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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 1, 1878)
70 THE WEST SHORE January. THE POINTS INVOLVED IN JOINT. In all wood-working the proper connection of the part is an essential element, and in design ing or executing joints and fastenings in wood work, the following principles laid down by Pnf. Itankine should be adhered to, viz. : 1. To cut the joints and arrange the fastening so as to weaken the pieces of timber thnt they connect as little as possible. 2. To place each ahutting surface in a joint as nearly as possible iierpendicular to the pressure wliicb it has to transmit. :(. To proportion the area of each surface to the pressure which it has to lear, so that the timber may be safe against injury under the heaviest loads which occur in practice, and to form and lit every Pill of such surfaces accu rately, in order to distribute the stress uni formly. 4. To proportion the fastenings so that they , may be of equal strength with the pieces which they connect. 0, I u place me laswmnig" m mnu piow i timber so that there may be lUffloient resist ance to the giving way of the joint by the fas tenings shearing or crushing their way through the timber. To tbeee nay be added a sixth principle not less important than the foregoing, viz. : To se lect the simplest forms of joints, and to obtain the smallest possible number of abutments. The reason for this is that the more complicated the joint, or the greater the number of bearing surfaces, the less probability there will be of citing a sound and cheaply made connection. ',, IninM a fiiirand coital beariui: iua joint whisk Is nut nnltfl trot-, it is usual after the pieces are put together to run a saw-cut be tween each Waring surface or abutment; the kerf or width of OUt being equal in each case the bearing is then rendered true; this is often done, for iiutanoe, with the shoulders of a tenon or the hutting emls oi a scan, nen care- i less workmanship has rendered it necessary. When the visible junction of two pieces is re- ; quired to 1 as close as possible, and no great strain to be met at the joint, it is usual to tightly undercut the parts and give clearance on the inside. THK BLUE JAY, We give our rcailers on this page, an engrav ing of a blue jay a bird as widely known as lie is injurious. If "handsome is that hand some doee" lie true of binls, then the jay is a model of ugliness in spite of his bright colors. Every man's hand is raised against him for he is adeetroyerof fruit and grain, and nuts, and is a devourer of eggs and the young of birds, which are of real value to the fruit grower and farmer. In suite of the gnus ami 1 traps which lieset hi life, this worse than worthless bird is still abundant and seems to thrive in the adversity ffhleh farmers endeavor ! to visit upon linn. Tilt: Toktoiu A BaROMUTUR, M. J. I'. Bouohanl, says the London 'inner, publisher , tile results of a series of observations he nai ! made for some years past on the habitaol the common tortoise as indicative of approaching changes in the weather, more esjiecially "i n I den reductions of temperature. At the end of I autumn, II s levere winter is at hand the tor- j label bury themselves deeply in the ground so I as to IMS '.iiiiii leiy lilihlin. li, on uic con trary, the winter ie about to I hi exceptionally mild, as was the case last year, they only go just siiiiictciitly deep to cover the openings of the carapace. Taking last winttr as an exam ple, he found that they emerged from their re treats during a mild January, ami their return to them late in Kebrtian wai shortly followed by severe frosts. One day in March, while the thermometer was itanding at 80 Pahr., the tortoises suddenly retired, and the same night it fell to only two degrees above freeaing point. Pive timet In the month of April their disap pearance gave timely warning of approaching Irtwts, and in every instance the warning was justified by the result. M. Bouchard states that by regular attention to the movements of these sensitive weather prophets, he has been able for years past to avoid danger from nnc peoteu ntglit trostM in nts numerous giass-nouses. COAL AND 1 HUN IN ll'l. Mr. W alter Ness, who is under an engagement by the British government to develop the Waroraooal Beldaof Central India, states that In the Warora coal lields there are bv computation, 900,000,000 tons of coal within U miles. The coal con lilted mainly of an 11-foot seam, but owing to the difficulty el native labor, it had to be worked by the long-wall system. It took three or four natives to do the same amount of work done by one Kliglish miner. He had sonic trouble in training the nativee to work in the pits, and also as blacksmiths and carpenters, lint afterwards tiny gave him little trouble, as they were amenable to law ami order. About : miles from where he was engaged in the de velopment of the coal Bald, there was a hill with a ncli vein of irontt ne, and he oalcnUted that it contained ;i,0U0,t.KI tons of rich ore. Me hoiied that the tune would 000 OOttM when the seam would Ih worked, ami iron made in India. He aid the coal was not faulty, and he tad not seen any gaa. All the coal raised at present is aetd lor locomotive purposes. The nnce is '2 lulling pat ton, but this would lie reduced when the 001 OOtld In- worked by skilled work man. . TO Bnn.iirKN Ikon. The following method of brightening iron, which appear suitable for ome of tin- UM uiqortant part of large clocks. u noommended by Baden. The articles to lm brightened are, when taken from the forge or rolU in the oeOf of nasi articles as plate, wire, etc., placed in diluted ulphiinc acid In 90), when they remain for aUuit an hour. This has Uiejelfev' of cleansing them, and they are washed clean with water and dried with sawdust. They are then dipped for aKuit a second in commer cial nitrous avid, washed carefully, dried ui aawdiist, aud mblxsl clean It is said that mm goods thus trotted acquire, without undcrc'ing any of the usual polishing operations bright surface bavin: a white glance. Can should lie taken by any out using tbe nitrous avid not to inhale the tuiue. Fatal Parasitic Wqemi is Doos. The New York lntlrjieul?iU condenses from Chinese newspapers an account of a discovery why dogs in China are liable to sudden and apparently un accountable death. This is often found to be due to the plugging of the pulmonary artery, or to mechanical interference with the action of the valves of the heart, by a mass of tihtrhe, or worms, occupying the artery and cavities on the right side. On opening the heart the worms are found massed together in a bundle, like a coil of thick cat-gut that has beet) lOtm time steeping in water. The few sluggish movements they exhibit alter thu death of tin dog form a striking contrast to the liveliness of their minute progeny, which wriggle about in the neighlwrhood and in the blood throughout the system. On unraveling and extending the parent worms, they can lie separated into two kinds. One sort, the larger and plumper, measure from S to l.'i inches m length by J - .SO of an inch in diameter) tlie other, the smaller, live to seven inches in lentil by I -41) of an inch in diameter. Their progeny are about i-ioooi an inch In length by 1-3,000 of an inch in breadth. A similar disease to this is known in America, France, Italy and other countries. Or. Manson, in his report on these Hematozoa, is inclined to believe that the inchowimi nu vs "7 , F , labmentl which people suffer trom the foUy of queeaing their feet into narrow shoes and , 1 .... I-T, t,Mwlwfl .mil Mr. South reCOIIl- memls the following treatment for its cure. First get rid of the narrow shoe, bo that the toe may be tinoonflned, and the nail allowed to recover its proper breadth, which, however, it does not do very quickly. Then proceed to re lieve the sore skin by the sie of the nail of its pressure. It is of no use. however, merely to cut away the pressing nan ucc.j, . I then to press a piece of lint under its edge, . , t - r .i ; ;.. u..W.i. fnr Hi nail. which is as paiunu an m u.vo., --, if it is not otherwise managed, will drop, in the course of a few days, upon the old spot, ami again render it "angry." The proper treatment is thinning the whole length of the middle of the nail, from its root to its end as much as possible; and this is beet done by scraping It persevering. - A, T i f . ntoM nt "lass, eaain and anin, mi tlie middle of the nail be as thin as writing paper, ami w ill readily bend under the pressure of the fa r nail This is. at first, a rather painful operation; but the scraping must he done With a light hand. As soon as the middle of the naif has been thus thinned, it yields to tho up werd presenre of the skiu on its side edges, THE AGE OF STEEL. Mr. Lowthian Bell, the English expert, U well known to be of the opinion that the age of iron is approaching its close, and that steel will eventually take its place; and the object upon which the energies of that gentleman have for ome time lieen concentrated is to produce steel from the puddling furnace by a direct process. He eaudidly told his hearers at Newcastle that "now-a-days, so far as ulterior products were concerned, it was neither bar iron nor pig iron they required, but steel; and, how ever their in terests might deceive thein into the belief that malleable iron was going to retain the position it had occupied for some thousands of years there was no doubt in Ida mind that steel was destined to supplant it." It caunot be ignored, says the London Tvletjraph, that, at least as re gards rails, the hulls and Ixiilers of metal ships, and many other articles, patent facts yield in', creasing support to the forecast of Mr. Low thian Hell. In consequence of the increasing preference given to steel for railB, the iron rail tragic oi MUtrn aies ami nnnienornngri has almost entirely disappeared. When railway companies renew their ieriiianent way, if it should lmppen to have been formerly laid with iron, they now invariably substitute steel, for tun KUOunent reason that rails ot tho latter metal will wear three or four times loiiL-er than those made of tho former, notwithstanding that neeiraui cost, oniy w sinning per ton more than iron ones. Besides. Floyd a have already sanctioned the construction of steel ships at a reduction of 25 on the stantling required in the case of iron vessels; and the advantages in favor of steel, in respect of durability, light ness and capacity for accommodating freight, are self-evident. Steel bridges span the great rivers of America and the dykes of Holland, and it cannot be long lefnre the security of this material for similar purposes in England is gen erally recognized. There is, however, an im portant consideration which, in a commercial point of view, might be regarded as a draw back to the displacement of iron by steel. If, for example, steel rails will last 10 years instead of four the average duration of iron rails and if steel vessels last proportionately long, it is obvious that, unless enterprise in these de partments develops on a scale vast beyond an ticipation, the greater durability of the one metal, as compared with the other, will prevent orders from being bo frequently repeated for re placing wasted material. THK BLUE JAY. great frequency of aortic aneurism among I'u rolcau ui China might possibly lie traceable to the existence of these worms in the heart and blood-vessels. With the practni he has ac quired in the detection of these worms in the blood of the dog, he searched for them in man. No selection vmus made o! c.ics; l.ut the first patient or lualthy person who presented him self and was w illing to have bis lingers pricked was examined, us slides of blood, at bait, be ing carefully searched. In this way he ol 190 sees louna me worms in lonraimut n . l KUNi; OaTOICN PU7MX. A eorreSiHindent of the htttr-OfKin says: It possible, an old plume should be used to practice on until one geU her "hand in. ' as two or three broken feathers in a nice nhiinc iiueht stiod it. With the left thumb and foretimter hold that iwirt of j the mull to which the f either U inn curled are attached, and with a rather dull but pointed penknife, take up the slender feather, one at a time, twinnmug at the base of the plume and working toward the point The Niiutod blade will enable one to pnk up the feathers readily: then, with a quick movement, acquired null by practice, the blade and thumb bstWW n wlueii the feathers is held are to 1h drawn to nu off the end of the fuather. when it will curl Isuk toward the OjtlUL more or lets according to how tightly it was held while being drawn U0trSau the thumb and knife. If it i only desire 1 t. curl the tip end. aa in lon plmm-a, it is tV- T to hold part of the way down the vane, mates I el holding the quill. I'atient praOtfoe will enable one to curl plumes nicely withiu a reason.vbl. time and their added l-ea'ity will rvpa the trouble. Anil l has been introduced in Congress by Joyce, adjusting the salaries of IVt master en the hsaia of the numWr of itemps cancelled in stead of the number sold. readily bends, and offers no father resistance. The sore place living no longer irritated by pres sure, the "proud" flesh soon drops down, and tile sore heals. It imrrow shoes or ImmiU U again used, the foolish wearer may expect a repetition of bis plague. Till: Si.umsn.-The wlrfirinlftil says that in a richly illustrated volume on theernhnralosrv and anatomy of the starfish. Mr. Alexander Agsasti tausi exception to the prevailing 1W winian leu s in thefollowinu lancuin; "While," he s.ns, "tlie niooeesive sppearsnoc of the great lypea of RoUnj in geoiOgioal time -in other words, their peJamntoioffioeJ development is in the strictest hariiu ny with what we know of ;heir emlirvolooK-al develoimicnt, we a.s i tainly know nothing whatever of the causes which nave Drought aOOUI tlieir sequence u tune, in such Mtrikmc agreement with th SStlUence in tneir phases of growth. The case of mooeesive modirleationa of the ancestral horse, which has often bee bmught forward aa i-oiicniMve rei;aritliig tlie genealogy of the group, altiiough mote fatniliar, is far less eomnlete and much man limited in time than the succession to Ik- traced tivm the pal a- utologieal evidence of V hui I. Itut. kiltie natural selection oiena pUnsible, splnnationoi like problems among ver tebrate, n fails uttsrlv when sppUsd u the uuvjority ! ma iuiwielwama. and smkaveoam. phtelv failed, tluis far. U tind any causes for inetr pane mfc wgicai derelopinent diffsriasj Iron those Una unoo their snnn in embrvolom cal stage; at the present day, of which we know susoiuieiy in tnttig. Mn U is pn-pariugforan International Kxhi Utloo in 1h?.. The outlay for the building, which is to U in the axmoU Crystal Talece style, i et at the modest mm of Jiso.ooo, two thihla of which sum have already been mbseribed in England and the rest m Italy. DcmOVBD Cahmink Ink. The EwjlUh Alt hank savs: The solubility of carmine lake in caustic aqua ammonia is attended with this dis advantage: that In consequence of the alkaline properties oi aniuiouia, uic uwuuiooai im i will, in time, form n basic compound, which in contact with a steel pen no longer produces the intense i - ... nut rattier a niacKisii color, to aviuil tins evil, prepare the m lias loiiows: Mat urate 1 gramme of pure cannine with 15 grammes of acetate of ammonia solution and an equal quantity of distilled water in a jiorcelain mortar, and allow the whole to stand for soma time. In this way a portion of the alumina which is combined with the cannine dye, is taken up by the acetic acid of the ammonia salt, and separates as precipitate, while the pure pig ment of the cochineal remains dissolved in half saturated ammonia. It is now filtered, and I few drops of pure white syrup added to thicken it. In this way an excellent red drawing ink is obtained, which holds its color for a long time. A solution of gum arable cannot he em ployed to thicken this ink, as it still contains some acetic acid, which would coagulate tlie baieorine which is one of the natural constit uents of gum arahic. Cai sk OF MILL PibBS.- A correspondent of the London (England) UUkr writes as foUeai concerning tires in flour mills; "I have been for more than 80 years connected with the trade, and in that time it has been my inisfor tiou to be once burned out of a situation. 1 have also seen and know many mill lire, the majority of w hich have taken place in the night, aud most of those after the millB have shut down several hours, many of them breaking out of a Sunday morning, and even as late aa the even ing, or after midnight in other words, on Mon day morning. The cause of the long interval I atribute to the smoldering of duat around some hot liearing till it has assumed a body of tire sno charred WOOd, When a slight draught has pro duced a flame, and before being noticed w spread ton far to lie stopped till the mill and its contents have been reduced to a heap of run In most cases tluB might have been prevent", by it being made the duty of one man to go round and took to all liearings before locking np the place for the night. T Stup NosK-lti.HKti. A correspondent of the Ih-wjijitfA Atlvtrtixtr says: The bleeding may arise from an imiiovcriBhed state of W blood, or it may be the symptom of sonie other disease. If the attack gives rise to scrioui sp prehensions seek the advice of a physician. At times simple remedies relieve great ills, son lerhaps a know ledge of the following i-etnedies might prove serviceable: Weeding may be stopped by raising the arms above taj head. Sponging with ice-water the forehead and face. Applying a towel wet with cold mr between the shoulder. Application of strong solution of alum to the inside of the nos trils, or plugging the nostrils with lint or cot ton voil soaked in this solution, l'lacing small roll of jiaiier or muslin under the upper lip, aliovc the front teeth, and pressing tirtnly on the same, which by compressing tlie srten. checks bleeding. A 8KX Whaul-A white whale ( l-orttiti) was lately carried to England fro" America fur the Westminster Aquarium. vi t : i ....... ,.-eaten mm very nun wueu u arnveii, not ii.-(- anything fur twelve days, and the spinous pro- L.. - - - - a. .i ... .(,. . -il,ii iU lack. It was fed on eels, and seemed lo improw rapidly, but died in a few dsys. DeJJ proved that it died of inrlsuimation of the long, which has surprised ieople, aa occurring mm aquatic iicie. Bat s whale's fat i it dom ing, and it is not strange that it ihoold csw cold when ita clothing ia used np.