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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (July 1, 1878)
SUPPLEMENT TO THE WEST SHOKE. TljE West SHV, A fttxteen I' . - Monthly Miirtriitcd Pjwr, publipd at I'ubtlixd, ikuov, by L SAM CEL. Bmvwi OrricB Hurriion Street, between Mi ot fllb, Anvii;. i i i the l1 1 TBBMB OF tUJUGRlPTION, (IncIuiHiiK PncUffl in my part of Ihu I'nitnl flute): Oite StpV, une yeir il.fiO HIiikIu Number 10 cent PrU$;tj to I i countries, 2fi cent ufditienil $S' HuWriptimi muat be f mid iti advance, and ah Mere will jtoaithely be stopped it the entl of the time My are pniil for. tkimlttMiiieit can he miule hy rtorltitcred letter, er hy eser on any of the Portland Itunineiw huuw.it. THE ANATOMY OF THE HEX. Familiar as many of m art) with the outward appearance of our fowls, ami familiar as well with tin ii internal structure as discovered hy kitchen dissections, we doubt not many will gain from the engraving on this page clearer idea t ii. in they had Wore of the anutomical ar- range, men t ol tiie i i winch Look their yards. Thfl knowledge which can bo gained by study of the engraving will not only increase our gen. eral information, hut affords all an opportunity to become acquainted with the names and rela tions of the difTeruut parts, and this will prove of practical value to the poultry grower in many obvious ways. Our illustration is from a drawing for the Boston Sritntljir Fiirmrr, by ('. J, May uard, and is the lirst of a scries of papers on the anatomical structure of birds, which he ll preparing for that valuable journal. It represents a sec tion of n common fowl, laofa as would lie shown in nature hy removing the outer covering of llesh and feathers until the interior organs were all brought to view in their natural positions. The following is the explanation of the let tering upon the engraving: A, nasal cavity; (, salivary glands; C trachea or windpipe; I), le-ophiigus or gullet; S, crop; ', lower gulh t; , proventricuhiH ; Ut stomach or gizzard ; M, pancreas; .V, duodenum; 0, intes tine; it, OCBOft) i, comb; , spleen; b, ova ries; c, ovoduct; eggs in "uterus;" (,', urogenital passage; , vent; iter Dam U. fiiroular; I', lungs; 8. kid neys; a, vertebra- of hick; A, heart; K, biines of toes; IF, bronchial tubes; J, gall; T, keel of sternum. In order that the relations of Home of the leading organs to cadi other may be seen, we shall, at this time, ipiote from Mr. Milliard's writings a descrip tion of the passage uf food through the fowl. Wo may hereafter make fuitln-r (illusion to the drawing in description of other operations of the animal ccon-omv. All extant birds differ from n i mammals in having no true teeth. The elongated bones which form the jaws or mandibles, are simply furnished with a homy uhuath having straight, harp eued edges, but 111 the example lit fore us no adequate means are provided hy which the food can be masticated. Thus, although fowls, by constantly pecking at animal and soft vegetable substances, may teur them into small pieces, yet it must swallow these as well as hard grains, without further change when they are mice taken into the mouth. Upon examining the interior of the month, we find that the upper portion is provided with thick, homy skiu, divided near the center by a longitu dinal slit, having scalloped edges. This is the nasal opening, and is so narrow that there is little or no chance for any sulwtauce taken into the mouth entering the cavity almve. (Letter 4.) It is notable that the roof of the mouth is provided with small flexible projections which all point backwards. These papilhe are arranged in transverse rows and groups, and in absence of any well developed muscular appara tus for swallowing, greatly aid in causing the (bod to take a downward course. The tongue is a horny, sheathed organ in this cmo. Although the hyoid boues which support the tongue are encased in muscle, it is capable of but little extension, At its base is the superior larynx, also provided with reversed UpUta, some of which guard the entrance to the windpipe or trachea, shown at letter I. The food, in its ptOMSe to the gullet or xsopha gus, beoottM imbued with a kind of mucus secreted by two glands, the (tomtom of which may DO seen ill letter H. These an' the sole representatives of the salivary glands of mam mals. The gullet (letter l is provided with a limy lining, the mucous membrane, which is only an accessory to the act of swallowing, however, along which the food glides, and enter the large expansion called the crop. Letter B.) In this reservoir the food, after behu mixed with the water taken by the fowl which is kept at a ! : ,o temperature by animal heat, undergoes maceration. The contents of this receptacle enter the low er gullet (letter r which is similar to the uper, in small quanti ties, passes Along it into the accessory stomach or nuYMicMis, (letter ('. 1 The walls of the first stomach fjWOeeoliftH hut, letter H ) Arc com toned of numerous ghuuU, P-u-'m 1 in the smallest possible coiiitas. These glands are of a somew hat ptvultar form, being furnished with hullsms projections, in one m which there is an orttice through which the secretion (lows into the cavity of the w-oiVBrt-enltu. This lluiil, or gastric juice, although highly digestive, has no inline nee on unbroken grant! ol any kind. Uuring tho passage of lol through the cavity, quantities of this fluid .tic exuded, and, with the material to be di gested, ymm through the stomach or giuard, (letter Gl Tlua orgau, the stomach, is pi-' videil with a muscular iHncrinn. areatlv thick- tied at the sides, while tho extreinitiea are much thinner. Ths internal uiemtirane consists of a horny lining much roughened. The peculiar muscular arrangement of this stomach is admirably adapted to the purpose for which it is intended; mat u gnnauu ham grains. I lie thick, red muscles of the sides, are placed in longitudinal layers, while the thinner, bluish or white, but tiner muscles of the upper and lower surfaces, and of the extremities, are placed transversely. Thus an opjiosite or grinding motion, though slight, is imparted to the roughened sides of the interior. This alone, however, is insufficient to act umn the outer coverings of grains, even though they have been macerated and swollen to the utmost extent by the juices of the crop and prrn'riitrivthw. Conscious that it requires an additional medi um to assist in abrading the hard grain, the fowl picks up and swallows hard stones, which, in addition to the supplied motive power, com pletes the mill. Thus, although a fowl might be provided bountifully with nnc rushed barley, corn, etc., yet it would grow thin and finally starve, were it not allowed access to gravel or some other hard substance of a convenient size, I have found that graius of corn taken from the interior of the stomach farthest from the pro ventricular entrance, showing that they had been in the digestive, eavitv for nmn tim", vet having escaped abrasion, sprouted readily. This proves most conclusively that the gastric and other juices are incapable of dissolving the outer coverings of tho kernels. Other grainB of corn, taken from the same stomach, although only slightly scratched, began to digest under the influence of the powerful solvent juices. Tho similitude of the digestive organs of a fowl to a mill is very apparent The crop being analogous to the hopper, supplying little by lit- longed to the utmost, before the refuse matter passes into the large intestine (letter o) to be discharged at the vent. There yet remains to be mentioned a prom inent organ; the function ofwhich is only partly understood by anatomists. This is the spleen letter,). It is a ductless gland, but as it is furnished with an artery, it is probable that the blood here undergoes somechange. I cannot help associating the function of the spleen, in some way, with the growth of the eggs in the ovaries; as when the breeding season approaches, I have always found that the spleen is greatly enlarged ; often becoming three or four times its normal size. Still this may be accounted for, hy the requisite supply of blood atsuch times; but I am inclined to attribute some pecial egg- producing function to the spleen, though this must be supplied somewhat indirectly to the ovaries. Influence or Exercise on thkLcnos. One of the conditions of perfect health is physical exercise. In its absence the whole system sutlers deterioration and falls short of that development which is necessary to the vigorous action of the difTeruut organs. More than any organ, however, do the lungs suiter; and it is not difficult to explain why. In order that an organ should be well nourished, it is necessary that it should be abundantly supplied with blot d, and one of the agencies which playB an important part in propelling the blood through arteries and veins is muscular contraction. The altcmato contraction and dilation of the muscles forces the blood along the veBaels. When a person ib exercising vigorously, the XL. Or A COMMON FOWL BY C. J. IDEAL EJECTION MAYNARO. tie, tho restrictive capacity of the powerful ap paratus of the gizzard, which represents tho stones. As the oriliee from the crop to the lower gullet is comparatively small, there is danger of its becoming obstructed. This is fre quently the case when fowls are allowed access to green vegetable food, after lieing deprived of it for some time. They then are apt to eat greedily, taking in too large pieces of leaves, grass, etc., bo MMthe Wifloe, consequently they die of starvation with the crop tilled to over sowing. I once dissected six or eight fowls which had all died within a short tune, from over-crowding the crop with large nieces of the tough leaves of the common plantain Ptantago MJOfjL Many years, ago I noticed that the sound, caused oy the grinding motion of the giz.-ml, could readily le peiouved by applying the ear to the side of the bin!, and in this way used to jttdge of the physical condition of my pete) a vigorous working of the mill indicating perfect health. 1 have also noticed that this motion is more or less voluntary; that when the turd was liadlv frightened the sound would cease. After the contents of the stomach have been submitted to the grinding and solvent action of that orgnn, they iass out of the orifice known as the pyloric iqs'iiihg, which in turns is in close proximity to the pnVtilMcuMt, entrance. This exit is guarded by a species of valve, which does not admit of the nassaire of stones or other in.- ablaut, nnl the stomach HamniM ,. ' SI respiratory movements become greatly in creased, the air vesicles become dilated, the blood is propelledfcthrough the minute capil laries which constitute a largo portion of their structure, and tho lung tissue receives the nourishment which it requires, and which is necessary to its integrity and efficient actioi. From insufficient lsslily exercise, then, the lungs suffer in two waya viz., for want of Bullieient blood to nourish them and for want of necessary expansion. The result is that the lungs, more trequently than any other organ, be come atlectcd in those who lead inactive lives. This fact makes it Incumbent on all, and especially on those who have weak lungs, to spend a portion of each day in vigorous physical exercise. Wo mean by this exercise which calls into vigorous action all the muscles of the bpdjri exercise which causes the skin to glow, the perspiration to start. Two hours of this kind of exercise each day is not too much; ami it should be jierformed, when possible, in the open air. A celebrated French physician says that a person, to bo healthy and strong, should exercise to the point of perspiring every dy. Bemkhy rob Ohesitt. According to Dr. PWlbert, the waters of Brides in Savoy, which are very similar to those of Carlsbad, are very w ' toe iivaaaeemi ot owelty, me pur gative salts COIltAHwd 111 irataH iv.. a,. I iatentod. Thus only that portion which has phatc of soda, chloride of sodium, chloride of magnesium, sulphate ol magnesia, and sulphate of lime. To increase the effect, from lit to 80 grains of sulphate of soda are added to each glass of mineral water. The quantity taken daily is four-fifths of a quart, divided, into three doses, and the purgative effect ii produced in two or three days. The course may last from four to six weeks. As an adjuvant to the wa ters, a vapor bath may be taken every day or every second day. Ferinaceous and saccharine articles of food are not allowed, and brandy, liqueurs, and coffee are interdicted ; but the quantity of fowl is not liraitod, and a moderate amount of wine may be taken without harm. Muscular exercise is considered indispensable, and the mountains in the vicinity of Bridea afford every facility for walking, when, in ad dition, this treatment may be followtd by the grape cure. ttecoiue itissolvetl or ground very tine Jiasses through. The digested matter, called chyme, goes ouwani through the told ot the intestine, known as the AmmMM (letter X ), which en closes that peculiar gland, the pancreas (tetter Ml The ctiarsor portion of the chyme iahore sub mitted to tho solvent pancreatic juices, which Otter dirwtly into the intestine through a duct The bile also enters the iuteatine at about the same place. From this fold, the chime enters the small intestine, where the lacteal vessels abstract the nutritious Mrtinn, known as chyle, and convey it to the artorirs. The residue, tassing downward through the Larger intestine, is further submitted to a system of lacteals, situated on the accessory iutostine, (letter if A These are simple sacks, i. having blind ends, where the process of absorption is pro- MEN'S PART IN HOME-MAKING. Most of the preachments we have seen from the text of happy homes have been aimed at the women. This is natural enough, for thev are the home-makers of the world; but just now we desire to nudce the hA f households, and ask them how thev are forminir their responsible narr. in . w , r . ... ir.nni 0I home. Their forte lies in breathing and enjoy- iug tllc .uuu.Fu re aiter somebody else has made it-and not a few can't get along and make known their authority without "raising a breeze" in it. Men are too busy, too much pre-occunied too impatient and thoughtless, and it must be t- t. iTv a . w) uo taea fair share of that pre-eminently millennial work the creatine M it I . - i , j rf .T.T w"erein love reigmj supreme, and amiabUity, affection cheer fulness joy and peace are the natural' condi tions of family life. Now in certain things man has been aeon- OientiflO irentlemen have Mr ni anv ArUm clown to this day. Men will fight for their homes, and make slaves of thomselvee to their business to maintain them; but like the prover bial man who would die for a woman, but would never bring up a scuttle of coal, they can't tell what their children are studying at school, who their mates are, what they are learning of mod or evil, nor hardly anything else that a father ought to know concerning ids offspring. It is so sad a fact as to bdoiI the satire, when it is said that many a father finds hla Sundays and holidays too few to enable him to "be come acquainted with his boys." But we maintain that a m who hasn't time to be a father to Ut rhiUrm, wttM all thnt includes, ha no right to have anv. He wrongs them, robs himself, puts an unjust responsibility upon the mother and neoleota his highest duties, human ami divine. There arc so many ways in which a father may contribute to happy home lite that it seems strange the number of houses innnlrl crMt1 1 -MjiAui'ni uienonics. It takes so little to make children happy At home, that it is a wondrous pity many little ones are miserable, or uneasy or discontented. If for an hour after the evening meal the father should give himself to his children, would the mother wear out so fast, or the children bo so lawless, troublesome and uucom. ortable.' What a ministry for good to babies .' hat an interest is added to the hooka, the drawings, the games, or even the studies if the father enters into tl.oiii. ABido from the children, and ia homes where haply there are none, mea still have a more direct part than most of them are ready to bear, in making the daily life pleasant. We hardly need say that a man should set the example for the family in patience, che rfulnesi, courtesy, forbearance, and all the amia ble moods and graces that are the soil , of homo happiness. The sort of meuj whrTdisplay all their suavity and poliuii ness on the street or at their husinsatj places, ami save the storms and suUdZI and sourness and all tho evil broodflf J deyelish dispositions that they charac torize by the convenient euphemism of J "mood' unit, m i- Imvn mi. -rl them ! and if they will come witlus range, we don't mind expressing it pri- ft vately; but we are afraid it wouldn't iook wen in print. The whole tribe of home tyrant men who make the entire household, revolve around them as the center whose tongues are chronically "fur red" in the morning, and nerves n upset in the ovening that the family must keep silence while they read and smoke; who "can't bear" the noise of innocent and natural mirth fulness; who have to be toadied and tended .iml htmmiwl- k, .11 f ll. 4. be doomed to pass their days in a shabby-genteel warning house, without sight of wife or childrei with hash for breakfast, warmed-over pancake) forjluuoh, and lean mackerel and centennial heat for supper, with the lodger overhead alwajl learning the trombone and servant girls that steal the hair-oil. They don't deserve a home, and no man docB who will do nothing ,,,,!.. ,t For man's rights do not include the right to all tin- .toioria oi a noine without anv ot tM work, or worry, or self sacrifice, or thoughtful- A una mm weii-uomg incident to its creation ana v maintenance, 1 A . J .1 , , . i S full duty if thev nav the bills, kmn or m grudgingly. But one might as well try to ..-.. .. iwui mm ii oic-pmce anu a pair ui silver-plated andirons, and no fuel or fire, a .y www a Dome witn money. The money humu oi.tK- a piaco ior the home: to com plete it the man must put in himself, and the . uivui iiuiinuu t hum, uoiaen amm Detection or Trichina. In recent yean some attention has been attracted to the Trich ina, one of the moat formidable of human para sites. It is known that this microscopical worm, encysted in pork, is therewith conveyed into . the alimentary tube of man, and penetratei into ! the tissues ot the muscles, causing intolerable pains, and even sometimes death, This very year a number of cases of tnchin-sis have been met with among the soldiers of the (ierroan garrison of Thionville. To detect the trichina, suspected meat is often examined with the microscope, but the method of examination rather inadequate. A Russian servant, M. Tik homiroff, has suggested a new mode of isolating the muscular fiber. He divides the pork into small pieces, and sets it to digest for about half an hour with an equal volume of chlorate of potash, to which is added fonr times w nitric acid. The muscular tissue tho treated is pnt into a (task with distilled water and agi tated till it separatee into its fibrillar Tb' latter present, when the meat is infested with trichina, whitish fusiform swellings, observable with a lens, and in which the microscope rsTtaai the presence of trichina. I 1