STATE BOUNDARY
LINES AT FAULT
Jay Walker to Blame for
Half of the Deaths by Auto
Auto Tragedies Increase as
Other Travel Is Made Safer
Errors Run From Hundreds
of Acres to Many
Square Miles.
■
Washington, D. C.—"Work recently
t-egun to check up the condition of
monuments marking the straight line
boundary between New York and
Pennsylvania, and to find how far the
line varies from its proper position,
brines to attention only one of the
scores of 'boundary skeletons* tn the
national closet." says a bulletin from
the Washington (D. 0.) headquarters
of the Rational Geographic society.
|
I “It la probably safe to say that not ’
one of the forty eight states is now |
administering exactly the territory ,
which supposedly belongs to It." con
tinues the bulletin. "In some cases the
differences are only matters of bnn-
dreds or thousands of acres, but in
others they must be measured by hun
dreds of square mllea These faulty
boundaries are for the most part ac
cepted now, especially In the states
longest settled; but the agreements
have not all been reached quietly.
There have been scores of disputes be
tween neighboring states and terri
tories, dozens of lawsuits have been
brought before the Supreme court, and
In one or two cases bitterness has been
so great that civil war has seemed on
the verge of breaking out.
"The chief difficulty is In drawing
¡straight lines. Anyone can draw a
straight Une on a piece of paper. He
ican construct a reasonably straight
edged flower bed or driveway. But
try to lay ont a straight Une some
miles or hundreds of miles long on
the face of the earth, over hill and
dale, valley and mountain, and yon
are faced by a vastly more difficult
problem.
"Many of the supposedly east and
west Unes between the colonies, later
inherited as boundaries by the states,
were laid out with no other Instrument
than the magnetic compass. The di
rection in which the needle pointed
varied as the surveyor advanced; but
In some cases no account was taken
■of this, and In others Inaccurate cor
rections were applied. The Unes, in
stead ef being straight and running
In a true east and west direction, were
traced somewhat like rail fences be-
Vweea their terminal points, or struck
■off from the true direction at an angle
and had to be brought back at inter-
vala by offsets.
Plumb Lines Cause Errors.
"later when better Instruments, as-
treoomicai methods, and higher mathe
matics were used the errors in running
l<oudary lines were greatly reduced.
-An absolutely accurate Une hundreds
of miles long through rough country
has never yet been marked out on the
earth's surface, however, and probably
never will be—chiefly because survey
ing instruments depend on plumb Une
or spirit level to establish perpendicu-
LUrs, and these indicators vary with
differences In density of the rocks
from place to place. The closest ap
proach to accuracy has been made by
the Triangulation system.’ which the
United States coast and geodetic sur
vey has extended over a great part of
the United States. Errors still crop
up, but they are almost negligible. It
Is this triangulation system which has
disclosed many of the rather glaring
Inaccuracies of the earlier boundary
surveys.
“A number of boundary difficulties
have arisen because of mistakes In
¡geography. Thus the, first boundary
treaty between Great Britain and the
United States In 1782 provided that
the northern boundary of the United
States should run from Lake of the
Woods 'on a due west course to the
river Mississippi’—e physical Impossi
bility This error had to be adjusted
later but the tiny projection of United
States territory Into Canada at the
95th meridian—like the sight on a
rifle barrel—is a monument to the
mistake.
"Another error that led to trouble
was the belief that an east-west Une
through the southern extremity of
Lake Michigan would cut Lake Erle at
or north of the latter’s western end.
The extension of Indiana and Ohio
several miles north of this old east-
weet Une testifies to the correction
that had to be made. The shifting of
the Ohio Une north, incidentally, was
one of the boundary matters that came
near causing civil war. Militia from
both Ohio and Michigan were mobil
ized near the disputed territory in
1835 and bloodshed was avoided by
the narrowest margin.
“One of the most peculiar state
boundaries In the United States Is the
northern line of Delaware, which Is
the arc of a circle nicked out of the
southeastern comer of Pennsylvania.
J..lying out the Delaware boundaries
'ias a rather difficult problem in
geometry and surveying combined
"While the north Une Is an arc of a
Circle drawn from the center of the
town of Newcastle with a twelve mile
radiu the west Une Is in the main a
tangent to the circle from the mid
point of a base Une In the south be
tween the Atlantic ocean and Chesa
peake bay.
Mason and Dixon Line.
"No boundary Une Is more famous
than the 'Mason and Dixon Une,’ which
divides the North and the South. It
Is the southern boundary of Pennsyl
vania and the northern boundary of
Maryland. It takes Its name from
Jeremiah Mason and Charles Dixon,
two famous mathematicians sent from
England to survey the boundary. The
dine established by Mason and Dixon
I
I
form ReinIndore
H. P Railway Go.
TIME TABLE
Effective bepl. 7.
Trains will arrive we follow•.
To Portlaihl
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
356
854
358
352
360
No
No.
No.
No.
No.
351
367
360
353
355
5 A3
8.37
11:18
2:10
6 32
A M
A M.
II II
1*. M.
II
••
From Roitluid
0:33 A. M.
11 10 » 1 II
2|4O 1’. M.
« 00 Il II
7 13 »1 It
Special, Sunday only 8 :0A p tn
Dayton Rooming
House
jLffANY a motorist whose car has figured In a fatal accident will be able
to present a clear sheet to Salut Peter when hie time comes, when one
considers ail the contributing factors outside of the driver’s own fault. A total
ef 1.8M) auto fatalities on record with the Stewart-Warner Safety Couucll for the
prevention of automobile accidents, covering a period of seven mouths,
shows that in 727 cases the fault was clearly the pedeetrian's and cannot
be put down to the driver, the weather or unavoidable circumstances
The careless pedestrian's footsteps lead him to the grave by six distinct
routes, says the Safety Council, and the most travel-worn of these is jay
walking. Sixty-two per cent of the 727 auto fatalities just referred to were due
to streaking across busy streets without using the intersections. Children’s
playing In the streets was responsible for 31 per cent and coasting for another
3 per cent. Confusion on the part of the pedestrian, not bearing whistles and
turning back In his tracks, brought about 0 per cent of these 727 deaths, while
physical disability and Intoxication rate 3 and 2 per cent respectively.
rallroud tragedies and street cur accidents in the United Slates
W HILE
have gradually been diminishing In the last ten years, the sunual toll
[
।
,
,
’
REST HEPS ON EARTH
Prop.
Mr» C E Maule,
exacted by automobile casualties Is steadily mounting, says the Stewart-
Warner Safety Council for the prevention of automobile accident- ltalh<»id
accidents have been cut more than one-third, or from 12,520 In t!<r< to so ? m
in 1923, the latest government figures available Street car fnliilllles also
have been cut down one third or from 3.080 In 1913 to. 2.000 ton u-nr- Inlet
Automobile deaths, on the other hand, have Increumil »vet live fold
Against the 3.822 deirtlis In 1013 we have 16.452 In 1023. and the score la
growing each year.
Cure, mure cure and still more care. Is the solution of this national
problem. The pedestrian must be always on the alert and its spry a» it kan
garoo, if he Is to keep out of harm’s way. and the driver for bla purt must
never relax'Ids vigilance for a moment win* human Ilves are St Ids mere»
Auto
insurance
ask for rates
Zero Hours of Automobile
Accidents, 4, 5 and 8 P. M.
C. S. LEWIS, Auicsr
R F. D No. 2
Dayion, Oregon
Phone DxIO
Youth of Nation Tops Death
List in U. S. Auto Fatalities
Something S|wcial in
Collision Coverage
I \ gpangfe I
BARKER SHOP
âôiiefl' Jyiircutting
Agency for Newlwrg Laundry
5:00 P. M
4:00 P. M.
5:00 P. M.
NE thousand and thirty of Chicago’s 11,785 auto accidents Inst year,
according to the Stewart-Waruer Safety Council for the prevention of
automobile accidents, occurred between five and six o'clock, just when con
gestion is at its worst In the home-going rush. Only 47 of these 1.030 acci
dents were fatal.
Four o’clock is the children's zero hero. Thirty-three of the 1R2 children
killed by autos In Chicago last year came to grief at four o'clock, playing in tbs
streets after school.
$even to nine Is the dangerous time for adult auto fatalities, according
to Chicago's 1924 record. Eighty six of 353 such deaths occurred around tiie
theater going hours.
O
•
Dayton,
Oregon.
INSURANCE
Fire. Theft, Embezzlement, and
Life. We can- for your every need.
J. L. Sherman & Son
Dayton,
-
Oregon
Dr. 0. 0. Goodrich
DENTIST
Office Phone Red 49
$600,000,000 a Year Loss
Caused by Auto Accidents
lf«axh life
is worth
-Then 2 2, coo lives
* 113,000,000
If non-fatal
injuries each cost
Oregon.
...
Dayton
^70UTH pays the heaviest toll In annual automobile fatalities. From five
to fifteen years Is the period when the greatest number of fatal accidents
occtrr, for both sexes. The chart shows the age distribution of automobile
deaths for men and women as given in the latest mortality figures prepared
by the government These figures, says the Stewart-Warner Safety Council
for the prevention of automobile accidents, emphasize the need for more
playgrounds and increased safety education among school children.
Complete statistics are not possible, as only 86 per cent of the United
States keeps mortality records About 22.000 a year Is generally conceded to
be the annual number of automobile fatalities. For 8,021 males known to hove
been killed In one year there were only a third as many women, or 2.845. It
spite of the fact that the male population Is only 4 per cent greater than the
female.
This chart does not take Into consideration the 660.000 Americans who
are Injured annually by automobiles. Such figures are not available except In
certain states, but that boys and girls again make up the bulk of such
casualties Is Indicated by the r-cords of New York state kept for the first
nine months of 1925. Here 11 '68, or practically one-third of the 38,392
Injured, were under fifteen years of age.
II W. Burnard, M. D.
Physician
Phone Red "Ji,
Day ton, Orel on .
—
■ '
1
O. B. Ahdlll
Having installed u Landi»Stitcher
and Finisher, we are prepared to
do all shoe repairing with neat-
nusr.
Dayton,
-
Oregon.
CARAVAN of death and suffering 660 miles long la what the annual auto
mobile casualties of the United States would form if placed In one
continuous line. From New York to Detroit, painful mile on painful mile,
this ghastly, and pathetic human chain would reach. This graphic picture,
prepared by Xhe Stewart-Warner Safety Council for the prevention of automo
bile accidents, tells Its own story. Twenty two thousand killed annually by
automobiles and 660,(100 Injured Is the present toll caused by thoughtless
drivers and careless pedestrians. Only a small per cent of the accidents
are due to defects in the cars or can rightly ha called unavoidable.
A
One Death Per 1000 Autos
in a Year Is Record of U. S.
Ladd’s Funeral Home
To Serve Ha ma nit y Metter
• Day and Night Phone Blue 90
McMinnville,
Oregon
E. L. Gorsline
Cererai Shoe and Harnces
Repairing
Shop next door to Arcade theatre
Day ton
Oregon
. - Then 6 70,000Injuries =♦ 116,650,000
Stork Brings Russian
Peasants More Land
jÿ Property damage for
auto accident
costs
-Then 700.000 accidents 1350,000,000
50
OTAL COST OF ACCIDENTS ♦ 5ÔI.650.000
irr***! wAANgj» AuroMO«iL> »AFrrv
to $600,000,000 a year is the annual economic loss due to automobile
C LOSE
accidents, both fatal and non-fatal. This appalling sum Is only an estimate,
as no complete figures on the number of automobile accident» in the United
States are available, but It hus been conservatively estimated that 22,600 lose
their lives each year by automobiles, and $5,000 a human life Is the lowest
value put on It by economists.
Of non-fatal accidents 678.000 occur annually, causing average cost of
$175. Then, each accident averages |50 property damage, Insurance records
show. This makes the staggering total of $581,650,000 a year.
No account Is taken hero, points out the Stewart-Werner Safety Council
for the prevention of automobile accidents, of the economic value of time
loss by the Injured due to delays caused by accidents or to minor property
values, such ns bent fenders, expense Incurred while motor vehicles, par
ticularly the commercial ones, are out of service, due to accidents. Were
all these taken Into the reckoning, the total figure would surely be doubled,
or around $1,113,750,000.
Some Idea of the enormity of this economic loss, most of which Is avoid
able, can be gained by such relationships as these: It Is twice the cash
Income of the 1928 wheat crop; it Is equal to about one-third of the much-
discussed French debt to this country; and, finally, this loss would buy the
•ntlxe city of Chicago at Its pt esent realty assessmant valuation.
Moscow Every woman In the town
of Zarubovo, Smolensk province, Is ex-
pcctlng a visit from the stork.
At least that Is what thn women
¡ Wore when a hind surveyor visited the
town to supervise the distribution of
lurid. The sudden discovery of the
prospective Increase In the birth rate
may have been due, It whs suggested,
WM..II» AOTOMOS-UI «Arm COUNCIL
to the fact that under the Husshin
Z^NE out of n thousand Is the relationship between the annual automobile land law every peasant Is entitled to
fatalities and the number of motor vehicles In this country, according an additional share of land for every
to the Ktewart-Warner Safety Council for the prevention of automobile new member of his family.
accidents, which has undertaken a strenuous campaign of automobile safety I
The surveyor decided to postpone
and accident prevention.
f his allotments waiting for the stork
And for every fatality there are at least 28 accidents serious enough to returns, but meantime he ruled that If
get on record. This does not take Into consideration minor sprains and bruises the prospective mothers bore twins oil
or people suffering from nervous shock as the result of being in an automobile triplets the added share of land wouldl
be the same as though only single'
accident.
To appreciate what a vast army of killed and Injured Is annually con babies were born.
The land law Is said to account part
scripted by the reckless motorist and careless pedestrian, a comparison may
be made with American casualties In the great war. Over a third as many ly for the Increased birth rate noted
people are killed annually by the automobile as there were American soldiers among peasant families since the coun
killed on the field of battle during the entire war, while the number injured try emerged from the period of civil
each year Is nearly three times us great as the number of our boys who were war and famine.
wounded throughout the war.
_ i