Torch of reason., January 15, 1903, Page 2, Image 2

O
T H E TO R C H OF REASON, S IL V E R T O N , OREGON, JA N U A R Y 15, E. M. 303 (1903.)
that had survived the destruction
of the Roman Empire. On account
of these complications, the records
of Middle Age European feudalism
are not, in all respects, the best
m aterials for the student who is
obtaining his first im pressions of thp
suhject. Clear pictures of a rude
feudal organization of society Hub-
> *> «
these centers of religious and social
MODERN ASTRONOMY.
and the explanation of th eir dis­
life. The periodical festivals and
trib u tio n upon the solar surface.
sacrifices afford opportunities for ex- BY CHARLES A. YOUNG, PROFESSOR OF
W ith this is connected the not less
ASTRONOM Y, PRINCETON.
change. A brisk barter is carried
difficult ones of sun-spot periodicity
on by the assembled clansm eu.
and the m ysterious correlation of
THE SUN.
C attle, corn and fruits, m etal work
Pas«,««
c i •
lhe8H 8olar disturbances with cer-
and woven fabrics, arm or and uten-
l assing to the sun w-e find am ong
,
.
...
.
tain terrestrial phenom ena, a cor-
sila, salts, spices and gums, wines th e topics of special im m ediate in- roiQt:_„
.
,
.
,
. . . . . . .
.
relation perhaps less extensive th an
and oils, incense and perfum es, pass terf*8t the closer determ ination of
some m aintain, but indisputable in .
fru iit o w rtp r in iiw n p r
Tb*? r«*’’,T5«v- - ttP dinfMoee
Mere «•nr know ir ’ *i
sequent to t e r r i t o r i ••
- ' \ 1 -|P< ’ ■
<*.»$• —
•*
MP- J
Mt-na in
ed Vu,
■
■ A L oti .».«
11 c ' m
‘* , O
tur ■
C n o u n . <Jl . j u u g e s
111
festival oecornes a great fair and
surprisingly accurate;
D ata for these investigations are
the Old Testam ent and in the m arket. L ittle by little, the in ter- lbe HUO 8 distance and parallax are
being accum ulated by daily photo­
Odyssey of Homer.
vals between the periodical fairs now certainly known w ithin about
graphs of the sun m ade at stations
Feudalism has always attained are shortened.
The population j one half of ° ° e per cent, which on a
in different countries.
its highest development in sparse th at has gathered around the re- yardstick would he less th an one
A nother extrem ely im p o rtan t and
populations.
This condition and lig*OUB and m ilitary nu cleu sstead ily fifth of an inch. But even this cor­
difficult problem relates to the
k s own character have made it a increases. Local m anufacturers are responds to an un certain ty of near-
m easurem ent of the su n ’s heat, and
powerful decentralizing influence, m ultiplied and trade becomes an
balf a m illion miles in the dis-
especially to its possible (an d prob­
tance of the suu. Though the ac­
I t has always tended to weaken the everyday affair.
a b le ) variations.
Even yet the
tual error does not probably exceed
power of the king and to disguise
»<
. .
*
*
M oney .— 1 he division of lafior ha ]f this am ount, it is far too great ‘‘solar c o n sta n t” (the am ouut of
the essential unity of the people. • ,
,
. ;
«•««'» ••«««'Mm, iV i» lrtr lOu great
J
i »* • between citv and country which
.
6
heat which is received from the sun
Political sovereignty, therefore, has \ j . <
,
10 satisfy astronom ers, who are
in a m inute upon a square m eter of
.
J
1 A d a m h m i t h d e s c r ib e d a s th e f o n d a - ..
• . .
been for a time less definite after
, * i ; i
• , , «
• •
I PHrn,c‘kitty people and are now
the e a rth ’s surface) is extrem ely u n ­
.
.
..
m ental in d u strial differentiation is n -
.
the complete establishm ent of terri- •
( ..
. i . ,
. .
’
diligently calculating the results of
certain , different estim ates varying
*
now fully established. Airncu tnr- ..
, .
to n a l feudalism than it was at the ui
u
•
,
¡the m u ltitu d e of observations, vis­
oue hundred per cent. T he chief
ai produce is now regularly brought
ual and photographic, made upon
m om ent of m igration and conquest.
„ {
,,
, .
lies iu
the
v
. ,
f
. to
for the subsistence of the
. i.... . v
i
,
.
« difficulty
m uvuhj
1U ascertaining in
the planet Eros d u rin g the w inter „ft- , nf tk
• •
i
i -
,
nevertheless, it rem ains inherent in I
,
..
.
’
, . ,
, .
,Jrban population; and the wages nf iunn iq a i
r.
.u
tfect of the alr ln absorbing th e
ot lyiKJ-iyol. It was then nearer Qrt, „
, e
,
the people. I he king s word is still
,
. .
,i
,
solar rays before they reach the
i . -
mt
th a t are IJQO8t often purchased by ....
the earth th an it or th an any other
J
its suprem e declaration. 1 he con-
.
, ,
J
m easuring instrum en t, an effect al-
.
- i l -
•
, . countiym en are regularly m aim -
version of social relations into defi- f
- planet under observable conditions
... •
.
factured for sale. C onsiderable ac­
ways great and co n tin u ally ch an g ­
uité in stitu tio n s does not cease, and
. i .•
. „
. .
i
be again in th irty years. It is ing.
cum ulations of free capital in such 1
pt H ..
,
,
,,
r
,
expected th a t the final result will
the social organization becomes
concrete forms as cattle, g rain , im- t
• .
Total eclipses of the sun give the
con tin u ally more efficient.
>
,
,
i
.
*
he a considerable im provem ent in
plem ents and stores of m anufactur
only opportunity for studying the
the accuracy of our celestial scale of
1 he R iseof T owns .— Even under ed goods have by this time been
s u n ’s “corona,” and offer a d v a n ta ­
measure.
feudalism , therefore, life and prop- made. Some one com m odity has
geous conditions for the study of
T
he
physics
of
the
sun
is
of
im
­
erty are m ade more secure than been exchanged more frequently
the lower regions of the solar a t­
mense
im
portance,
both
in
itself
they were in nom adic days. Pop- th an any other, and men have dis-
m osphere by m eans o f the so-called
covered th at with it they can pur- j “ n<1. 39 typlcal of th at of the starH- flash spectrum ,” which appears at
ulation and wealth increase.
The differentiation of town from chase any com m odity th at they m ay 1 is engaging the atten tio n of a the m om ents when the total obscur­
rural life now begins. The local desire.
W hatever this specially m uitituile ot investigators. M any ation of the s u n ’s disc begins and
ag ricu ltu ral group at this time is a well-known and highly valued corn- of them are studying the solar spec­ ends. E xtensive prep aratio n s are
village com m unity; and the social m odity m ay be, w hether oxeu or trum in detail as com pared with already m aking for the observation
organization of the country popula- g rain , salt, iron, copper, beads, the spectra of terrestrial substances, of the next accessible eclipse, to oc­
tion in general is m anorial in form, «hells, or precious metals, it is a and with reference to the m inute cur in A ugust, 1905, visible in L a b ­
1 he soil is periodically apportioned true medium of exchange; and as changes which are continually oc­ rador and S pain.
among its cu ltiv ato rs—a practice 800,1 a8 by a common or tacit con- curring in it; others, with reference
I he recent discoveries consequent
to
the
differences
between
th
e
spec-
upon that of the Roentgen rays,
th at has survived from the days of 8ent it is everyw here accepted in
♦
k . . ; . common
----------- ----------
■ _ as clans
.
discharge of debts, it is a true money. 1 ra of different portions of the solar and the recognition of the swiftly-
their
possession
disc, such as “ faculce” and su n ­ m oving “ ions” and “corpuscles” far
men; hut the cultivators now are
T he M erchant C lass .— The ap spots. As all the readers of “ Sue
servile.
They no longer own as
sm aller th an the “ atom s” of the
clan« or tribes (as Individuals they pearanC6 ,,f “ °»ey « followed by W
doubtless know, the solar
physicists, seem likely to throw
never owned) the land th a t they
d<’V8!” P“ 6ni‘ of “ m erchant spectrum is a beautiful band of
m uch light on the phenom ena of
till. They render service and pay
Wh‘Ch C° “ d " Ot 8° Oner have color’ ra n 3in« from red a t one end
the corona, and the in tercom m uni­
trib u te to a lord. Cities, in the
' " t0 exlBtence broaU8e the t0 v 'ol«‘ »» the other, and crossed cations between the sun an d the
m odern sense of the word, do uot ‘“ <'rchant “ U8‘ have lhe m eane to by thousands of d ark lines, most of
e a rth , especially in connection with
yet exist. There are no centers of purcha9e al1 kinds of wares, and which are due to the presence of the
the new ly-obtained ex p erim en tal
dense population; hut there are " ‘l181 l,e ab e 10 ''«I'l them in stock, vapors of various substances In th e
dem onstration of the repulsive force
centers of worship and defence, sa- H e
tber<‘ ,,re- be abl« to offer solar atm osphere. The lines th a t
of light. These circum stances add
cred places to which men gather “ . p av “ en t ‘h at which will be cross the spectrum (n o t Its colors), special interest to the coming eclipse.
from near and far to make period- niVer9ally »“ eptahle. From this are the significant characters; and
PLA NETS.
leal sacrifices to their tribal deities.
, h’ th e , a r “ Za'' and the ,he m odifications in th eir appear-
It is notew orthy th a t the most
T.
.
( ,,
,
. . husbandm an no longer deal directly ance, width and darkness (some of
hese homes o the gods are fort,- witll one another; each sells to the them even becoming bright at tim es) recent results seem to show th at
Bed.
he people fiee to them ,n m erchant am i buys from him ; and are the Indications to be studied, h ith erto received estim ates of the
me o anger.
ey are centers the m erchant class becomes a priu- and are full of Inform ation. Y oung dim ensions of the rem oter planets
of ad m inistration and justice; for c in a l p|pm»»nt
fk u
i
» j
® are ra th e r more widely wrong than
here kings and judges hold iheir X
be tOwn popuIa-
b " d this a very profitable
was suspected. The m easurem ents
“ •
field of investigation.
court. In the course of time, tribal
m ade at W ashington d uring the
In this, as in alm ost all other last two or three years reduce the
chiefs and elders, priests and m ili­
e ea d s.
spectroscopic work, photography is
diam eters of both U ranus and N ep­
tary leaders, establish their perm a­
au invaluable
nent homes in these holy places.
.
an
ln v a iu a o ,e assistan t, and indie
indis- tune by several thousand miles, and
G arrisons of soldiers are perm a- k ' ' ‘,' u la rl’ ts would Von >10t like to pensable In the operations of the
actu ally invert their relative size,
nen tly stationed near them . A ril- ^ avB 80,1,6
printed with so-called “ spectro-hellograph” with
m aking N eptune the sm aller of the
•
ecular
sentim
ents
and
W
ettstein
’s
which
H
ale
at
the
Yerkes
Observa-
7
rtIJU u e u s i e .n s wn.cn Male at th<
zans am id laborers are brought to
two. The diam eter of Ju p ite r, on
them to care for the tem ple, to
' w th o u «ht badK«. to use in corre- tory and D eslandres in P aris are
the other hand, is increased about
build the fortifications, and to man- Bp,,ndB,'C6 w ' ,b J " » ' friends? We studying the distribution of calcium
one thousand, five hundred miles,
ufacture weapons, arm or and cloth-
i , e *U
* ° ° " i ,b y ° ur
other elem ents in the solar I hese \\ ashington m easurem ents
mg for the soldiers.
addrB88 pr‘nted on them atmosphere.
are p artly corroborated by others,
tor So cent8 per hundred, $1.50 per ! One of the m ost Interesting and m ade abroad ......................
l R A D E .- l h e currents of trade 250, or $2 50 for 500 postpaid. Let I perplexing of solar problem s is th at
F or the past th irty years, the a t­
begin now Inflow steadily tow ards I the people know where you stan d . | of the n atu re and cause of sun-spots,
tention of observers has been spec-
J
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