The North Coast times-eagle. (Wheeler, Oregon) 1971-2007, January 01, 1990, Page 13, Image 13

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    P A G E 11
t i o n . In a n e r a d e f i n e d b y M c C a r t h y a n d th e
S o v ie t a d v e r s a r y , l i b e r a l s c h o la r s b e lie v e d
th a t in te lle c tu a l a n d p r a g m a tic v a lu e s w e re
u n d e r a tta c k . T h ey f e a r e d th a t d e p a rtu re fro m
i n te r e s t p o litic s an d m a in s tr e a m b e lie fs s ig ­
n a l e d t r i u m p h on th e m i n d l e s s m o b .
S u c h s e n t i m e n t s w e r e t o b e e x p e c t e d in th e
t e n s e g l o b a l c l i m a t e o f th e C o ld W a r . B u t th e y
m a d e f o r u n e v e n h i s t o r y . D e s p ite e n e r g iz in g
m i n d s a n d a b r o a d s c o p e , H o f s t a d t e r a n d th e
s o c ia l s c ie n tis ts r a r e ly p o rtra y e d " e x tr e m is t"
s u b je c ts a s c o m p le x h u m a n b e in g s . " R e s tr a in ­
in g m y t h s , " p o l i t i c a l s c i e n t i s t R i c h a r d H a m i l ­
t o n w r o t e in 1 9 7 5 , p r e v e n t e d a f u l l v ie w o f th e
g o a ls a n d a n x ie tie s of o r d in a r y c itiz e n s . By
e m p h a s i z i n g p u b l ic l i m i t a t i o n s , s o c i a l s c i e n ­
t i s t s le g itim iz e d a p o litic a l s y s te m th a t s h ie d
a w a y fro m s u b s ta n tia l p a r tic ip a tio n by g r a s s ­
ro o ts A m e ric a n s .
By th e 1 9 8 0 s, a m in o r ity of h i s t o r i a n s h a d
c o m e t o p o r t r a y t h e m a n n e r in w h ic h l e g i t i m a t e
e c o n o m ic g r ie v a n c e s an d k ey c u ltu r a l p e r c e p ­
tio n s f ig u r e d in to th e d i s s i d e n t p o litic s of t h e i r
s u b j e c t m a t t e r s . In " T h e A m e r i c a n S ty le o f
F o r e ig n P o lic y : C u ltu r a l P o litic s a n d F o r e ig n
A f f a i r s " ( 1 9 8 3 ), R o b e r t D a l l e k s h o w e d h o w th e
c u r r e n c y o b s e s s i o n of 1890s P o p u lis ts t r a c e d
b a c k to th e w a y m i d w e s t e r n f a r m e r s a s s o c i a t ­
e d b a n k s w ith i m p e r i a l i s t E u r o p e a n d th e a r i s ­
t o c r a t i c c u l t u r e o f A m e r i c a 's e a s t e r n u p p e r
c la s s .
L ib e r a l h i s t o r i a n s h a v e m i s s e d th e ir o n y
p r e s e n t e d in J a c k s o n L e a r s ' " N o P l a c e o f
G r a c e : A n tim o d e r n is m a n d th e T r a n s f o r m a tio n
o f A m e r ic a n C u ltu r e (1 9 8 1 ). L e a r s s im p ly
s t a t e d t h a t " th e m o s t r a d i c a l c r i t i c s o f c a p i t a l ­
i s t c u ltu r e w e re a t b o tto m th e m o s t c o n s e r v a ­
t i v e . " H is w o r k r e v e a l e d h o w t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i n g
e f f e c ts of t u r n - o f - t h e - c e n t u r y m o d e r n iz a tio n
b ro u g h t e x tr e m e r e a c ti o n s by th e a fflu e n t c l a s ­
s e s t o t h e n a t i o n 's c o r p o r a t e c u l t u r e . T h e s e
v a r i e d f r o m th e r e v i v a l of a r t s a n d c r a f t s a n d
b a c k - t o - n a t u r e m o v e m e n ts to th e r e k in d lin g of
th e m a r t i a l s p i r i t a n d c h iv a lr ic e th ic .
B o th D a l l e k a n d L e a r s f o c u s e d u p o n m o r a l
a n x ie tie s d i s m i s s e d o r r id i c u le d b y th e l i b e r a l
p r a g m a t i s t s o f t h e C o ld W a r e r a . S o d id R o b ­
e r t A . G o l d b e r g 's " H o o d e d E m p i r e : T h e K u
K lu x K ia n in C o l o r a d o " ( 1 9 8 1 ). I n s t e a d o f
c l i n g i n g to H o f s t a d t e r 's p o r t r a i t o f th e 1 9 2 0 s
K ia n a s a v e s t i g e o f r u r a l p r o v i n c i a l i s m ,
G o ld b e rg m o u n te d a c o m p le x a s s e s s m e n t of
th e m o v e m e n t th a t s t r e s s e d its v a r ie d r e s p o n ­
s e s to c o m m u n ity m o r a l it y a n d p o litic s .
In " V o i c e s o f P r o t e s t : H u e y L o n g , F a t h e r
C o u g h l i n , a n d t h e G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n " ( 1 9 8 2 ),
A la n B r i n k l e y d e s c r i b e d tw o c h a r i s m a t i c l e a d ­
e r s o f t h e 1 9 3 0 s a s m e n w h o s p o k e to r e a l
f e a r s of p o w e rle s s n e s s am o n g th e ir m a s s fo l­
l o w e r s . A n d in " T h e O ld C h r i s t i a n R i g h t : T h e
P r o t e s t a n t F a r R ig h t f r o m th e G r e a t D e p r e s ­
s i o n t o th e C o ld W a r " ( 1 9 8 3 ) , L e o R ib u f f o
in s is te d th a t r e je c tio n of s c ie n tif ic r a tio n a l­
is m , lib e r a l re lig io n an d r e f o r m e d c a p ita lis m
w a s n p t l im it e d to a fe w " b a c k w a r d - lo o k in g "
e le m e n ts .
R i b u f f o 's p o r t r a i t o f t h e R i g h t h e l d o u t th e
p o s s ib ility th a t la r g e n u m b e rs of A m e ric a n s
c o u l d a b a n d o n th e m o d e r n m a i n s t r e a m . B u t h e
c h a r g e d th a t s c h o l a r s h e s it a te d to ta k e s e r i o u s ly
t h o s e w h o q u e s t i o n e d p r o g r e s s a n d th e p r e c e p t s
o f l i b e r a l p r a g m a ti s m . T h is a n a ly s is a ls o p e r ­
m e a t e d W a y n e S . C o l e 's " R o o s e v e l t a n d th e
I s o l a ti o n is t s , 1 9 3 2 -4 5 " (1 9 8 3 ) a n d J u s tu s D .
D o e n e c k e 's " N o t to th e S w if t: T h e O ld I s o l a t i o n ­
i s t s in th e C o ld W a r E r a ( 1 9 7 9 ) . B o th b o o k s
p r o f e s s e d to s e e e le m e n ts of d e m o c r a tic a n d
a n t i - i m p e r i a l i s t th o u g h t a m o n g t h o s e b i t t e r l y
a tta c k e d by c o n s e n s u s s o c ia l s c ie n tis ts .
A lth o u g h t h e s c h o l a r s c i t e d h e r e d o n o t c o m ­
p r i s e a s in g le s c h o o l of h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r p r e t a ­
t i o n , t h e i r w o r k s p o i n t to n e w d i r e c t i o n s in
r e c o u n t i n g A m e r i c a 's p a s t . C e r t a i n l y , a c a d e m i c
h i s t o r i a n s m u s t c o m e to g r i p s w ith th e e n o r ­
m o u s l e g a c y o f p o p u l i s m o n t h e n a t i o n 's c u l t u r e
a n d p o l it ic s . We m u s t m o v e b e y o n d s t e r i l e
a s s u m p tio n s th a t d ic ta te th a t m a s s m o v e m e n ts
c a n o n ly b e a n a l y z e d in t e r m s o f i r r a t i o n a l i t y
a n d in to le ra n c e .
H i s t o r i a n s m u s t a l s o r e j e c t th e n o t io n t h a t
r a d i c a l i s m w a s c o n f i n e d to e i t h e r th e l e f t o r
t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s . In t h e c o n t e x t o f A m e r i c a n
s o c ie ty , r a d ic a l c r i t ic s w e re th o s e w ho r e j e c t ­
e d t h e m a i n s t a y s o f th e c o r p o r a t e o r d e r , no
m a tte r w hat th e ir p o litic a l o rie n ta tio n .
T h e re is a r ic h h is to r y of A m e r ic a n a n t i ­
c o r p o r a t e a g i t a t i o n . It b e g i n s w ith th e P o p u l i s t s
o f t h e 1 8 9 0 s a n d I n s u r g e n t P r o g r e s s i v e s o f th e
1 9 1 0 s l i k e R o b e r t L a F o l l e t t e . It g o e s on to th e
p u r i t y a n d P r o h i b i t i o n c r u s a d e s o f th e 1 9 2 0 s
a n d e v e n e m b r a c e s s o m e o f th e c u l t u r a l c r i t i -
CAfYlOn
BGACH
PHAR/TÌACY
q u e s of th e K u K lu x K ia n . It c o n t i n u e s w ith
s m a l l p e o p le w h o c r u s a d e d a g a i n s t c h a in s t o r e s
a n d c h a i n b a n k s in t h e G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n . H u e y
L o n g a n d F a t h e r C o u g h lin e m b o d i e d t h e c o n ­
c e r n s of m a n y of th e s e b e le a g u e re d A m e ric a n s
o f th e m i d d l e c l a s s .
A lth o u g h th e e l e c t o r a t e c o n t i n u e d t o v o te f o r
N ew D e a l l e a d e r s lik e P r e s i d e n t F r a n k lin D.
R o o s e v e l t , l a r g e p o c k e t s o f th e c o u n t r y r e m a i n ­
e d s u s p i c i o u s o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p o w e r in
e i t h e r t h e c o r p o r a t i o n s o r th e g o v e r n m e n t .
M a n y o f t h e s e p e o p le w o u ld p a r t i c i p a t e in th e
m a s s iv e n o n in te r v e n tio n is t m o v e m e n t th a t
d o m i n a t e d A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c s b e f o r e e n t r y in to
W o r ld W a r II. A n d t h e i r r e m n a n t s a n d s u c c e s ­
s o r s o f te n f o l l o w e d J o e M c C a r t h y in t h e 1 9 5 0 s
a n d i d e n t i f i e d w ith th e m o v e m e n t a g a i n s t
n a t i o n a l c i v i l r i g h t s l e g i s l a t i o n in th e 1 9 6 0 s .
T he re s id u e of th e s e p o litic a l a ttitu d e s s u r ­
f a c e d in th e N e w C h r i s t i a n R ig h t o f t h e 1 9 8 0 s
a n d th e s y m b o l i c " i n s u r g e n c e " o f th e e r a ' s
R e p u b lic a n p r e s i d e n ts .
C le a rly , a new h is to r y of A m e ric a n p o litic a l
c u l t u r e i s in o r d e r . It m u s t b e b r o a d a n d s y n ­
th e tic b u t b a s e d u p o n th e e x p e r ie n c e s a n d p e r ­
c e p t i o n s o f o r d i n a r y p e o p l e . I ts c h r o n i c l e r s
m u st re je c t e litis m and abandon c a r e e r is t
o b s e s s i o n s w ith s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . B u t m o s t i m ­
p o r t a n t o f a l l , h i s t o r i a n s o f th e 1 9 9 0 s m u s t
r e a l i z e t h a t th e n a t i o n 's t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y h i s ­
t o r y g o e s b e y o n f L e f t a n d R i g h t . W e n e e d to
h a r n e s s c r e a t i v i t y a n d c o u r a g e to r e d e f i n e th e
c a ta g o r ie s th a t h av e c h a r a c te r iz e d A m e ric a n
p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l l i f e . If n o t, w e m a y b e
o n ly t a l k i n g t o o u r s e l v e s a t c e n t u r y 's e n d .
D a v id H o r o w i t z i s c o - a u t h o r o f " O n T h e
E d g e : A N e w A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y o f th e T w e n t i e t h
C e n t u r y . " A p r o f e s s o r of h i s t o r y a t P o r t l a n d
S t a te U n i v e r s i t y , h e is c u r r e n t l y c o m p l e t i n g a
tw o -v o lu m e m a n u s c r ip t e n title d "B e y o n d L e ft
a n d R i g h t : T h e A n t i - C o r p o r a t e I m p u l s e in
A m e r i c a n P o l i t i c s , 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 8 8 ."
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