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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 1, 1879)
November, 1879. THE WEST SHORE. 335 WHY DO BPfUHOS AND WELLS OVKU FLOW? A new theory in answer to the above question is broached by Nelion W. Oreen in the ranlm Seknce. Monthly for November. Mr. (ireen uyi the overflow ia caused by "the resultant of the eirth'a oentripotal and centrifugal foroea acting impulsively upon the anbterranean water de posits, and tending to force them iuto and through the natural ohanuela of the earth's crust. " It ia olaimed that while the overflow ing of welli and spring! has been accounted for by scientiata upon the supposed existence of hy droatatio pressure, a more oarcful investigation justilios the conclusion that such a prMsitiou is fallacious, although exceptional cases may oc cur. Aristotle ami Seneca suggested the cen tral heat of the earth as the force which oper atod to oompel the water to seek an overllow, but thia ia not borne out by experiment, neither is capillary attraction a satisfactory explanation. The controversy, if any there be, is coullned to those subterraueau waters of the earth which arc not influenced by rains. Among the many examples oited against the hydrostatic theory, and in support of the cen trifugal and centripetal foroea, Chautauqua lake is mentioned aa being situated ou the highest land in the .State of New York west of the Catakill mountains, without any adequate feeder. Yet a large mill stream issues from it; in fact, the lake ia '20 miles long by two miles wide, the whole body of which ii fed by springs bubbling up from the Iwttom of the lake The wlnde mountain region of northern Pennsyl vania ia referred to as another good illustra tions of high springs, Inch are olaimed to lie beyond the reach of hydrostatic pressure. The White ami Adirondack mountaiua are alao full of similar oases. It ia generally held, aooording to M. (larnler, that "unleaa there be a reservoir higher than the surface whenoe we intend to liore, we can not hope to obtain an overflowing fountain." Instances may be multiplied to show the fal lacy of thia assumption. The llimalayaa, the highest mountaiua in the world, xiur contin ually out of their higheat iointe great cataracts aud atreaina, with an abumlanoe that would ex haust any possible renervoirs at their extreme topa. Now since this is the highest land of the world, no higher source ia possible, ami hence the conclusion ia inevitable that those gn at oveillowa an due to noma other force than hydroatatio pnsanre. That gaaes may force water up may be shown to be erroneous, for the reason that gases do force water down when leitli are enclosed by common receiver. This, says Mr. (Ireen. maybe seen any day at the gas-works. But he omita to explain the action of carbonic an I gas, etc., in soda fountains, Hrs extinguishers, etc., which invariably throw the water in any direction in which the noasle may lie pointed. Mr. 0. supposes) in the case M water imprisoned in the rocke, that the result ant of the two natural forces, ceiitriieUl and centrifugal, are duplicated upon every i-mit of the inaide surface of the rook prisma, ami lends to foroa the water not when the cavity ia per f-.rat.-l. The direction of thia force ia placed t I. from tba dim t of the foroe of grant) , but it remaiaa unimpaired should the opening load in a contrary direction. Hence, if liaeuree exist in rooka that lead te imprisoned waters, il would happen that through these outlets the waters mast oertainly llow, and. if by any arto haul nail, aa by boring, an opening should I made batweeti a body ol c-.imn.-l water and tlie aarfaoo of tba earth, a (tewing well would rasuU. "01 oourae, 1 says the writer, "it must n..t be aaderstood that this would happen if the bod of water aupposed were an isolated on. and completely .n-nxaweted with other Indira of water through ohannala and inter- mimsnioaliooa kunwu t" eeisl '" en..us rsraihoetioae of the earths surface." Why ehoaid it aot if the theory he sorrsct I If the two natural foroea referred to are continuous upon a string of subterranean reservoirs, why should they ceaae to oierete uimii an isolated oue t ii ii tie uoosesary m support ol the oen tripetal and centrifugal theory to create a vast series of subterranean reservoirs connected with each other, there can be no necessity for the theory, since hydrostatic nrcssure can emlaii, the phenomena of water flowing from the tope of the highest mountains uinlsr a similar arrange meut. Nay, a common force pump in the bauds of a man can overcome the lisniier lhenrv and why not tho immense foroea of nature ! It is true that the centrifugal (oroe tends to throw particles from the earth, but the ceutri lietal foroo touds to the opmsite, and both lieiiig equal, the effect is the same as il neither existed. Otherwise, it would seem se if the resultant of the two forces, living more power fill than either one alone, would affect other things iu or upou the earth. There may, however, he reaauuable grounds fur suspending the owratioii of gravity or centripetal force, to a certain degree, to explain tho overflow of springs anil wells, which cannot easily he explained by h)droatatic presiute, for it is evr tainly true that strong and abundant on-illo. occur at the toie of iiiouiiUiiib and on Mh plateaus; and admitting that h)dmatatio press ure causes the overflow ol springs and wells in particular localities, it would still he necessary to explain how water gets to these highest mints. Mr. (Ireen says this can livst lie done by his theory, in which the foroe is always act ing u iiartially cniiliuid water-beds and water-channels forming the internal water-structure of the earth's crust The conditions ne. . . sary to the realization of the Imt results are that theae watoroletiosila shall lie itioreOhr h u iiuprlsom-il and the outlets comparatively lim ited. The overflow will lie continued and up ward until the resultant is overcome by friction. We are hardly preiared to accept this theory without further investigation, for one rusaoti of many, because friutiiin dors not overcome the resultant in vury deep .... wells, while lu shallower wells the wslvr, although stimulant does not rise to the surface, whereas (lie con 1 1 ai v would seem to be the oaae, the reauluiil hsviug leas friction to contend against. .If .y aiul .Srirnfifr 'rras. WHAT IS liKMANHKU. The doinamls msdn upon scientific knowledge far exceed the supply. Although we may be said to have arrived at an advanced stage of learning, we undoubtedly i.swrea but a limited amount when comparison is mails with the necessities which aa yrt know no law. There are so many theories broached opun important subjeate that fully the major portion of the requirements ol manufacturers and miners aro the victims of experiment. We want Improve menu in processes not experimental improve inenta, but practical working and satuls-tory prni ii ssi r. capable of suhstaulul aiionmpluhnwot of the themiee claimed for them. Kruplnyersof steam engines demand more power from (he enormous quantity ol fuel e.msnme.1, wsate prod acta are waiting to he utilised, streams and atm.Mpheras are erying out lor r.li.f from the pollution that ia being thrown Into them. It La true inventera are endeavoring to pro vide means of supplying these deauends, but frequently fail to eelisfy the demand for th. alaptatii.ii of new imuolptes because Ihekaoa I edge of the latter are incneapbte. Discovery le u.ually the bests of invention, sn.l Ike greateel utilittea bare been thenoa obtained, rather than hy tba esentss of invention upon old knowledge, acquired A ma. kins f..e ueaipietely ooavsTt ug heat into meehaaloal force la required, bat so far oar erwalittc knnwbdgs of the properties of bent baa not led oa up to the Dotal of dien.v ary upon which to baa aa Invention of that kind, (tee invention Weds to aa inaaaaerabls chain of lavenltona. alt of tbsea asore or leas improvsssMate, bat still laveatseaa. Tba (teld is laeansase, with abamtaaes of rooaa for la- v HINTS UN HOUM. Clara Francis gives lha Wrte fsnwr an essay on .. up., (roin which we extract aa follows; Holes for Stock. Five pounds lean meal and some cracked bones. Ku quarts .mid water. It should be at least half an hour In coming to boil. Skim i add a gill of cold water and skua a'sin. Season with sail and vegetables, hul In careful to use both sparingly. Cover ideas and simmer four or live hours. Strain onol, and re. mov (at. 1 Ins will make a clear light tenth. Caramel for Coloring Itroth. For the sakeof apisvarance broth la simielltnea colored. I'ul a UlleSKiollful of butter Into a III. e Iwtght aailce. ptn, and when melted, add alow! hall a imimd I sugar. Stir eoiialaiitly, over the lire, mill! it Is a very rich dark brown, Hy uo means 1st l iiuru. Add a halt pint ol water ami an even leasHiooful of salt, Let the syrup leul unlll il is very rich ami thick, which It will be ia a few minutes strain and put It In small, do... corked hul.. it should be so thick thai It will Just run from the brills. A few drops will glvo Hie necessary color, and will not Imiaeir the lis- tor unleaa the sugar has heeii burnt leue, a.;... macaroni, vermicelli, pearl-barley ami rice are nm additions to this amlivr colored btofjk, They should U cooked in water lialore being added lolheaoup II rate. I cheese Is some times served with macaroni ami vermicelli soii to tie used at discretion. V.odlc Soup To one egg add a Mile salt slid aa much silted flour aa II will absorb, knead well and ndl down very thin, lart it dry for half aii hour, then dredge with (tear and ndl iier sod over. Shave thin sllnsa from the .nil of the roll, shake them out and drop them inl aaltod lauding water. Stir with a skirumei and leul lor two minutes, Ihso turn lain a eolander sud daah cold water over than. Drain, and pul Into laiillniy brollii add a little ehopd tstratey and aerve at once. White -"up If sags are planly uas lbs yulks of four, if scares, lake two winds oosa instead Ileal them light ami add a cup ol oreaan, or use milk, ami a teaaHt of melted baiter. When these sre mued add to them, inWlMtifW, a ptHl ol hot broth stirring all the time rtotern to the ksttle. 1.1 it come to a boll and serve num. diately. Too bwg cooking will curdle tba sua In. I. ad of healing the sggs Ibsy can m pus. he.1 smlserie.1 in the broth, one egg to each parous, Sliding the cream to the broth Potato 'op I'esl sod sites 10 madia sited ailateet ald mis oiimn, a alive of sail pork, a talk ol .eUry, a Issauuoa of salt, sad water enough to rover IWetl until the poUtoes are vary soft. Press Ihroagb a eolamler; ami a quart of milk, a ublee,(el batter, a tea ...uful chopped paisley i ball up ones It h.-uld t lit- tin. a cream Nerve with from font (dry broad eal Into, small dlsmonde, fried in l-iihua lard ami drained i I 'lave n lha tureen and pour the soap "tar Ihsm Visnriru Ci.iaisu Aasra istms. la Hwlia aa ass., isli-.ii baa been formed by baassswlvss id the .itt This snetety initiates last year various sssful aisasarsa. Tbaa, It baa esaasad a latasatory lor esaaaiaalnai of artistes of f. (now so atseh adelterntsdl, as, atea, of a tensile seed la oust rag It is dirsstsst by a qaalllU4 ehemist The nature and oaalltv of the ukvarla aoaiyss.1 at Iks Central Kerens are the. gaar an teed. Tba c bam let gives lbs eases hers of tba swty a corse of leetaraa la pr Seal sal Irv ami a odrert h..l has also tn Sludenla ars sensed la lbs aabteste of rtedy , dnaisaHi esrvanla a bo have rsmsinsd a ssrtain aamlavfof years lve la saw boaaabsabl (nf a aumhsr of th. enctetv sr. awarded with prates lawl rear M were tbaa rswardssl. Aaartbsw part of tba soviet y s opera tissu lias lila la pro . snsg plaoea aad work far aarvaaas a lis I la aaesaussa, Ihbibo lb progrsas of lbs 'Irani narti Ibfeagb Iowa, lbs train at oaa notsl ssade 43 in IU mmalaa nib