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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (April 1, 1878)
128 THE WEST SHOKE. April. TljE Wesj SHoie, A Hixtecn Page MiiriKilj Illustrated Paper, published at I'OHTtiKtl, Okboon, bj U SAHL'KL. Iti-in-'- " . r. i . r. Street, between Mil and Oth, UnoUy opposite the Povtoftlcu rtj.s- of suiisciti'Tion, (Including I'lmtatfe to any -oi of the United State): One w-py, inie year LH Siiufiu Number 20 cents. PohUkc to foreign wjtm tries, Sii cents additional 4' Subscription be paid In advance, and all r- will postttvtly be ati)pcd at thu end of the time Hieyare juid fur. KttnlttauOM can be made by n -;i -it. d letter, or bt wW uriy nl thg Portland huninees house. EVENINGS AT THE WHITE HOUSE. The President end family receive informally in the evening, sometimes in the red room and sometimes in the library. These visits, how ever, are only made by intimate personal friends, or by those warranted through their acquaint ance to cull in a social manner. The evenings la the library arc very charming. Brilliant and cultivated men and women gather in little knots in different parts of the spacious and cheerful apartment, and wit sparkles and anec dote enlivens conversation. The President freauently disapiicarn. lb- lias a private library. where he retires when any gentleman present wishes to speak with him on matters of policy or politics, but ho soon returns, to all appearances as unrultled as if the great sea of public Opinion had settled into a pflneot calm. .Mrs. Hayes entertains her visitors in an easy, courteous, cordial manner, moving among them with stately grace and scattering pleasant words, (ireat gentleness and sweetness pervade the whole domestic life of the President's family. Little Fannie, the only daughter, a bright child 01 nine years, the pel and (ftVOMte ol all whi know her, is never visible at dinner or to evcn jug visitors. "I am obliged to compromise with my little lady, remarked .Mrs. Hayes, with a smile, "as I found her growing old too fast for her years. We serve her dinner in het room, which she esteems a high compliment.11 The private dining-roniu ol the Presidents family is thu only one of their private apart ments which is on the great main Hour of tin White House. The meals are breakfast, lunch ami ilmner, instead of breakfast, dinner ami tea, as iu the time of Madison. No unusual forms and ceremonies are observed iu tin Service Inrtlier Hi in tUOMOl an DOnUOWOmiUI s table. The hospitalities of either lunch or dinner are frankly tendered to any familial' guest who may chance to be calling at the speci lied hour, and not infrequently accepted. Martha .. Lamb, in Ifarptr'i &agatintjbr March, Coal Production,' The coal production ol of the world has enormously increased during the last .III years. I lie six principal coal pro ducing countries arc Qreat Britain) Belgium, the United States, France, Prussia and Austria, including Hungary. These countries produced iu IMS an aggregate of 48,91 1. 10(1 tons ol' coal, this aggregate being made up ns follows: (Jreat Britain, 81,800,000 tons; Belgium, 4,960,077 tons; the United States, 4.400,000 tons: France, 4,141, HIT tons; Prussia, 3,500,000 tOQI) Austria, , (IU, (U0 tons. In loji the corresponding ag uronato produetiiui of the six countries had grown to no less than 8581660,700 tons - (ireat Britain contributing to this imposing array of figures 130,043.800 tons; Belgram, 14,869,000 tons; tliu I 'lilted Mates, t!f ,4zO, UUO tOM I'rane lt;,!llil,(MKHims; Prussia. (l,7.l.li(IO tons; All tria, PJ,SI0,iHH tons. Creat Britain produced nearly one-halt, it will he seen, ol the whol coal extraction ellecle.l by the various nations nniler review, The immense supremacy of Onat Britain over her neighbors in the matter of coal minion i refleoted In the fact that in 1874 this country raised .111 tons per head of its population, the corresponding proportion in the Date of Belgium being J8 tons, iu thu case of the United States IU. tons, in the cose of franco -1 if tons, in the case of Prussia IT tons mid in the case of Austria 81 tons. The coal extraction of great Britain in 1874 was 10 times us large as the corresponding production of Bel gium, three timt'i as large as that of the United States, three tunes as large as that of Prussia, eight times as large as that of Prance and ten times as largo as that uf Austria. The coal production per head of the population effected by Belgium iu IS74 approached more nearly to that of the United Kingdom than that of any other country. Tnt AlpttMM", A Ntim VOR Bkhk DftlNEBM, A general im pression prevails that "ignorance is bliss." This, says the .hViiro K.inmincr, manifestly depends on the nature of the ignorance ami the nature of the bliss; for example, it surely fan not lw a blissful state to bo acquainted with thu following preparations that are advertised, and, we presume, used bv town and country brewers; "llavarian bitter, MM pound equal's 64 pOOndl of hops. Koi adding to copper, or when racked." "Bisulphite of lime, for the prevention of acetous fermentation of beer." "Doable Hnmulin (aroma), for (laboring mild like pale ales, oun pound equal to :t- pounds of hops." "Burton water crystals, especially recommended to brewers for rendering ales more preservative, improving attenuation, drop ping clearer, paler iu color, more sparkling." The utotatious we have rivN are from the ad vertisement sheet of a well known and officially published claas journal, and clearly show that uinorauce produces at auv rate in the luttr- drinkor, headache and twuu,h ache, rather than the blias that Poets write of. Now if w. could but restore the brewer of England to that condition of ignorance when they could ouly brew lievr with malt and hop, we might fairly regard it as case of ignorance being bliss. As it is, however, this agu of science has prxHtucfHi irewers mat are cneiinsu, and wine men -bants that are perfect masters in that mysterious department of knowledge which is euphemistically called "blending. ' We can scarcely complain of the danger that has arisen from a little knowledge; our trouble haa clearly came (nun our drink -makers knowing toe much. AUSTRALIAN OPINIONS OF THE AMER ICAN RAILWAY SYSTEM. The report of the Commissioners for Victoria to the American International Exhibition, aays of American railroads: "The Americans are justly entitled to the highest rank in the me chanical arts and appliances. llic simplest hint of a mechanical idea is, by their native ingenuity, perseverance and mechanical skill, worked out to proportions which any one who has not resided among them would scarcely conceive. Hence it is that the railroad system has been extended by means of the street tram way, one might almost say, to their very " tire sides," The process of making adequately good roads for the interior traffic of their cities was much too tedious and slow for them. Whether time will not effect a change in this respect mid whether their finest cities will, in the future, be given up to the street tramway and its car, or whether they will afford, by means of really good roads, an unimpeded tralfic for all classes of vehicles, remains to bo Been." This on the subject of railways: "The Americans never tried to make a good common road, and the railway system was in troduced at the nick of time, and was quickly and universally adopted. It is the West which owes most to railways, for in the Eastern States the rivers are open for seven months of every year, bringing cargo and passengers to the cities Upon the coast. Communication between the North and South, between New York, Hoston or Philadelphia and New York, was conducted r v a ciimmiiiLtnni nt liials iilvm hetween riv and inland seas, arid stage coaches. In the hast the railu av.i have only added to the tacit ties for locomotion. It is scarcely too much to Bay that they have called the WeBt into exist ence, drain and heavy produce tnid tlieir way iron" bioago to the sea by a long and tedloui lake, canal navigation during the summer months'! but emigrants would scarcely have submitted to the inconveniences of a month's journey to reach a city which is brought by the express train to within 36 hours of Now York THE MATHEMATICS OF STRIKES. TV, fnlWinti remarks of Sir Edmund Beckett, Q. C., in a communication to the Times, will he read with interest in tne present crisis: It is surprising how little the men have yet mallnJ Ui fundamental niece of mathematics of unionism, viz., that even a successful strike for a difference of, say, a tenth for n weeks is a loss, unlesB it iB followed by 10 times n weeks of the higher wages, and so for any other frac tion. Therefore, a six months' strike for a 10 rise, against a fall, will require five years of the higher wages to prevent it being a loss; and that is determined by other circumstances long before five years, or two, or one. An unsuccess ful strike is, of course, a dead loss forever, and a double one, for it iB first a Iobb to their men and their fellows, who are taxed for them by the union; and, Becondly, a loss of all the masters' profits, which would have come back to wnrkfas men in navhiL' for more labor. And they always profess to consider the interests of all their class, and think they can spread wealth more widely over them by producing as little of it for the masters as they can, which is ultimately for their own class. Arbitrations are another taliacy, though some people laucy they are the panacea for all these difficulties, and we hear of all sorts of schemes proposed 1 for standing arbitration machinery, when nature has provided a self-acting machinery infinitely better. An arbitrator's award, even if it hap pens to be right, or the same as jierfcctly free trade would have settled, is an attempt to leg islate prospectively what wages are to be gener ally, it BeeniB, for six months; and if no tune is fixed, the arbitration is nonsense, for the par ties may differ again next week. It is as absurd to fix the price of labor beforehand as the price of bread and butter. If the makers of them found they could not make a profit by Belling them at the prescribed price, they would sell none, and everybody would have to make their own or go without or secretly pay more. What would workmen say to Parliament every July fixing the price of labor of all kinds, and, EXPORTS OF PETROLEUM. Six years ago our exports of crude and refined oil amounted to an aggregate of 90,000,000 gal. Ions. This was in 1872. Three years later, the total had risen to 140,000,000 gallons. In 1877 the export was, in round numbers, 248,000,000 gallons. The increase in the yields of the Penn sylvania oil fields has kept pace with the demand abroad and at home the average yield in 1870 having been about 13,000 barrels per day, while in 1877 it had riBeu to an average of more than 35,000 barrels daily. The growth of the trade in the foreign markets is a curious study. For example, the export to London in 1872 was 1,370,000 gallons, and in 1877 it was 16,000,000 Liverpool took 1,388,000 gallons iu 1872, wen up to 8,000,000 in 1874, and in 1877 bought 9,"00,000gallons. But these tiguresare entirely eclipsed by the statistics of our oil trade with Germany and the East. There were shipped to Bremen in 1877 more than 42,300,1X10 gallons of petroleum, against 11,800,000 in 1872 and 23,. 000,000 in 1876 an enormous increase, equal to about 100 in the past 12 months, and nearly 400 as compared with 1872. The shipments to the Dutch East Indies more than doubled in 1877 as compared with those of the previous years, and China and the East Indies took 10,000,000 gallons last year, against one-fifth I that amount in 1876. American Manufacturer, THE DUTCH IN HOLLAND. The Department of State has received a re port on the social and political condition of the Dutch, from the Minister of the United States to The Hague. Aa an illustration of the carefulness and steadiness of the Dutch, the Minister says that there has not been a bank failure in Holland during the last 40 years, and that the paper money of the banks during that time has leen equal to gold. In regard to fire Insurance companies, there is no such thing as a failure on record, and, while the rate of in surance does not average more than half of one per cent., the companies are in the most llour- or Philadelphia. The long, tedious and danger ous journey across the plains from St. Louis or Chicago to San Francisco, when compared with the facility with which the journey, if accom plished by the DnlOD Pacific and Central Pa oitio railways, show the difficulties which would have attended the colonization of the Western prairies from the Atlantic seaboard if it had not liceii for the discoveries of Watt anil Stephen son. But for the Introduction of railways Omaha would be practically further from Liver pool than Mcmournc actually is. MlKlRAL Oil in a Lava OF UoVHT Etna. In the basaltic y.-'iw which reaches from the foot of Mount Etna, in a south-southeasterly direction, near the village of Patcrua, there is a prehistoric doientio lava, containing olivine, which surrounds the clay deposits of a mud vol cano, and which has been examined bv Siir. Oraziu Silveatri, I'nder the micros CODC the lava snows an augitic principal mass with a quantity of olivine and many white transparent crystals of labradoritc. The lava contains nu merous round or irregular cavities which are coated with arragonitc, and which are filled with mineral oil. This oil, of which there is alout one per cent, by weight in the whole mass, was taken from one of the cavities at 24 C. At about 17" 0, it begins to solidify, and is of yel lowish green tint by transmittal light, while by rottectcd light it is ojialesceut and light green. THOROUGHBRED HEREFORD HEIFER, consequently, of everything they have to buy, until they meet again in February ? An arbi tration may bo a less temporary evil than a strike, though 1 am by no means sure of that as a general rule, and that is not saying much for them. Tun TlLXFHONl in thk AltMV. The Ger man Military Department, always on the watch to make use of the latest scientific discoveries, has naturally devoted its attention at once to the telephone, In the last Dumber of Militnir WoihMoUU we notice a report on the practica bility of its use in warfare for maintaining com munication with pickets and outlying posts. The experiment! were carried out at a tempera ture of 3" C. , and during a violent wind, and showed most conclusively its availability for the purposes in question. In this connection, we may mention that E. A F. K, Spon, of 44(i Broome street, New York, have just published in pamphlet form, a lecture, recently delivered by Prof. Bell In England, on the telephone. The Damnhlet is fully illustrated, and iH an in.. portant addition to the literature of this win ning instrument UoumcATUun is thk Tinnrowi. Qoroi modifications of the telephone have been brought to the notice of the Academy of Scien ces, Paris, by M. Uriguet. A plate of thin sheet iron having a black lead toncil pressing suguuy on me center is connected by wires with the two ends of the Uddiiii wire of a Pell telephone. Instead of the magnetic hur, one of soft iron is used. In the circuit a hatterv of two laclanche elrmenU is placed, and the plate vibrated by the voice causes vibrations in the black lead, ami so in the resistance of the cir cuit and the intensity of the permanent cur rant Thus attractions and non -attractions are produced in the electro-magnet of the re ceiving end, and the sound of the voice is made audible. To Dkv Rmu l rtMMtu . a follows: In order to prevent bending, etc., www oiven occurs in iirymg a spiral between two rags or with a brush, he reduces a dry crust of bread to a very fine powder with a hammer, afterward i.I . m.. tlm ,,.,i. :.. . small box, into which ho transfers the spiral on removing u irom tne water or alcohol, and leaves it there two or three minutes; then, hav ing well shaken the box, the spiral is taken out it, umaj o out ienecuy ciean. Zinc is Analytical Chemistry. At the recent meeting of the American Institute of Engineers, Dr. Thomas M. Drown read a brief paper on me employment of pulverized sine in analytical chemistry, especially in iron analysis. He sboweil that by the very simple and direct rinc method results were obtained within one tenth of one per cent, in quantitative deter minations of iron in area, of those reached with tne nyorogen raeinod. shing condition, realizing 12 to 16 per an- num. rirst claas railroad travel is only one cent per mile, and yet the roads pay good div idends. Pilfering officials are scarcely ever heard of, and when they shock the nation by turning up, they are severely punished and for ever disgraced. No free passes are granted, and managers and directors have no power to pass anybody over the roads free. All must pay the public rates. Dishonesty of any kind, or failure in business, means public dishonor, and utterly bars the dishonest from any future luiuic consideration, rour millions ol people Ire within an area of 10.000 snunrn miles, a fact unprecedented in any other country; and all appear to be happy, prosperous and con tented. The secret of this prosperity lies in the fact that all live within their income, and tnat industry and honesty are principles so firmly established, that their violation is looked Upon aa an outrage on the national character istics. A HEREFORD HEIFER. In a former issue we gave our readers a per mit of the Hereford bull "Success," a Centen-nial-promium animal, owned by the leading breeder of Herefords in this country, Mr. T. L. Miller, of flffijeher, Illinois. The heifer shown on this JHTU a daughter of "Success," and if our readers will compare the two por traits, they will see how fully the grand old sire transmits his characteristic form and mark ings. We are glad also to show the breed be cause it is coming into prominence among grazers in this country and has many qualities to claim attention. At a public sale of these cattle in England, a short time since, the auctioneer claimed that five could lie grazed or fed at same cost as four Short Horns. This statement has led to some discussion in this and the old country. The Kentucky IAh Stock Reconi admitted the statement so far as three-year-olds were con cerned, but claimed it was not true as regards two-year-olds. And the Kentucky writer went brond this and stated that Hereford beef from three-year-olds and over was always worth more in the London market than that from Short Horns.