% VOL. 2. SILV ER TO N , OREGON. TH U R SD A Y , A P R IL 21, 1898. R eason. |g lass of wine turns a wise man into a fool, is it not clear th at the result Rise. Reason, shine on all o u r race. is the consequence of a change in Shed confidence aro u n d ; For where thou g u id ’s t our w andering th e m aterial conditions? The steps thoughts and will are changed Is sure, is solid ground. A nother glass and even conscious Rise, sun th at lights the m ental world, ness is laid at re s t—no longer And drive night visions h en ce; l>ispel the clouds of e rr o r ’s gloom ex ists;—and hence, such existence With beams of com m on sense. is clearly but a tem porary and de Shine: from the shores of C olum bia pendent condition; —as much so as sh in e ; Extend from sea to sea, light or heat, fragrance, beauty, or Till all th e n a tio n s of th e earth any electric or m agnetic phenom e Illuminated be. The day w ill come, th e h a p p y day na. . , The sam e reasoning ■’ which Is spreading o ’er th e sky, When tru th shall ch ase vain dream s induces the (»inclusion Unit th e away, . brein is an instrum ent of the m ind, And m idnight p h an to m s fly. m ust force a consistent m an t o — [Selected. conclude th a t the steam engine is not the m achine producing, but (lie W h a t Is th e B rain ? in stru m e n t of th at which is pro- duced by its action; or th a t of the BY HENRY GEORGE A T K IN SO N , F . G. S. I g a lv a n ic a p p a r a tu s is th e N< >. 22. G eneral A spects of th e S p ecial- survives am ong educated people. We all know th a t the savage th in k s of each strik in g phenom e BY H E R B E R T SPE N C E R . non, or group of phenom ena, as caused by some special personal Early ideas are not usually true agent; th at out of this fetishistic ideas. Undeveloped intellect, he it conception there grows up a poly th at of the individual o r th a t of the theistic conception, in which these race, forms conclusions which re m inor personalities are variously quire to he revised and revised, he- / . , , , I g en eraliz'd into deities presiding lore they reach a tolerable corre- . ; / . , ¡over different divisions of n atu re ; resp o n d en cc w ith re a litie s. W ere a , ,, , . . . . . . . . , . .. a n d th at these are ev en tu ally fu r ti otherwise there would be no dis- »• J . , . th e r g en e ra liz ed . I b is p ro g re ssiv e rovpry, <>f " ' f 11"»"«® -1 consolidation of causal agencies " hl,t r e c a l l tl.e progress of knnwl- ,nay trw e i, ¡n (,>e of P,,K® '* the l.n n g in g of thoughts rHct,a; ¡s fa,. fr()h) jn '» to harm ony wilh tilings; and it |h e tre(.d8 of J>e |))((e( a d „ ance(, " » l’hes th a t the first thoughts are raeeg T he unlettered rustics who ->'her wholly o u t o f harm ony with (i„ our fie|dg d() f|((t ,et t|)p things, or ,n very incom plete h a r-j sciougllegtl ()f a 8 |(prem e power C reation H y p o th esis. in stru - n io n y w ith th e m . wholly absorb the aboriginal eon Mind is the consequence or prod- m ent of a galvanic will or If illu stratio n s he needed, the ¡ceptions of good and evil soirits UCtof the m aterial m an, its existence power. Men turn nature topsy- history of every science furnishes > and charm s or secret potencies depending on the action of the brain. tu rv y ,—ta k e effects for causes, to them. The prim itive notions of I dw elling in p a rtic u la r objects The The proof th at m ind holds the same su it their fancies;— in defiance o f m ankind as to the structure of the earliest mode of thinking changes relation to the body, th a t all _ other „ „ reason, and of all d e a r and true heavens, were wrong; and th e no- only as fasl as the co n stan t rela- phenomena do to m aterial condi- analogy. Shall we suppose th at tions which replaced th e m were tions am ong phenom ena are estab- tions (light, for in stan ce,o r in stin ct the music plays itself, and “ uses successively less wrong. T he orig- lished. Scarcely less fam iliar is the in an im als), and th at it is not some th e instrum ent to show forth i ts 'in a l belief respecting the form of tru th th a t while accum ulating sort of b rillian t existence lodged in pow ers’ ?— not the powers of the the earth was wrong; and this knowledge makes these conceptions the body to be clogged and tram - in stru m en t, hut its own wrong belief survived through the • of personal causal agents gradually melled by e a rth ly conditions, is to powers? Shall we su p ‘ p o se, hi>t civilizations. T he earliest re vague, as ,, it u merges itjg m them Lilt'll] into IIJIU be found by all who will exert t h e i r a ----- ■’ ><leas that ‘ 1 have .....- ------ ---- - to ----- —------ causes, it also destroys the sp :_' irit x not " in *’ the growth of ’ the come down us general senses and understanding, released body, hut got there we ktiow not I concerning the natures o f the ele-1 habit of thin k in g of them as work- _ -11 m anifest _ • P r . • .....— 4... ______ 1 I • I . from nursery processions. It may 1_ how,—all im perfections n.ents were wrong; and only in ¡,lg a fter the m ethods of personal be found in the whole circum stan being only im perfections of the quite recent times has the compoei- agents. We do not now, like Rep- ccs of m an’s existence, his origin and in stru m en t? th a t all spirit or tion of m atter in its various forms ler, assume guiding spirits to keep growth: the faculties following the m ind is, in reality, pure and been better understood. T he inter- the planets in th eir orbits. It is no developement of the body in m an, equal? and. by the sam e reasoning pretations of m echar ical facts, of longer the universal belief that the and in other an im als; the direction (or conclusion w ithout reasoning), meteorological facts, of physiologic- | sea was once for all m echanically of the faculties being influened hv are we to imagine the “ great spirit a 1 facts, were a t first wrong. In all parted from the d ry land; or surrounding circum stances; the de- of the universe” all perfection? and these cases men set out with beliefs th a t the m ountains were placed sires, the will, the hopes, the fears, th a t all evil, pain, Might, death, which, if not absolutely false, con- where we see them by a sudden the h ab its,an d th e o p in io n s being &c., are the defects of the instru- tained hut sm all am ounts of tru th creative act. All but a narrow class effects traceable to causes— to nat- m ent, N ature. It does not appear disguised by immense am ounts of have ceased to suppose sunshine ural causes—and becoming the facts to me th a t such assum ptions would error. and storm to be sent in some arbi- of History and S tatistics. We ob- support those notions about free Hence the hypothesis th a t living tra ry succession. The m ajority of serve the influence of clim ate,—of will, and some other m atters, beings resulted from special crea- educated people have given up sunshine and dam p,— of wine and notions absurd in our eyes, w h ich 'tio n s, being a prim itive hypothesis, th in k in g of epidem ics as punish- opium, and poisons, of health and v are adduced to uphold. \\ ben ) probably an u n tru e hypothesis. ____ stances _ and neglect .. fact ’ If T the f interpretations . . ... . u i.ta.e the circum of r men , desert nature, .. of , nature giv- j.ij. j , . .... a n d reaso n for th e im a g in a tio n , lu*oty an a m adness;— the differen- between in d ividuals and their likeness to the lower anim als, , and „ ths di flerent condition of the sam e 'b ¡dual at different times. But it is unnecessary to insist more to you on the evidence which is now generally adm itted, of the relation ,M4ween the body and the m ind, is not so generally adm itted, how- ■1, that m ind is the consequence aud phenom enon only of the brain. t pev are gure to entanude them selves in th eir own web. jf we have extinguished Hell we have not lived in vain. True, we get no credit for it;but th at does n ° t m atter. True,we are denounced * * d , ^ ', ', ! " If dii-’cler "v did not hate us, we should be of no use in the world. And m any of thcii poor dupes are no doubt very unhappy ri° " tf;at hell tortures s not a th in g having a seat or -up in the b rain ; b u t it is the u^iiifestation or expression of the brain in action; as heat and light are of fire, and fragrance of the flow- have already found a substitute for th e o]d torture with which they afflict their souls. Probably, now th a t hell no longer tortures them, ii” ' t / ? rl Ure t i n s e l ves about us . . . . * «n by aboriginal men were wrong in other directions, they were most likely erroneous in this direction, It would be s tr a n g e if, while these aboriginal men failed to reach the truth in so m any cases where it is com paratively conspicuous, they yet reache<1 tl,e t r u |h in a caPe where it is com paratively hidden. Besides the im probability given p, th e belief in special creation, by jtK aHSO(.ja t jon ,vjth m istaken earlv , , * ' » gard a m adm an as one possessed by a demon. T h a t is to say, we every where see iading aw ay the an t bro I P°m orphic conception of the Un- known Cause. In one case after an o th er is abandoned th a t inter- p retatio n which ascribes phenom e- na to a wiJ1 a n a ia goU8 to the hum an will, w orking by m ethods analagous to h u m an methods. then, of this once num erous ,an i’*y of the im m ense m a- beliefs in general; a further ihiproM have become ex tin ct, we m ay ability is given to it by its associa- not unr,;as<’nably expect th a t the tion with a special class of m istak- rernai r‘>ng m em bers of the fam en beliefs. It belongs to a family ily wiH become ex tin ct. Oi One of of beliefs which have one after an- these is the belief we are here con- I he brain, as even some ph re- distressed to think th at there is no other destroyed by advancing b,uf'r i" g — the belief th a t each spe 1 ’ ’’gists have asserted, “ the in- Hell for even such people as we a r e ., knowledge; and is, indeed, alm ost c*es ° ^ (,rganisni was specially ere ' rumen t of the m in d ”. \\ hen a —[E x. • the only meml>erof the fam ily th at ( c o n t in u e d on s ix t h p a g e .;