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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (Dec. 1, 1885)
THE WEST SHORE.'- 3C7 a Lieutenant Governor appointed by the general govern ment The confederation grow out of the natural desire of the people of the disconnected provinoos to unite for their metn.nl benefit and to sociue a IwlUr form of self, government To the urgent demand for the privilege of oonfodorating, the Brititth rrliamont responded in 18(17 by passing an act known as "The British North Ameri can Act," providing for the voluntary union of the various provinces in North Amorica under the name of the "Dominion of Canada," ceding to the Dominion all the vast unsettled area of British America formerly domi nated by the Hudson's Bay ComjMiny, with powor to create new provinces aud admit thorn into the uuiou when sulliciently populated, similar in principle to the custom of admitting now States into the American Union. The act wont into operation on the 1st of July, 1867, the provinces of N jva Scotia aud New Brunswick uuiting with Upper and Lower Canada, or, as thereafter known, Ontario and Quebec This uuiou of the inland aud maritime provinoos gave to Canada an inixrtanoe she had never before possessed. The United States had now on hor northern boundary, from ocean to oeoau, a uoarly independent nation of considerable strength and wealth, and one which would naturally develop and expand at a rapid rata In 1870 the Province of Manitoba was ad mitted to the confederation, having been carvod out of that iMrtion of tho territory lying on both sidi of the lied River of tho North, embracing tho oity of Wiuuipeg aud the old Rod Rivor settlements of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1871 tho large and protuMirous Province of British Columbia was added, consisting of all that region lying k'twoeu the Rocky Mountains and tho Pacific, in eluding the numerous largo islands fringing the count, aud extending from the United States to and beyond the southern limit of Alaska. Prince Edward Island joiued the confederation in 1872, but Newfoundland, including a ortion of Labrador, has not yet uuitcd, although pro vision was mado for its doing so in the original act of Parliament The population of the Dominion approximates 6,(M)0,000 Caucasians, of whom about one-fourth are of direct French descent, the remainder being chiefly of English, Scotch and Irish extraction, or immigrants from those countries. Germany is well represented, and every na tion in Euroe has contribute I its quota to swill tho populutiou. Of Iudiaus there is an estimated population of 8,r,000. About one-third of theso live in the older proviuoes and Lave been long since gathered into settlo tneuU under the care of oflicers of the Indian Depart ment, in some cases having industrial schools aud other organizations to aid them in their progress toward a higher civilisation. Missions under the care of different denominations have been established among these as well as tribes not yet gathered on reserves, and their schools are disseminating knowledge among the younger generation. Canada baa always had good fortune in hor doalings with the native tribes, and baa seldom experi enced the bloody Indian wars so common south of the bouudary. The recent trouble with the French-Canadian hnlt-brocxls in the Saskatchewan oountry, in whioh a uumlier of Indiana participated, grow out of land difficul ties of long stnudiui The natives hsv rr jrT"S turbulent, and the policy of tho government is calculated to enoourago them in peaceful relations towards the whites. Iu tho Uuited States Indians are supported in idleness by tho govommout, and being subject to official mismanagement, to a failure of food and clothing supply through want of sufficient appropriations by Congress, cnrolcsHuess by officials or peculation by agents, aa well as interference with their guaranteed privileges by irre sponsible people, they frequently ars goaded Into hostilU ties. These fruitful causes of trouble are aWnt in Canada, the policy of tho government being to require the nativoa to take oaro of themselves. The result is Hint in tho older settlements the natives aro employed in various industries, especially in fishing on both the At lantic and Pacific ooasta, end as settlements progress they are gradually converted from idlonoes to bnbita of industry. Tho variations of tho Canadian climate are less than iu ninny countries of much smaller extent But through out nearly its whole area Canada is characterised by greater boat iu summer aud a much lower teinorature iu whiter than in oorreiqionding Eurojionn latitudes. Its general character is level, though it includes the Rocky Mouutaina, with tho picturesque and diversified region lying between them and the Pacific, and the Lauroutinn Range, continued northward to tho Arctic Ocean. Besides the great lakes which find their outlet through the St Lawronco to the sea, there are thousands of lakes throughout Canada, maiiy of them of largo dimensions. Foremost among those is Lake Winnipeg. The two great branches of the Saskatchewan take their rise in the Rocky Mountains, and, after uniting their streams, flow into tho lake, which also reoeivos the Assluihoiu, the Red River aud other smaller rivets. The St Ijawrouee and the great lakes, of which it is tho outlet, are estimated to contain 12,000 cubic miles of water; and the Niagara Falls, which constitute tha main feature in the desoeut from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, are on a scale oorumeu. surate with this vast fresh water system of rivers aud lakes. The River Niagara issues from Lake Erie in broad, tranquil stream, varying in breadth from one to three miles, and continuing through a course of about fifteen miles, with a fall of little more than a foot per mila But on reaching the rapid the descent is sud denly increase! to about eighty feet in less than a mile before the waters reach the grand leap of about 105 feet perMMidiou!nr over the greet falls. Tha Horseshoe Fall, on tho Canadian side, is upwards of third of a mile broad. Between this and the American Fall Goat Island intervenes; and then another volume of water, about (UK) feet wide, plunges with like abruptness luto the abyss below. The great breadth as compared with the height of the falls tuuds in some degree to mislead the eye in the first impression produced, and it is only by slow de. (frees that the mind ia brought to an adequate estimate of the grandeur of the scene. The river paaaee over the