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About The west shore. (Portland, Or.) 1875-1891 | View Entire Issue (Sept. 1, 1877)
THE WEST S1IOHE INSECTS' BREHTHING APPARATUS. In a recent work on the nunvhdton of the tr. heal or respiratory ByBtetn of insects, reviewed by the New lork JMAJWHKM, Dr. J. A. Pal men arrives at the conclusion that the primitive number of pairs of spiracles or breathing holes in insects is eleven, thus ajreeinu with the vim previously expressed by Packard in a brief essay puDlisneu on the suoject in rfclmOQi work comprises 160 pages, and is quite exhaust- ive,as a ( ierman essay should bo. He believes that the tracheal system was at first, in its primitive form, open i. e., consisting of a series of tubes onneeted by spiracles or holes with the outer world. In certain aijuatic insects the system became closed, the larva breathing by external gui-iine uipcuuitges. ia w me origin oi tile trachea? Butschli (IS70) believed that their mode of origin was the same as the silk glands, and that the two sets of organs were homo logies, and that they were derived primitively from the segmental organs of worms, which are arranged in pairs along the body of the latter MlinHUi In lo7.i Packard suggested that the air-tubes may have originated independently within the body, and atterward formed a con nection with minute pores leading through the skin. In 1874 Semper expressed the same views as those of Butschli, which in the year aiter was aecepxeu oy flayer. Aioseley re garded them in 1S74 as dermal glands modified. Packard then suggested that the tracheal bvh- tern might be derived from the water vascular system of certain low worms; while, in a late paper on the development of the Lepidoptera, Hatschek conceives that the air-tubes are de liyed from respiratory portions of the skin much enlarged. Finally Palmen appears to adopt the Tiew that the trachea1 may have originated from the segmental organs from the jointed worms. Thia shows how conjectural is our knowledge of the origin of these interesting organs. He conceives that the excretory func tion of the primitive lung-sac was afterward replaced by an absorbing function, and the sac r tube became a respiratory organ viz., a tra chea which (at first simple and sac-like, due originally to an inpuahing of the skin) became longer and branched. until it assumed the i.rin..n. form. With this view we should not be disposed to find fault as a provisional hypothesis. SELECTIONS FROM THE TALMUD. Messrs. Frederick Warne & Co., of London have recently published, as a part of their cheap series of the "Cliandos Classics," selections from the "Talmud," translated by H. Polano, a book that iB full of curious and valuable in formation. Anioni: the contents is a an11.vtfc.An of the "Provrbs and Sayings" of the Rabbis, from which the followilU have been selected- Mauy a colt'B Bkin is fashioned to the saddle winch its mother hears. Truth is heavy, therefore few care to carry it, lie wno muitipneth words will likely come to tin. Sacrifice thy will for others, that they may be aiajioacn iu .-.i. i m, u U1UT WUU IOI (Q Study to-day. delay not. Look not upon thy prayers as on a taak; let uy ('I'M' .11 i-'ii ue sincere. He who is loved by man is hived by God. Honor the sons of the poor; they give to sci tnce its splendor. Do not live near a pious fool. A amall coin in a large jar makes a great Use thy uoble vase to-day; to-morrow it may The eat and the rat make ieace over a carcass. He who walks each day over his estate finds a com daily. The dog follows thee for the crumbs in thy pocket. The Boldiers fight, and the kings are heroes. When the ox is down many are the butchers. Descend a step in choosing thy wife; ascend a itep in choosiug thy friend. THE SHRIKE, OR BUTCHER BIRD. many rouUr.mll recognize fr it, or u allied iTB T " lugnur birds and o( iu cita. The scicut.ho name of the species shown .. ui. engraving is .,', ,(,, jooortlM neste ,7 ,A''ul- They bu.Kl est. m covered and .ecluded .pot.. These S.rf"1:10".'1""8 M above 10 the i ti J generally la a fork at and are composed externally of coarse grass Uave,, M.d mo.,, and internally f tiCi root,, over winch feather, arc placed. The SdSJ r h)r8,,n-,"i"'1-'. " lull cinerou. tint! times, indeed even during the lirat winter. Cat WfejfWiSekl of virion, kind, grow up, their ,,arcnta brine them me llcsn ol snifl 1 h r.l. n., -ll-l , : greedily even before they leave the nest. rnMnM llll the PamilW Af . , o - '"j ... iiiuuiuue me nines of the sparrow, and other birds, especially their cries of distress, they are believed to allure n, " , .tr;. tlieu 8eizu "P011 them One of them wil alight npou its prey, strike it on the back of the head, which it thus breaks open and, if not interfered with, will tear up the body, and swallow it in large pieces, with LACE PAPER. Th.. . .... ...-uutmn; t,i wnai is called lace papers j rr Mtwton oi trade iu Uermaiiy, and even in these times of eoiieral deuressi.m has maintained its activity. The uses of IhoM i,tv exceedingly various; it is the general custom iu Germany to decorate ceilings, lire places and the like w it h them, while confection eries, bouquets, etc., arc put iu gay-colored wrappers. The great difficulty iu manufacturing these papers, says the Air Trad Journal, is to produce a surface which will exhibit, as in real ace, the tine gradations of lines. Small lead hammers are used for punching ou stamps. I he holes and edges of the desired pattern are raised on the stami.. and the iu.tur !..;,.., I.U on it is hammered until the hollow surf:..- project on tho other side. ' he paper must be uniform in .,-.,..), ...! sizing, and also in color, or it wiU appear as if , iiiiim-ni K 1 111 IS AS It tri'fiii, ls;, iittppeiiB that the ettges of the sheets are equally pressed, care is taken to avoid any folds or creases in the middle Rnwn in-,, f.,.,.. sheets are stamped at a time, and unless the have btw rubbed withtalcthey must be closely pressed together. Some manufacturers have the Btampmg done in penal institutions, but the advantages of this, if any, are not very ap parent. The appearence of Una paper ia very much improved when the sheets are prcsse,! the iinpresBion being much clearer, but for most purposes this is nofUBual. For bouquets Blastino Coal WITH Compbesskd Air. With a view to facilitate tho getting of coal without the use of gunjiowder, Mr. Samuel Marsh, of Nottingham, proposes tht use of compressed air iu cartridges placed in direet connection with pumps, the pressure in such cartridges Wing increased until the explosion takes place. He also has a portable exploder, charged witli compressed atmospheric air by the Bame machinery, which is then taken and connected to the cartridge. The cartridge, which is eotuMsed of iron or steel, in the form of a cylinder, is securely rammed or atemmed in; am' when connected to the exploders the valve is pened, and the admission of air bunts the cartridge and brings down the coal. After the blasting operation is finished the exploder ia un screwed, and ready to be charged again. A Tkle.h(ii'k ImjL The mammoth teles cope completed some two years ago by Alvan Clark & Son, of Cambridge, for L J, McCor roick, of Virginia, the reaping-machine manu facturer, still lies in the factory. This instru ment has an object-glass of 2ti inches, iB nearly 20 feet in length, aud was made for f'lti.OOO in gold. A portion of the cost only has been paid by Mr. McConnick; and the reason that he has never taken the instrument is said to be that he is unable to decide to which of the observa tories and colleges that have beggod for it he will give it ft is also understood that Mr. McCormick ia in hopes of receiving a legacy to assist in laying for the telescope. In all prob ability, if thn imttmniPttt ia MM ialron it u , 1 1 be donated to aome institution in Virginia, aaya ue iioaion i rawfrtjit. !taw: 5 SHIPPING MEAT ABOUND THE WORLD. Fact, arc now coming to light which may enable n. to ship meat to England just as we .hip wheat, and laugh at the high rates of (.eight overland. These fact, have rv.eltcd ban the impnry provoked by the successful shipment of meat bum the baton state, to England, a. to how long and over how gro, dfatUHM the refrigerating process would preserve tho llesh from decay. The trial w, ( , t cattle-producing country of South America, drained by the Rio do la Plata, and the r.,l. il aOOh aa to call forth the following paraer,,,,!, ine ruuoni'io, h!i,., ; movement. IhlW. W I.IMo In.., (.. I 1 ., , - ' .' . . mne neon ..... ....... , ana in tliese columns. led at Rouen on Saturtlay, the llth inst.. in k httodwith a re iigoratiugaiiuratus, and that she went to he Rivw 1'lata for an mrimM cargo of frcah meat. A con.iderablo time waa It will 1. that this ship is ... , ,s mT rajj,,, ln,m vanol .rt. and 112 day. altogether ,avc elapsed iron, the time she commenced loading um, hor arrival at Rouen. Part of the cargo baa ban .enttolans, and the frkjonfym i, eipaotod m Loudon during the week with the remainder. A portion, however, was ent last week hv boat and rail t t ... rvu . , 7 GREAT AMERICAN SHRIKE. Sasitas. The oxidation product of turpen tine (analogous, it u aaid, to the principle of tile famous SwXllfptia ijldbutun) diKovcml by --r - iingze anil .mgier, is now manulac tured on a Urge scale for use as an antiseptic and disinfectant, under the name of aauitaa. r or proof, of it. usefulness, says not, in theae sapaeitiea readers may refer to the experiment detailed in the paper read by Mr. Kingzett be fore the Society of Art. We have Men several instance 0f arrested putrefaction cncctd by mean, of aanitaa, and mtml further testing it, A. variety of it ia made for toilet purposes, and appears to be deserving of triaL many of the feather, upon it. Thi. shrike of veil pursue, a lurtle-iiovu or other bird a long ...ouuu-c on me wing, aim eventually, DV i single blow, cause it to fall Ui the ground. Il is always active, couraueous ami nai aslmsi and iu winter, w hen insect, and small birds are scarce in tile hsteni States, at tunes it enters tile cities, and attacks birds in cages, even Hy ing through the open door, and window, in the pursuit. When caught with the hand, it pierces it. little cUws into the flesh and hltcs with considerable tenacity until choked off. The (light of this bird is strong, swift and sustained, hut not very elevated, being simply over the topi of low bushes. Impaling insect, and birds on thorns is among it. act. of cruelty: a habit it pursue, without .piarent motive, though some believe its design in this is to at tract small birds to the .pot, that it may wire and prey uion them. In this State it deligbu in impaling the large molo cricket., sometimes on the sharp points left by the pruning knife. Wo are told, also, of a caac where six mice, alive and kicking, were transfixed upon the sharp spines which surmount the leave, of the agave. card pauar must used, and the center re d by (mating a piece of glaod card .o as to form the funnel; but previously a OHM must be cut out of the center ho as to admit the .ten) of the I u. t Some of these Imuijuet-hnlders have from 1 2 to 21 ply., and are mada in la. itation of ferns, etc. There are some 00 manu facturers of these papiert ,lr luit in Ihirliu, and they are now introducing them for various orna mental purpose, as Isirder. to chromo-litlio. graphs, etc., and bringing them out in colors. Not Tint Paolt or tvi Biainn, An Eastern exchange says: Destructive torna doe. occur in our H'cteni State, with sullicient frequency to be regarded as somewhat charac teristic of certain regions. High table. lands in the interior of continent, arc more excised to violence from winds than sjiv ikWsJtt ..I the leuiicrate rones. Ilf the extreme fury and strength of a tornado no conception can lie formed by j-rsuiu who have never seen if work. Againrt iu power, if fully displayed no structure of human hamU can stand for an iisiani. i nere need Ihj ho surprise that the Will, now, hut thoe California (liincse I ''"''f th" Missouri at Omaha was torn to p.eoc.nc , siruca .purely l,y tuyhado, nor iloea the fact reflect aoy duu.re.lit the bndae as a piece of engineering. Fortunately visitation, of this sort are comparatively no' known to dsrellers Una .ids of the Alleghaniea, .tni the range, of mountain, back of tha At. lantic coaat check the violence of winds that sweep over the interior of the continent. that Its the Own Chin Want nav fop (win.. I.nnij out ,.f L. ...... home by the mob! Could check go further Drtroti Frtt PrtM. But it it iso t cheek t obtrude, iteelf in thia case, that", to pay.-(JrapKie. " Do von know where I can w-t room to store a load of salt " aaked a countryman of a Ko. ton clerk. " FerhaiM my father could accom modateyon," wa. the reply. "He ha. pUnty of salt rheum on his hands."-fjfjtrr Smith. Jovci, of whisky fame, u to iaaue a volume of poema. They will doubtless be spirited. .. '-l'Bs we nadthc o.portunitv of cx,u,,g the carcjl.se. of Wef and mutton which had been subjected to thi, ,,t extraor- ....... ..., ssmwi in manning the very unfa- voiabk, conditio,,, f tran.it and tamparatan to winch tin, meat had been cxpocd .nice it was taken out of the refrigoraring chambers of tho vessel, it waa parfaotl; .woet ami aood, the ex. po.e.1 surface, wcto dried up, and a loss hr evaporation -estimated at nearly .'10 o( itaoii. tiro weight-had taken place, but not the slightest trace ( deconi,K,s,tion could be found. 1 he successful , of a trial which has Won protracted far Ik.vc.iu1 the time in which similar OargOH can lie obtained from Australia is of vast importance to the consumer, and pro. dueorsof till, country, for, practically, the re, sources of the whole world are now placed within our reach. If the movement, aa abort descriliod, prove, a, practicable in wide application a. it ha. ii, an ovpoiinicntid way, there ia a poarjbillty of our adtniaaion to the rank, of the meat supply of KngUnd, via ocean transit, unless railway rates onriud arc radoosd. II the Istbin,,, canal houhl lie realized, there would no doubt bo a turning of shipment, westward to our port which otherwise might go from Eastern port.. ntnemrinint of tUpplng drataad beet east. ward by rail from Nevada is being prosecuted. We read in the Slim SWs that a refrigerator car ha, been engaged, and that the meat will be contributed by the loading cattle breeders. W hat is the method employed ill the system known as "frigorillipio" ,. answered by the roltowinj description. It i, fr Ujl a.rres- PMdWM of the Now York ll,.W,( The "Ingorihouc is entirely dissimilar to the system used by the ex,rtcr from thi, try, that neither ice, salt nor saltpetre is used, the ai, ,. purilicd and dried by different prooeta with out the ii.c of ice. The machine will run for three year, without being recharged. In o com. liartmentof M.OtKI cubic feet the saving In cost by not using i, estimating tj ,,, (r gg tons of ice. and sonnnm . u, ...... ... as,, aj ?"''"" fg ' ' mWo feet, is per voymje ictweeii New York ami Liver I. lee, bra long sea voyage, is totally impracticable, from its moisture and from the space required. It may interest your readers to know that an I'" """' has DM mad With the Tiffany Ramgmtof Car Company, f Chicago, Charles r. I leree, manager, to truaport to the aeaboard I" " arucie hipineiit tol Ireat llrilain where they will be again transported by the """" ' 1'any to their ultimate destination. Homo rUvTinmt-It i. the iteu of tho I uniiel Company, says the lr A, to begin work early ,n the coming (.11. A .halt H (cot deep ha. ban dug t the f?,t Eift,,,,,,,, street, Jersey City, ami this depth will ! Ilicrcaaed 211 feet, rmm this as a starling ,i,,t the tllnul will proceed ill northeasterly dirco. Hon under the Hudson nver and the Christoliher street ferry slip. TI, trance on tl, New Y ork side will be m the neighbor! I of Wash liigU.n square. From Jersey City t, grade will descend two feet in every 1 1 HI feet until , ' y 't from the New York side is niaclia, , when it will licgin tas, e,l at the rate of one bed in every IINI feet. Th,. tu I will Ik, two nOa, , lmglK Hill , miul u.lt a r( wide, and two aafinta tracks. Through It. SKI tin length it wi I.- I, -i.i ,l ...;n ------ -.p.... uiw. ine -a,. ,ii oa coiistrm te,! of brick, with a thick HWOJ four feet. At no ,K,i,,t will the top of 1 ' " "'an .'Ii eel bate thesnrl. "f the water, , ,,, ,.,,y u wi , J( feet lw. 121) .rr, w,ll la, g,gd i t, coliatruolioii of the tunnel. T. ,! will go teriu the whole of the 2-1 hours, the m, working , three ray,, ,, ,.i((lt ,, Although the tunnel will Iki used for the con veyance of iiaascugor., iu main object will I the tru,..,rt.tio,, of freight t .,,,1 f,m ,, great railroad line, which terminate i Jeneay min c a' "w h lift' HaM, Bjii'i Moi tii. -It is estimated th.t the c.st at the mouth of the Sue, canal at Port Said , is advancing outward at the rapid rate of about..! yards ,,, .,, th.t the Jlty for extensive dredging will I. greater year by year Not les. ,h. U37,U0II enlie y.f. ( deposit had tp Is, rcmovesl in l. while the ; .rc.lgi,,g of lbl,lJ,l,i., y.,d, ,ic), iu ,g; lhe llriti.h government baa ordered a now sur vey of the cut fet.ee,, .rt s.,,1 ami t, Damiotta mouth of the Nile, iu order 0, aseer U,l, the . ,,. , ,... .... of tho sandlianks, and to ana if any plan BE dredging can I- adopted to check the growth of the obotraction. liuaax r. burns with war Itrvor. (ireek lire grease either i. har,l in asilal.t aflame.