August, 1879.
THE WEST SHORE.
are ........lil.. 1 TV 4 t .
impl apring water, and they arc true" apring.
and not volcano. Mackeuie auppoee that
tha eruptiooa an oaaaad by tha Domiciled town
of heated water aeekiog a rant and forcing the
water up through the geaer pipe, aa in Kig. j
a thowa the opening into the geyaer; f, the
chamber in which the ateam oondenaea. Aa the
team accumulate it foroee the column, r, up
through tha opening or vent at if, with greater
or lex force, according aa the lupnly of ateam
ia greater or leae, and then when the tteam hae
eaoaped, the geyaer returni to ita quieecent
itato until another aooumulation ocounv Thia
theory, however, aaemi to be untenable on the
ground that it ia inoonoaivable that all of the
many thouaanda of geyaera ahould have a aep
arate cone and conduita ao peculiarly con
structed. According to Hunaen, the geyaer doea
not poaaaaa a oave or even a perpendicular
tube, ready made, but, like voloapoea, makoa
ita own tnbe.
Fig. 3 ia an imaginary taction of a geyaer
mound, showing the manner in which, accord
ing to Hunaen'i view, it ia found.
The irregular line, b, a, t, ia the original aur
faoe, and a the poaition of a hotepring. If tha
pring be not alkaline, it will remain an ordi
nary hot apring; but if it lie alkaline, it will
hold ailica in aolution, and it will be deporitvd
about the apring Thua the mound ami tulie
are gradually built up. Kor a long time the
pring will be Miny, but not eruptive. But
aa the tuba booomee longer, and the circulation
more and more impeded, the difference in tern-
1 AtDMM.
341
I IV K 1
ue ........ ui wawr nunaiuing m tft pin
afterward" W0Ul'1 "Ut lmn'"lj
The premonitory cannonading Iwneath ia pro
duend l.y the coltepea of large .Uan. hiihtile.
n.mg through tha cooler waUr uf the tinner
port of the tube; in other wnrda, 't It iWlllilJ
on a largr em,. An eruption ia more quickly
brought 00 by throwing atonea into tha throat
ol the geyaer, beoauae the circulation la thua
more effectually impeded.
r'ig. 4 will iflmtrate thia theory. The apiw
rntm ia an artitlcial geyaer, anf ennaiata of a
tube of tinned eheet-iron, about ten fact long,
expanded into a tilth above for catching the
erupted water. It i. heated aleo, a little below
the middle, by an encircling charcoal chauffer
to repreeent the point of nrarret approach to
the boiling wint iu the geyaer tube. When I
tin. apparatu la haatad at the two NinU, aa I
hnwn in tha tigure, tha phenomena ot geyaer
eruption are completely reproduced; Hrit, tha j
violent eiploeive aimmering, then tha overflow,
then the eruption, and then tha elate of qulea' I
cance.
I 6 t i Ml
1 1 .
A
" f '
Am,,.. J f .
ki r n "
Mil
100 ft. tg
perature between the upper and lower parta
of tha tube become greater and greater, until
finally tha boiling point ia reached below, while
tha water above ia comparatively cnol. Then
tha eruption oommeuoea, and natee upon tha
withdrawal of tha eauaa.
Now, wa aappoee tha gayecr to have a aimple
but irregular tuba, without a onrve haatad be
low by volcanic tine, or by atill bnt volcanio
eiaottona. Now, the temperature of the water ia
toe tuba inoraaaea rapidly with tha depth, but
ia, t every depth to which obaervation eitenda,
abort of the boiling point for that depth. Let
abeciaa a repreeent depth in the lube and alao
iiiaaauiaa. and the oorrpnoding temperature
be meaaured on tha ordinate a . If, then, a a,
b e, r 4, repreeent 33 feat depth, or one atanoe-
rherio tireaaure, tha ran , pawing through
10, 290, 278, tad '193 , would corracUy rep
reaant the inoraaaing boiling point aa wa pea
down ward. Thia curve may lie called tha curve
of boiling point. The Una, a g, 00m marring at
tha aarfao at UK) and gradually approachiag
tha balUaa point tin, woe Id rpraat qui
oaooa. Now, at the aaoaaent of eruption, at
aoeaa point below the reach of obaervatum, the
Una a 9 actually loochea tha line ' - that ia,
tha boiling point for that depth ia actually
raenhed Aa aooa aa tai ocean, water ia the
lower portion ol tha tab would be hanged to
ateam, aad ita eipaaatoa weald lift the whole
column of water la ta tab, aad oaaee it to
Ixilge aad overflow tb bana. A aooa aa Uie
water overflowed, the preaeur woaM be diuiin
tahad ia vry part of la tab; aad a Urg
quantity of water More vrjr waar taa boiling
...ml would flaah into ateam and iiutaaUy atect
Wkitim.i Tai.nntiril. The writing tele
n a.
I
IHK NKW -tlKK AN l HlttH.KI.YN
UUOQE
At a meeting ol the Truetea of the New York
and Hrooklyn bridge, July 7th, the contract for
upplyiug tha iteel and iron for the uapeudrd
.uperetructure, waa awarded to the Kdgeuinor
Iron Co. The contract calla lor In, , .iku
imiiuiU o( ateel and .11, nun Nunda of Imp. Tha
bid of the Kdgemnnr Iron Co. waa 4 J m
wnte a Hiiinil, amounting to 4iM,l47. t'hiaf
Kngineer Itoebhng aaid that when the change
from iron to ateel waa Ural contemplated ha aup
p.ied that the dm n ... i , ,. w, ajaBS
(Itai.llWI, but in fact the loweal bill lo. ileal at.
oaede.1 by only I.MMI the acopte.l bl for Iron
aat yuar. The difference between th IowmI
bid and the lowaat I. id for crucil.le .1, . I waa
1114,000,
holh tower of the bridge have been com
idd. d, the laal work on ihc Hrooklyn lower
having Ihmii llniaheil July Mh. Mr. Klngaley
eipreaml the belief that through thia contract it
woubl he p ajaikM t complete the bridge by Jan
uary lit, IHNI. The financial condition ot the
bridge on June .tilth waa aa follow Total r.
It. 4
I':
,
y r,, rrrrr'ifi''" 'Iff, lOf iri.,
Hi
inn 1.
IIKYHKK THK4IIIIKM II.I.IMTKATKH.
graph which reproiluow th mwauraa al, Ia
almit perfect Jar tlmtU uf Hie enaaUr, ha bww
titled up betwaaa Waterloo ami Woking, a dl.
teaon of aoene 2o milaa, aad according to the
rAohae barn working vary wall. Th laatra
meat itealf ia too newt a lavwiUoa to aav
yl reaohed avaa aa awirfwch to perfecUoa, ImI
th dafwta made evuleat in practical working
have ao far baaa reamlwl, aad it I clear that
a uaefal improvement will abortly be available
tin great adveatage la that tha inatrameat i
quite automatic at the receiving "ol. ami dow
not rwtra tha coaetant atteivlaawe of a elrk. 1
It write ha awaaagaa aa a roll of paper, and ,
theyanlx ut off end ent Ihnr
ti'ioa aa opDortaaitr offer That at aa
ant iint. Iirewaw it well known that
Ume waated in calling an.l in oiuiuing Ui
attentina of ta raaatvar far aoa4a that re
ouiMft fr tha mi tuel Madia mi taa wwawaaxav I
eatata, tW,m,VJ IHi total eipaadilurea, fin
JM74 "It oulataiHllag liabibtlea, lll .'.HT IV
Kblaua'a Kik 1 an I utun.i TmWtBIU
Thai new tnvenUoa f Mr. VAtmom dupnaw
a Ilk th arwalty of holding la teUptwat n
oivr to the ear, ami hld fnrtiiiblng a
greater volant of anvml, reader dlatuw I la
light! pKulianltea of the voice It ha team
foaad lo work perfectly l a dlelaae of fttl
mile Tb improvetretel enCMlal la eaaaiag
In curreal to paaa Ihroagk a (pool .( chalk in
laming eryatalluwl ..aaelle aula, aad ha lag a
Ihio tougu of Iteel feeling norm. Tha chalk M
avraated on a ihafl Uiaed by a . rank, thua
creating friction, utd ohaa an oearrateil. It.. . nr
vent lataaing uinm.n on ie"n, leoariw tAa
eheinkal gol, aad U Iharoe Uaaomlla.l
THaaa wa a waa in Harie waa, wawt h w.ut
oat, waaalw.y. robbed Hoaarbtely aai.1 ' hy
dea l yaa aarnr pwtow V H repliad, ' pp.
I did why, the roMM would lake Umw tec
llaraagb la tel tonga to a lata aaatalUc dia
ptiragat Tit aireal only rta o Iwu a lb
...L .. I... I ti 1J. If J,
- - aa 11 - - - r.i ia wiaewajpe
faralak ciuvk work far Ik awvaanu al wove
aawtt, an Ihat II way b ab-pped aad larUd I.)
awwAtteity at la will -f law opa'aWo