October.
THE WEST SHORE
27
THE WHEAT FIELDS OF THE WORLD.
It will, no doubt, be of considerable interest
to all to take a look upon the wheat tields uf the
world and gain the facta of the growing season
lately closed. Our source for such information
is naturally English, because as the grata is
thither bound for a market, reports center there
also. We find iu tiie writings of H. Kains
Jackson, in the Imdnn papers of the week
ending September 17tb, a general survey of the
wheat harvests of the leading producing couu
tries, and therefrom w cull notes of interest.
As regards the home crop iu Knglaud, it is
proving even worse th:m former advices have
indicated. Mr. Jaeksou concludes that it is
20 delicient for tho United Kingdom and fur
nishes only l0-23di of the total required by the
nation for consumption. This shows the oppor
tunity for foreign grain. Now what is available
for supplies t
K.gypt is known to have had a good crop, the
Vienna estimate giving a wheat surplus of
nearly '2,000,000 ors. from a yield of 38
above an averaeo. In support of this view the
export lias been large, yet only on a scale that
promises a cow supply ol l.'JoU.OOO qrs.
Spain, from the southern climates of its coast
and plains and tin- . 1- v.di..n ,; n, , ,,,, .1
plateau, where much Wheat is planted, has a
iUii6 wum iwiiw punoo, aim violent
itormi and DOOda since ftfav have
reduced the promise of the earliest harvest
gatherings, which were exceedingly good. How-
t-voi, in wuwi aii'.i nour, npaui may well ex
port .000,000 qrs., much of which will
nrolutlily I'e akin by .Mediterranean nnria
Italy, Sicily, etc., are reported at Vienna to
have an average crop of wheat and barley, but
uMiuua wuwnw Hurpiu.s-pnuiiK'iiig MOD
try, and is likely therefore merely to exohangl
by import as much as mav be eximrted.
California and Onuran have Wo wu .
equally favored this year, the lirst State having
a iwwiNih lih; taucra mil crop, ami together
are expected to Bunnly tho United Kim-loo.
with 1.600,000 qrs. of wheat Want of
caiman is the cause ol failure in California, the
breadth under cultivation beiiiL' still itmn-.-niinr
The United States acknowledge a full crop in
their earlier Southern States, and a large yield
in the great wheat-producing States of Minne
sota, Iowa, Wisconsin and Kansas, whllltOhio,
Indiaua, Kentucky and Tennessee and Michigan
have extra crops. As a result there should lo
an exKrt power of 8,000,000 qrs. to 9,000,000
qrs. on wneai ami uour, out oi which tlio Con
tinental and other buyers may take 3,000,000
IN. from the tJaitad Kinirdom.
Itussia (north and south) is reported to have
generally a large crop an average in the north,
an excess in the center ami southern govern
ments, and a defloleney of lSJJ in Poland.
Many important districts acknowledge the
yield to lc more than double that of 1678. The
capabilities of export cannot, on account of the
war, no ireignoq Wlin any certainty, the pro
portion usually coming via southern ports is
extreme 15,775,000 owl, In 1 878 coming against
2,080,000 cwt. from northern ports. In
most recent years the dill'erciice would be as
lour to one. itli a harvest hnwi-r of exuort
ing 5,000,000 qrs. that power will probably be
crippled for the next six months by half the
quantity, ami, as a result, America will rule
the British market, restricted only by the inter
ests of her own OMBpotitive Hellers.
I tamaav is believed to have a moderate har
vest, 5 short in Prussia, aliovo an average in
Saxony, Havana (South, Upper and Lower),
15 short in Baden, 5 in Wiirtemburg, an
average in Mecklenburg. Able to ship 1,950,
000 qrs. of wheat iu good seasons, that quantity
may be expected in I877-7H from barman
eourcee, and possibly another 500,000 qrs. from
other sources that will bo forwarded via ( lenniU
port.
Austria and Hungary, with fair reason exult
' over good crops; wheat 12, rye "i, and oats 2 ;
over an average, and Wluy an average yield.
The weight ol grain is very satisfactory in Hun
gary. Ihe Vienna estimates promise a surplus
for export of about 1,750,000 qrs.; but, judging
from the small reeeipts of many previous years,
the United Kingdom is not likely to draw 1,
000,000 qrs. of wheat from Austro-Hungary.
France, wanting for consumption and seed
about 00,000,000 hectoliters of wheat, is esti
mated to have grown but some 85,0011,000, and
to have no reserve. Allowing that France has
sufficient wheat for actual consumption, the
country is yet likely to imiort for reserve, and
in exchange for flour, fully ,3,000,000 qrs. of
wheat, and cannot be regarded as a source of
Uritish supply. ,
British North America has line grain crops,
and is Mievcd able to export 1,000,000 qrs. of
excellent wheat.
Of the other countries in whose harvest we
are interested, Chile ami Australia, the erojta
Promise to be good and early, harvest Wing ex
pected aft begin In Nonotberu the southern
hemisphere. Fast India has loen and is still a
source i if liberal supply for the last two seasons.
A good crop was grown this year, and has tiecn
shipped freely. For the moment the calamitous
famine at .Madras is diverting trade; but cluuiges
from scarcity to plenty are quick in Ilindostan,
and the United Kingdom may certainty rely on
fully last year's wheat supply coming from
India.
In respect to price Mr. .lack son says: As bid
den by Mr. Caird, I am "thankful they are no
higher" for the household bif. Evidently there
is little chance of wheat drugging the market
before the coming of another crop.
BROAD WINtiKD BUZZARD.
The usual range of the broad winged hawk
(depicted on this page) seldom extends far west
of the Alleghany mountains; bat in Virginia,
Maryland and the States eastward it is by no
mean a ran species. Ita nest is about the aiie
of that of the common cm and ia usually
placed on large branches, and near the stem or
trunk of the tree, being composed, externally,
of dry sticka and briars, and internally, of
nnmerona amall roota, and ia lined with the
huge feathers of the common fowl and other
htrda.
Will the telephone enable c
toey to a distant friend.
to telephony
BniTI os Hoi-aH-CLEANim-Chloe Evans
sends the following very sensible suggestions on
this subject to hffliaalr n i IUmI ..h
and closets afford such tempting lielda for over
work that a woman can hardly avoid yielding
to the temptation, and thereby bringing upon
hwmh ..u.l muij gaiuier ami iar more endur
ing annoyances than dusty comers or unpolished
windows. That a clean and wholesome house is
verv desirable no one will deny, not even a umu
-that most benighted of all creatures on the
subject of house-eleaning. How to make and
r ... .,uoc huh,, income important ques
tions. Almost every bottaokeepUr has a theory
... .... wm btwtj one, certainly, should
r r , , an" lllls PflMrttoi
should Ix; founded on the teachings of common
...viiuu. ,(USi nere, in the organi
zation of bar housekeeping forces, woman dis
tinguishes herself. Her own strength mid the
help at her command, the money at her disitosa)
the 8i7.e of her house, the lite of her '
ome oi tim considerations that should Influence
her In making her dans. h, justice to herself
she must "throw aside every weight" in the
shape of whims or prejudice'; at no time are
whims more troublesome than during house
eleaning. No nutter what you have alwavs
done or what your neighbor dor, don't do un
necessary cleaning. In almost every house there
are some portions that do not need the same
attention in the way of cleaning as the rest; do
not need it but often get it, because the bouse
keeper cannot brim; her mind to indulge in a
little wholesome neglect. A few women are so
The Peruvian NiunJJana, -On aha RaaifLi
coaat of South America, extending from the
fourth to the fortieth degree of south latitude,
about 2,400 miles alone the alone of Ifc a,l,
to tho sea, iu Bolivia, Peru, and part of Chile,
nere mis neeo found a hue oi depoaita ol sodium
nitrate, the "Peruvian niter " Thi- l.,U nr..
of variable thickness, covered by from one to
10 yards depth of earth and half-formed sand
stone. The dry soil of the most of this rnitil,
country is pervaded, b some degree, with this
deposit. I he mummied remains til the old
Peruvian people are embalmed with it by the
. ,1-r1.. ... . .1..... i .Yi
" mvj .ttu uuiicilj .ton US ITVSiaiS
glisten on those ghastly relies which were pre-
hi. iwuiMu .I.--. ii u, n-iii oi me v cii
tennial exhibition, and those brought to this
nnnnfn ll,. nUM it : i L-i !
the Province of i'arnpaca, within Mi square
1111 4iHiMj oi uie nuer is not less
....... MK. j pnpriaiion oi
slowly, but has much increased for 10 or 12
years past. Venule laden with it go to the
gov, the woriu devoted to the prodnotioo of
... , wix iu iiuiu iim iiucroi i eru extend
over acres ol ground. In IS0S, 100,000,000
pounds were used iu Urcat Britain. As yet it
has been a .li. d to the mnirishnient of crops
the earth, a vast mine of wealth, for the dis
posal oi coming generations. When multiplied
population ( puis the suctaiuiug power of the
THE BROAD W1NQRD
situatwl that they ivc no nccesjiily for exercia
ing this self denial, but la most coses an over
MrnpuiotU nicety wears tn heavily on nerves,
mind, and spirit to be in the slightest degree
praiseworthy. .Anxiety U put a house in nice
onler is a ary becoming and exeellent spirit,
but a very unsafe one to be governed by.
Boilki Euuh. Hard boiled eggs have always
)een considered more difficult of digestion than
soft boiled ones. The reason is this: the white
of an egg is almost pure albumen. Now albu
men coagulates with ht-at. and is not mo rcWilv
acted on by gastric juice; so that much f it
posses iroiu me siumach undigvsU-d. 1'ersons
with vigorous digestion may manage a hard
boiled egg no as to extract most of the nourish
ment fnim it. if it he well masticated and mixed
with other food. The yolk of the egg, how
ever, is not rendered worse by liard boiling.
Eggs Iwiled just four minutes leave the white
part in a partly riWulent condition, more easily
digested, and not so toft aa to be offensive to
any one. An egg may be cooked in water at a
temperature of about ItkV Ink for 1 5 minutes
and leave the yolk well cooked, but the white
will not be rendered tough and hard to digeit.
Though mora troublesome, this a good w ay to
DON an egg to render it easy of digestion aa welt
aa palatable. Persona whose alatM will not
tolerate a soft-boiled ,-gg ahoubl have them
poached and dmpid on toast hr. Holhrook. !
U IK Ma XT entertaina the idea el eaUblishim
a export and roasting trade in coal. Home 30
new pita have lately been tank, or art under
going the process of linking, and it is estimated
that she coold readily increaa her prevent out
put 80. 1
BUZZARD.
earth really to the test, thin fund of HiiHteiiaiiee
on the Peruvian coast must come to outweigh
in value the gold and ailrer mines of the Cal
ifornian roast, 'r..wiir S,urr M-.- 1
The Mehvam .iuj. yi kntion- A lady
writcaUi the Uretrnt-Vnum aa follow, : With
the approach of w inter the aervant girl ouea-
i. n '.Li.. MM! i MO
an old hou kti'er, and a jiretty good nlmervttr,
deeily about it, and am now quite eouvineel
mi ine reai irounie. i.-i me niggist it t
the women of our Sut, in thu form of a quoa
tion: Does not OVC trouble with MTvatiU and
T , ; I'V" snsauura
anae largely out of the fact that many of Us
are not thorough! That we Uke a Hew ser-
-.vwm,ii i LiiitrugllllCft III
. .,. ,,,- wora none
as it is done, content to harr it rfonnel even
slovenly ' If th in an lu.u , h ...
gooil servants ! If ,ur hotBM are not erhoole of
service, h..w can we exject a class of helperi
i- i-im i; inn: i'...- not menu
apply to homes aa in trad, that the demand for
1 i'imnI art Trie il1 in tin.. i.J , ,, v..
th is eo intrmting a subject; so much of hu'
inan happiness and domestic content depends
on It. that 1 rrallv hfi . maw ., r.,..l,
aider whether therr n not tn it a chance for
home missionary work.
Vear few editors rememlwr much of Ui bible
readings of their yonng ilaya The Colton
Srmi- Tropic has this much left; "It ia easier
for a rich man to punch out the eye of a camel
than for a ueadle te v found in a eaysttok."
, DRIED FRUIT. 1
I From IViflc Kunl press.)
How many times do our producers stop and
think that we have as yet but touched thosurfaee
M the world of possibility which lies before our
dried fruit interest. We know that at times
prices fall baton the suppiv which even now
sometimes threaten, but the fact is wo have
not vet felt tho tirst breath of a demand
which is possible. We may empty our baskets
and boxes into the little stream of consumption
which trickles down this coast and choke it
DOW, but this is but a rivulet compared with
the river which offers to carry OOr prodnot to
consumers. It is common report that many of
tboee oountrieo whloh ire now producing dried
Ernita which we are fitted to prodnoe, are los
ing in the vigor of their industries, and new
productive tields arc called for. More than
this, the dense populations of eaters may be
taid to have not y. t tented the foods which thev
would learn to commute if thev were idsrod
tore them OOWtatttly and regularly. Those ideas
are not wrought up by a desire to develop our
grand possibilities alottO, though such desires
are noble. These thought are held as well by
European merchants shrewd men who art as
much interested iu creating new demands and
enlarged trade as we are iu producing material
for it It will be interesting to all fruit grow
ers to read their eapreeeione. ami we tmst thoy
may incite nil to renewed etrarinto secure the
preservation of our growing fruit supply, ami
push it upon the market with enterprise and in
the best iwssiblu form. We tiudan article in the
orfffal ZVtr.fr Journal on this subject, which
leads us to make tho above application. Wo
shall cite aOUM of the leading OOUMUtionol
" The stipidies of dried fruit are gradually in
creasing, and aa their cultivation iippuars to be
exceedingly remunerative, the crops may be ex
pected to become progressively larger. As yet,
the quantities imported of many, avail of the
leading kinds, are exhausted m throe or four
winter mouths, so that the main trade of the
year is crammed Into a short period Tho work
is accomplished under groat pressure, is soon
over, and for the rest of the year there is little
to w done, while a largo amount of capital has
to be kept idle, waiting for the next season. If
then' were more adequate supplies, then, can lie
no reason why a good dried fruit trade should not
be done throughout the year, though that of
the winter would, of course, naturally bo the
largest. Tho very great increase iu tho'eiirratit
and raisiu crops during the pail yearn shows
that the limit of production, even in the old
producing countries, had not nearly been
n-ai'hcil, ami Un re is ample room l',r further
xtcusum even in thcuo districts. Hoyond this,
California, the Cape and Australia have eom
menoed to produce raisins. The resources of
Italy as a raisiu and tig-growing country, are
almost undeveloped. The Belvedere and' l'an
tollaria raisins are of splendid quality, but are
prepared in so barbarous a way as to be com
paratively useless, though there is no rrason
why they should not compel on nioru than
equal terms with Valeneias.
can be produced in unlimited quantities
in the moderately warm jwirts of the world, but
sonio improvement iu the preparation is required,
so that they should keep iu prime condition for
more than a few months. It the Turks nn not
equal to the intelligent and long -continued care
it is necessary to Ik-kIow npon tig culture, the
llreeks, Italians and Spaniards, all of whose
ligs are inferior La siito to those of Smyrna,
might proUbly greatly improve the kinds they
cultivate. KurojH'aiis also may deviso so mo
means of keeping dried ligs in muni condition
for more than a few short months. Apart from
currants, raisins and ligs, thu date trade it bo
coming more developed of late years, and a
the ontl ll mm of thu eheatiest ami MMt nutn
tious forms of food, this is very satisfactory,
An nbetaole to its progress is the unwieldy sise
and dirty character of the wckages in which
the dates are jmckod. They should Im pack,,)
in a more cleanly way, and in boXM of the
weight of 2H or If Huuds, to that they can be
easily dealt with by the grmrers, instead of
huing sunt Ornennd together in large skins or
mats, so that they are almost unsalable, cxc. pt
by thu street hawkers iu one or two large towns.
Dates are also generally pauked in tci damp a
atU), or in some manner which causes them to
Imi syrupy on their arrival. They may Ik
plucked U ripe, or the native may lt una
ware ol thedamtineu of our climaUi, and dry
them insufficiently to stand this. Plumt could
probably Ihi dried to perfection in other dit
IrieU Usides the l(.rdeUit. ami the other lined
and crystallized fruiU prertd with audi skill
in Franee could be preserved with equally good
results in Italy, Spain, North Africa, California
and similar cbmatos. The trade in dried and
canned fruiU (reafl the United States bids fair
to Ik. a vry large one. Iu short, there an
u.rabundaiit tupplmt ( fruit awaiting the
skill of the preserver, by known proovaaea, in
tcniwraU. climates alomi, while the dryiug of
the splendid fruiU of the tropic haa, u yet
loen Urrly thought of. Kor six or eight
months in thu year native .mm fr..l, bnlt .....
hanlly be had iu t-mNrat clunatos, aud the
riO.OOO.OOO or 4O0,0U0,WW - ,q,l. who inhabit
Uiem are evidently far from adequately supplied
w ith the dried substitutes which might take its
place, so lung as thu main supplies of the latter
list f aliout mm tons of . i.ir.ti.i- a
haps :o,f m i Urns of raisins, and perliapa aa much
of ligs aud vanoiu olhur preservoil aorta."
Utilization nr hnHY Di wr In h
facture ol iner knives, keys for musical inatru
menu, and other artich-t. Urge quautitie of
ivory dutt are annually produced, and endeav
ot iM'.'ii j 1 1 1 1 1 j t-1 j i j , ro vli' u utilize it bv
meaiia of tome agglutinative solution whicd
N'Ollil elod.Ic l- hiui ,, . ,,.,,1,1,. I . :
out forms, but hitherto all attempU have end!
... . Ml), ,1,.-,., Much ,,f I L,
lean ivorv dust is l-.ih-d t.. ,,l.t.,,. l.ai
which makes excellent jelly when suiUbty Ha'
vorel:and the refuse is -Id to the maiiure
makers. M. I ..t, . !,., ,., k.. .1 SHj ...
the Krench S.ietv fur the 'Km.Hiragement of
liiduttrv a me'Jio.fby which ivory .lust and th
dust of bones cn, by in- an. of an englutiuatiTt
suUtame, and under the influence of a high
....,.-.,.,, tj.juiiiriMUPii, h nWHM Uiw
various articles, suitably oolored, and ot attreiiM