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that the are a grand tonic an in
vigorator for weak, run down women.
Soother medicine can ake its pi ace
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WII.lT AKK lltiVI'? M WIIYV
I'vw I'oliiu on tho t'Utc Point tn
riMilun mid W hat liilriiiii"iiu
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Generally speaking there is the
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the great Kimball of Chicago, the i
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piano made. One that
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Mi:..'.4'J7.ff:. i
isipli
A BHAVE DESEIITER.
BY BDWAHI) II. CLARK.
"What's that you ?" mid 8t rgt. Took,
ai ht k it-k i'tl tliv mow off tin boot nml wit
down by tlif fin? m tliu littlv womlcu ihnrk
that ditj duty fur Iwrrw'ks. "You my there
never wiu any gimd in a dwrtrf Well,
youVtt miawd it by jut one, and htivo mnd
u four inatead of a bull' y. Didn't you
fivor lu-ar tvii ol Jim .H'lisuii, of '1 troop, of
l tie iwvltthT Jim wai a dcnrtir. mi Waah
uitfUm piHtple Mid, but Jim 1ov-h1 llm linn
ami tin tluty to it better than nmu tnitln
of tha fflluwa who itrvv tlivir full yaara
i.iui then gut lvt out with Uncle Nvm i
t lunik and a until bit of money tm-ry
month for life.
"What niadv him diwrl? Well, whul
'.imiul milk? an old noldier dtwrt but
v '"-in! Sit me poet or tit her onea tuhi
iliout a fellow who hud been tvmj-U-d nil
kimU of wnyi. Money eouldn t uet him
(jlory couldn't net him; mithin' could gel
lam, to all the win one thought, and lie
tM him. or. (i the verne U:;er put tt, 'wom
an temptrd And he fell.'
"Jim wu in tho ierv.ee 2fl ywtrt before h
truck his Hug to n petticoat. Kike ill (horn)
tehMWH, w.ien tie got hit he w hit no bud
tlmt none of your nurgeon who ar up in
mat ten of M-iitimeut cmld nroU' and get
out the bullet, or perlmim I'd better m.v ar
row, for titul' the kind of ammunition the
little rliap who 'iot Jim ue. You toe,
Jim mis ni)ili onto M u liru he got hi igiiti
!i ml aiHi It fid on to tlim pretty young ciru
tiire with btoiuiv linir, blue even ami pmk
ctieckn. it always the way with the old
fellow, when they get itm-k on aninething
uuing. It gie hnrd nidi them. You tee,
the girl had heuid how it wait that Jim had
. alway been tendy, had never wen the in-
'utf of 'the null' exiept n a inejiibrr of Hip
K:ird, ami. moreover, how Jie had IM.UW
ur.iwn.g lour per ernt. with the pnyniuNter,
"Jim nlwnyi weut into a tight In win, nml
he got on to the track of that girl ami hung
to it jut n he did to the Kui'n trail don
in the Apache country wVn T troop wa
cMrtii:g that red devil through the Ainonn
hell. The girl led Juu for a while coquet
tish tike. jtit to make lure of him. I gucM,
1 dttn't iuppe tie ever oared a rap fur hint,
but the wa of a kind to whom Jim" little
pot of money and hi retired pay meant a
heap.
"Jim wann't any beauty. He looked like
one of thia art tut fellow Keinirtgton'o pic
ture of tin fellow. All mimic and bone,
hut a thtn aa the company couk'a oup
when the beef doenii't ahow up. Moreover,
Jim had a fear on hi fare that n deep
en,Mig'i to drop a Spnngtield eirtritlge tu,
Me g.H it .thing with a medal of honor when
r-.e w:m trying to nve a kid trumpeter from
being gnliUrd up bv the Si.uix out on the
fttebud. Tne medal of honor didn't mean
anything to that girl. It might to muup
who wear nkit't, but not to one of her kind.
"WV'tl. fiiKiIlv we all thpugitt ti'ut Jim li.id
cjraled her all ngSt. It wot giwn out tlmt
the Twell'tV chaplain wa going to hare a
j.,b tyi't: the two up. None oi the boyneon
nr:itii!;i. f Inn too hrarty, bevmn-e inot of
tl.cm Kij-.ed tie athir up right, ami
wouldn't h.ve it that the ifirl wan good
f'H'iiikth f.-r Jim I1et:m. She mi'..t If all
rijr'-.t for n rookie, but not for an old fel
low who had eeen more campaign than the
Kill Ud year. 1 otig ii to have told you be
fore t.-at thi particular petticoat watvuit
ing at tiie post, She came from down Iowa
way sor.irwl c e.
One night gave it out that he wa go
ing home, and that Jim mutt go down there
for tlie uplieitig. Nlie cleared out, and in a
few day after the old fellow get a furlough
and clein out, too. following the trad, an we
heard after, way down to Iowa. Now, you
mil rt jut get hold of t ht fact. Jim was kind
of a piou rhnp, but he loved the flag better
than. any Bible that wai ever printed, but
for a "Sort time that giri wa above the
flag. J.m wn juftt crazy for her. The tory
ta that the wouldn't come hntlt, and
wouldn't marry him utilew he quit the army
then and there. Jim tried to quit through
the regular red tape channel, but they
wouldn't have it down in Wimhington.
"Jim Hcnon. veteran, medal of honor
man, f'nrhter in a hundred lig'itu, lover of hi
Hag utid country, and a good a aoldier a
ever wore tpinrteriiKi!er't hoc. deserted,
and deserted for a petticoat. I foigot toaay
that J.m got hi wad of nionty from the
payma-ter before hi have wa up.
"There wr.s another deccr-finn in wide of a
m mth after J: in quit the c dor. Thi time
i woman did the denertitig, though a M
,iiw helped her to do it, and along with the
worn in and the fellow went Jim' money.
I don't njptoe during the honeymoon ti e
full f,re of what he had done went home
to the bull' eye with dim. It went home,
however, when the girl quit. Jim wanted
to lie mnntated in the aervice. He wan
willing to toke the heaviet penalty for ab
sence without leave, hut he knew now how
it Mt to be a deserter, and mure than that,
he remembered how til good aoldier dc
tpiitc a fellow who quit.
"Jim'a heart win clean broke. He got in
communication with hi old captain mme
how, and lie tried to work the thing through
the dexirtment for Jim, hut there'd been a
heap of deM-rtiona about that time, and de
spite Jim'a medal and hi 25 yearn with nary
a 'blind' nor a day in 'the null' ag:iint him,
the honorable, the itcretary of war taid if
Jim waa caught he must take hii medicine.
"It wa rumored around old Kort John
son that Jim had been seen on the edge of
the wood looking at the old place and aeeni
ing kind of wiidiike. One night one of the
old iiiartermater ihack got on fir. It
wa jnat before target practice season, and
the building had a dozen bigboxeaof ammu
nition in it. There was a pretty stiff wind
blowing, and it looked ta if the barracks
ind a lot of other thing would go. If tlmt
tuff had exploded the other building would
have gone sure,. The fire was fairly eating
around those boxes and the fellows fought
shy of the flame a little, good soldier stuff
though they were.
"All at 'once while the crowd was bear
ing back somebody jumped clean through
the line and piurnp into the fire. He grabbed
a box and threw it out clear of the blaze,
and then another and another, though the
Ha me were burning hi clothe and going
up wreathlike about hi head.
"When he had done the buiinea clean
and good the man jumped out of the flames
and ran to the wood. Weil, I guest you
know who it wa. it was Jim lien ion. We
found him dead next day in a thicket, but
the cunou part of the matter was that
Jim' body wa wrapped in an old garrison
Hag that had been pinned about him by the
lait effort of those poor burned hand. Jim
thought, you see, that, deserter though he
was, if he did thia they might bury him
with the ring.
"Did they do it? Yea, and gave him the
regulation three rounds over the grave and
the best prayer that the old chaplain knew
how to pray.
"Boys, I've been 29 year in the aervice.
I've only got one year before I retire, but
as ure a drill call sound in decent weath
er I'm going to fight shy of petticoat till the
next 12 month art up."Cbicao Heoord-Herald.
SMITH'S
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Special attention given to Wool trade. First Class laling
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Stock yards with all tlio lntest'nnd lest facilities for hnnd.
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Agents for tho Wasco Warehouse Milling Co. "Whito
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