I
17G
THE WEST SHOKE
June,
PAINTING THE SOUSE.
My neighbor i a m1i iniuaiicl when Ins
new boUM wus ready to paint lie 1 1 I the queer
est thing. Instead of painting it white with
green blinds, or an imitation of stone, like
mine, lie consulted "nature anil the hirds,"
anil I write out his conclusions merely to show
bow odd e man he iii The iwftllow, with her
Hunt of mini, I passed, ami in a forked limb of
the Brit apple tree 1 foiiml a home built of the
same material as my own -a nest built of hits
uf wood ami sticks, so like the oolor of the hark
that it might have grown there with the leaves.
A boUM is always in the landscape, catching
tho eye; let us nee now how Nature colon her
perntftnent objects, aootb I. Treei in men.
you nay; hut I see no green trues from my
window, thin day "f October, save ftomi lonely
pines; nor will they be green again for almost
six months. Then will 1 the bloatomingof
spring, all yellow, white and red, deepening
llllo green; hill sunn lilt- leaver Will put fill gala
dreif.. md dance in grand masquerade the limit
of their days, but the berk of tlm tree that
endnrei is a sober
darker armiuil the
knots and ihaditig off into pearl Muti in the
smooth plnoea.
There are evergreen treei, but who thai iay
that the greenneu i lie ice beate iiiion is the name
an the foamy green which wreathes it in the
spring, when every twig ii tender tippedl Tim
luxuriant undergrowth! of open woods ami
bnihH Iprillging up in feiicu conieri and about
atone hcaos hue many green .randies, but
they harden to w..... color or -tie uith the
winter: and tie- ;:r.i, resplendent in it - hr-ad
strep lies o eitienil-t, simp Ih-ciiIUCS a lading I -
low for fading leavea, Tim Hky is eontn Iv
ralh d l.lue. I.ut how many davit in Hie year do
m an unstained dome. The oloudi troop
in rr ai reah 11 ii, I.. ,i r ii..ii-,lii.i i,M . ti.-
Un looks Upon it, ami it reddens and gloWl
wiiii nu amy. All mat U lasting is iinet
in onlor, while the gorgeoui Inns are piled Upon
the fleetiug visiniis a sunset cloud, a humming
bird'i wing. The roftdi stretching through our
broad entities, answering Him to tread of I (
Ami ring ii wheel, are soft backgrounds for
shining iitimM and particolored cattle) ami
tence oi rail or stone are t banning trellises fur
the cleinaiis, or a rugged sea-wall against which
heat yellow waves of grain.
Happy is In; who eau shelter his household
gods within warm stone walls, ami then
nru exquurita onion in stone. Hut ebooM
not the i ..Id ones, I lieg; ami a house
of white marble 'ins like profanation,
We reverenoe the white walls of tin- temple,
but for daily living we need to gather all of the
warmth in tins sunny earth to keep tin- heart
from chilling when the evil days exiue. We are
glad of whiteness, which is soldnm given lavish
ly I .f the marble bloeki, In which sleep lovely
forms, band lin ked in band, dreamless of the
chisel ; id the ebuul fringes and crest of ocean
wave, and uf piles on piles of -.now, fair and
Hooting as are all pure thing! of earth. Hut let
un mit oonfori ourselves within white waits.
There in it bouse fterOM the road whose while
Ml lit dazzle the ec when the sun shines, ami
is cold ami forbidding whan the clouds lower.
The fence are tin- SI color, and with so
much cleanness without it is not strange that the
Boon an fairer than the inisln -t hands, and
the " Im-1 room'1 innocent of books. The own
rr, iml content with a single DO trigs against na
ture, built a bam a red barn and many a good
raindrop was Mattel led aguiu-t it, and the sun
biased down thirty yearn Gefon tin- glaring red
was ooru oil' and the warm, rich gray clothed
the weather -beaten boards, How much mean
iug in that phrase, r weather-beaten 1" We
am apt to lluuk of rattling clap lxi.ii.ls and
broken window 'pann : but do not forget that
it is weatharbeatini that itains tin- apple, that
robes tin- plum in purple, am) OOSXCS the
luoedou llowon into royal attire, faint the
bouse one o the WftllU Wood colors, and accent
it about porches and windows. Then let the
billowed gross mil to its doon the fluttering
sails of Bo Wen ; let the Winds dance around the
ohimneys, ami the trees stntelt out tlioir pro
tooting bnjwhaa, ami call your borne akin. ..
It. ., im,hrit:tn I '.
Wrimimr I. in in Ooau We sec In the
Knglish discussions concerning loss of hie in
coal mining (lie following statements The leal
cause of this vt-arlv sac ri I ice of liirs i the use
of gnnpowdar in nery seams. There is a want
ol prvc.nit inn amongst miners in employing this
explosive, and until they can le brought to un
dantand hat their neglegenoe may bring about,
"drilling out shots ' and other forbklaM ads
Will continue to W d when deputies are iut
of Bight. Mr. Wynne, in his report fur IS7.,
says that In his district falls of coal and rout
. have caused II accidents, by which tl lives
ha- bean lost, and, oompared with the loss ,.f
the previous year, ".'.'t Ursa, tins is a van dear
proof that making managers nspOUftlbll for the
ahsnlute salcly of the working places of the
mines has had a very salutary effect In UtS
year lNl a ileath lievunvd tor every 103,429
tons of coal raised In Kiiglaud. In l876 106,
'.MS tons of ,-oal were raised per life lost; m 1868,
I04,S66,BS8 tons of coal wen nised In One!
Britain, Involving a total loss of i,uu lives, and
m 1ST.". U:i,:t(H;.4S: tons, with a total oi I, -AM
lues lost, bat more men were employed ami
rAorsLrnineral raistsi.
Tmi Owt oi Kiii'ii; Pabjs, Ths oosi ol
the daily dinner ol the Pariaiaas has bean oal-
cnlattHi by one of the Krvncli pajs rs as l.dh.vt
Hrvl, aliout '.'T.'t.lSW framt; ttitic, 8SO,000
fnnoei bssr and oiuer, 15,000 francs j water, for
cooking And drinking jnjnmaai. 8,fl00 fniMsi
Aii-, ig' reek, atx . s,tssi francs; pain and
cral, ,tsVnr.uics; ayaisfe, t.SOO fnnosi sggs
IT,."S frsncs; Imtter, I l.lsHI frail, ; beef, 5o
000 franesi veftL iram-i; mutton, :o.ihm
francs; pork. :tt,tSSI fruc; smltry. '.M.lSKl
franco, fresh water Bftk, 8,000 francs; m tih,
19,000 franesi vsgasihlsa, JtHi.mit franc tatre-
nilftj line and ordinary pwtry, m fnuici;
OlMSna, 4,(HS francs; fnnts ami ptvM-rvw, It,,
imi fnutce; brandy, lnpifur. etc , bOCObiMft.
Tlui give a total' of 1.168,500 tnUOL or aUtut
fOWtttS), with the addition of 0U0 fram,
reUiilAtetl cost ( ttnthpivks, making Altogviher
Alt ' ' ' "! Ol -A CVllU 'M llCd A llir
daily of tbf mninshiimnt untnlstl tty the
A JL'WiK's ADDBBS8 ON UQl'OK SEL
LINO,
Three saloon keencra in ChicaffO Win found
guilty of selling Uqnor to miuors. The address
of the iustice wln,-n thev wt,-re sentenced, as re
jjorteil in the Chicago 7W0NM, is origiual anil
eminently wholesotne. The evils of the Uqnor
trail ic, and what a license involves, arc rarely
nt out in a clearer light than in the following
aililreHM oy JUUge Heading:
"By tbu law you may sell to men ami women,
if thev will buy. Ynu have iriveu your bond,
and iaid your license to selltotliem, and no QUI
hi - a 1 1. Tit to molest you in your legal hnmncss.
No matter what the cntiseuiiene.es inav he.no
matter w hat jmverty and tfestitiition are pro
duced by your selling accordinu to law, you
have paid your money for thin privilege, and
you are licensed to pursue your calling. No
matter what families are distracted and render
ed miserable; un matter what wives are treated
with violence; what children starve or imiurn
over tin- degradation of a parent, vour business
Is legalised and no oue may interfera with ynu
hi ii. iso matter wiutt motlier may agonize
over the loss of a son, or sister IHush At the
shame of n brother, you have a right to dis-
rcgani uieiu nil .m.i imi-.ii- ',..in l. i'n ca III'.'
you are licensed! Vmi may lit upVOUr lawful
place of business in the most enticing and cap
tivating form; ynu may furnish it with the
umtd costly and elegant equipments for your
lawful trade; you may till it with the allure
menu of amusement; you may use all your arts
to indnOO Visitoni yon may skillfully arrange
and i-hwo ti viow ymir choicest wines and
most captivating licvrages; you may then in
nice inirsi ny an cuiitrivnnci's to prinlticea rag
Ini appetite i drink, and then vou may supply
that uiipt tite tn the full, In-cau-e it is' lawful:
you have paid for it vou have a license.
'ion may allow li.iy... aluio-t. ehi drcn. to
frequent your saloon; they may witness the
apparent satisfaction with which their seniors
piatt the spni khii- L'las-; .ni m.iv he selmulini'
and training them lor the erioil of twenty -one,
iinen iney, too, can parooipate, tor all tins is
lawful. You mav hold the onnto their lira.
but you must not let them drink -that is un
lawful, lint while you have all these privi-
' fur the money you pay, this i r privilege
of selling to children is denied yon. Here ia-
n-lits Have thi' right to say 'Leave my son to
until the taw nvM vou a rL-ht to destroy
him. Iloiiot anticipate that terrible moment
when I van assert for him im further rights of
ctioii. 1 1. . win ne noon oiiougti tor nic, tor
tiotlier. for his sister, for his friends and for
tin-community to see him take his rood to death,
fibre In tit tti us in bis t-hildhiHHl at leant. U-t us
have a few years of bin youth, in which we can
Ujoy ins innocence, tn repay us in some small
legree for the can and love we have lavished
upon him.1 This is something yon who now
stand prisoner! at the barhavenot paid fur; this
i eiunracfii in your iici-nsc,
For this offense, tho court sentences yoa to
days Imprisonment in the eonntv loll, am!
that you pay a line of $7fi and costs;' and that
a stand .'..minuted until the line and costs of
this prosecution arc paid."
Aiiiiiri i.i l kb. Pursued with Intelligent in
dustry, ngricnltiire alfonls a larger nuinlier of
nigh aavantagei than any other ooenpation of
human life; it strengthens the Usly, Invigorates
the mind: and while it Klines the sentiment",
it purities the heart, by compelling it .to look
upward t..i nhauee and help bwajVs Him wrln
givctb rain and fruitful aaaaona. It curbs inonli
uate ambitions, by yielding a moderate renin.
Iteration tor toil, while at the same time it im
parts a feeling of ipiiet eonliileiue in the future,
from the declaration that bill the world stands,
seed tune anil harvest shall not cease. The
young man brought up to till the soil, Legins to
oel gradually that the rewards of his toil are
proportioned to bis labor, and this imparts by
degrees n spirit of self-reliance, which Isgets in
dependenos, and an amount of industrious activ
ities, worth more tti that young man, in hisafter
COIltliotl ith the world, than the inheritance of
unearned thousands.
IhiVr 1 i n Ami: Mr.u. -Wo do not
mean that a man should not exercise due haste
m pursuit of a meal, but he should be calm af
ter he has caught it. A gentleman anil bis smi
the other morning were a little late for their
Ottttl unary town tram on the South Western,
and had "to make a run for it." Thev were
A STOKY OF A COW.
How excellent it is for our young people to
learn ways of gentleness ami kindness. These
lessons will influence them as lung as they live
and will do much to make them truly gentle
men and gentle-women when they grow up.
In farm life there is Bplendid opportunity for
inculcating gentleness in the care and treatment
of domestic animals, and one beauty uf the
hahit is, that when our boys become men they
will lind that the greater kindness ami care and
gentleness they give their animals, the faster
they will grow and the greater profit they will
derive from them. We lind in the Aiinririui
Cultivator a nice story of a cow, which enforces
the truth we have stated:
Among the Swiss mountains, there lives a race
of simple, pastoral people, whose tastes are
primitive and pleasures few, hut whose hearts
are large enough to take in not only their kin
dred and friends but their gentle domestic ani
mals. There is much to admire in their conduct
toward the mail little ..attic that j-rai on tbu
scanty herbage of these mountain sides. We
can learn from them that gentleness amlconshl- i
Oration, rewards and caresses are much more
latent in the profitable management of their i
dumb animals than kicks and curses, punish-
ment and revenge.
It is customary among the mountains to hang
hells around the necks uf the cattle, because,
as they an allowed to roam among the steeps
and windings of the bills, the sound uf the
hells tends to keep them together and alsu tn
Inform the herdsmen uf their w he real suits.
The Ih'Us are not the hideuus-toned instruments
of torture to the ear, so common in tho liack
pastures of America, but really musical bells,
varying in size and form from tinkling bits of
metal to large, deep-toned bells, the latter worn
by leaders uf the herd.
To show how much uf the instinct uf pleas
urc and pain may be traceil and developed in
these domesticated pets, anil Imw much uf sim
ple and commendable pleasure these Swiss
mountaineers enjoy in their dally toil, wo
give a sketch made by one who bus visited
these mountain homes ami who bos compared
their methods uf treatment w ith our ow n.
So accustomed and attached do the minimis
become to these hells that the depmat f
them is felt as a punishment The cow whose
superior beauty, sagacity and good conduct tit
her to be leader of the herd, is always on gala-
i.i - ' ny uu' largest ami tlliest-
tom d bell and the bravest ornamental collar,
in. I so down, through the irradal lof imwI. to
the -mall aptciulage that marks the iiiditler
cntlv good animal, and the total afctWIW uf Off
mimcnt and di.tm. ti.m win. h -la s the self-
willed or vicious COW. If any cow has been
guilty of straying, of unseemly behavior, breaoh
of diadnllna or any vicious trick, the dbmlaaa
lire uf the herdsman is not tcstilh-d by Umvs
but by the temporary deprivation of her hell;
and this seldom fails tn reduce her tn order and
prevent a repetition of the offeuoe. It is only
necessary tn see the onw on a gala-day, with her
badge ol distinction strapped round' her ,ii-.-L-
and then tn see her deprived of it, for some of-
tense or Diner, tn tw i voiced that this istriie.
A certain cow that had long worn the hell of
honor round her neck, bod recently given birth
to a calf and was considered too w eak to hear
the Weight of the large bell, or, Indeed of either
one. tier owner turned her out tn go with the
herd to the upland pastures. This suiiom r r...
tuoval of (piarters is always held as a hehday.
The peasants were dressed in their best clothes,
the cov, s had un their bells and budges, and ail
went un gaily except the poor matron who was
deprived of hers. After proceeding a few wees
she lH.-g.ni to show signs of great uucaiuc, and
winch constantly men ased. It was vainly at
tempted to coax her forward, and s-jop she lay
ionium nor sine ami wniiiii not move, hi tins
lUemma one of the ohl herdsmen came nil, and.
seeing now mattan st 1, deliberately went
to the bOUSe and brought out tin- Ml and
liar, which the animal no sooner felt .iLmi h,.r
neck than she rose, ihook herself, mid raising
and throwing her tail over her haunches in
token of complete satisfaction, went nil' pranc
ing ami curvetting with every ap-arance of
health and gayety. and. taking her place in the
..in, as ii. un IMUI innllli'lll ; ,.
The lesson we would Ineutmta frnm I tit.
simple recital is that of the desirahihtv of
kindly treatment to the animals in OUT charge
Not only is pleasure to be derived from pet
ting and caressing them, hut vastly more profit
successful in then attempt, and caUSat the
bras lb, made a tew nwttoM with us band, and satisfaction ami oontanfanank
Hoili.l nae i.uieii ii lie tia.l Hot Ihih caucht
Hclore the tram armed at the next station he
WM dead. I he verdict of the cnroiier s jury,
following thl Opinh f the medical witness,
as to the effect; "That death arose from syu
OOPe of the heart, brought on by running, after
a hearty ineal." Such was the end of n gentle
man only :10 years of age.
How klOCU vi vs CstraUT. All mice are
full of curiosity. They mke their uom-m into all
sorts of places where there is a prnsmvt of
JOraething to eat, and often meet the fate which
ouglit t ne me cn.l ot all jsiking t noses into
other people's atbunt they get cauglit. When
oysters are left out of water for any length of
time. especiAlly in hot weather, thej UWayi
Dpan their shells a little Way, prohaldy SSailnjI
a drink of water. A mouse bunting AUut for
fissl found such an t.yster in the larder, and put
bis boad in SO nibble at the oyster's beard; UV
tenth the bivalve shut his 'shells, ami held
them together so tightly by his strong muscles,
that the piNir mouse enuld not pull his head
out, Ainl so died of utbu-atiou. m, Iftalaaaa
Wo;. tiencnU Sherman, who spt.aks under
stAiidingly, predietS a (earful ami goners! OOSk
tin t in RarOM, He thinks WS -li.itt u un. the
. ii . hattles ever fought, fsr at ilestruc
ti.ui ..f life grH-s, Ami believes thAt the struggle
is going to n.tt At least a million of lives before
It is ended; nor will they all U- Kusbiaiu and
Turks, either. "I can IiaixIIv Mieicthe lurks
can w ithstand tho shock,'' he tAji. "They may
save t'oiiitantinople, twit if they leaveverv other
point, w hat use w ill it lx to them? ' lis abw
says that neither Huuia or Turkey worw ex-pr
in such aajaasssll lighting tnm. Isitb having all
the improved aniu of mmieru W Arfarv.
Kiii.im; BaTAX, A young girl from the
country, being 00 a visit to a Quaker, was pre
vailed tui to accompany him to the meeting.
It luppaned to bl a silent one, none of the
brethren being moved to utter a nUaUe
Whan the Quaker left the tneeting.house,
with Ins young friend, be asked: "How didst
thou like the meeting?"' Towhichsbe pettishly
rephed: "Like it! Why, I can see no sense in
it to gn and sit for whole hours together
without shaking a word. It is ennugh to kill
SaUh himself!" "Yes, my dear." rejoined the
Quaker "that is just wliAt WS WAnt.
Fun Rm UoTUUt, Aii assistant of a drug,
gist recently put up a prescription of a dose of
castor oil for a young lady. She bnooentlv
itiHiiired how it could be taken without tasting.
He promised to explain to her. ami in the
meantime offend her, courteously, a glass of
flavored and scented seltzer water. After she
had linishcd it, he said tnuiniihantlv."Vou see
mis.. ..u have taken your oil and VOU did not
know it The young lady scrvAined. "It was
tor my mother!'
Ki -i is Woukn. A great numborof Kuwian
ladies in St 1'eter.burg have pledged them
elv inutUAlly neither to wear silk nor satui
Of OOtth oniAmenu, nor to give 11U, nor u,
indulge in other luxuries during the present
war; but to devote the money which thev would
otherwise have spent upon such objecto to the
luirsing ..f the sick and wounded of their coun
try. Thw is just what a good monv women did
in tins country durum our war mmA
en hive done in all countnts under similar con-
dttlOIUL
PURE MILK FOB INFANTS.
The ills which the innocents have Buffered
through the drinking of impure milk form one
of the most startling chapters of modem hy
gienic literature. It is wise when we know the
evil exists to guard against its coining to our
loved ones. Prof. James Law, of Cornell Uni
versity, writes on the Bubjeet to the New York
TribuM many useful suggestions:
The milk must lie ohtainett from a souni
healthy tow, as it is un questionably tainted in
some eases before it leavea the udder.
Few people have any idcanf the perfect clean,
liness necessary to the preservation of milk
An ordinary washing with water, though un.
comfortably warm fur the hands, or even with
soapsuds, is utterly insufficient. There Bhould
tirst lie, the thorough cleansing of the dish, and
taw a rinsing wuu waier mt a mining teuiperk
ture. which must lie jmureil nut, and the vessel
dried by simply inverting it over a drawer or
table, lint without the possibility of contact nf
its interior with any solid Ixuly. If dried with
a towel, or if liaml or ringer, or, indeed, any
solid body, is brought in contact with its'inte
rinr after it has been scalded, organic mat
ter, baoteria, and other germs may be deposited
whiofa will precipitate decntupnsitioii in the milk
placed in it. liut if the vessel is tirst carefully
cleansed from all nrganic matter that may cover
and protect such germs, then rinsed out with
boiling water, set aside to drip, and tioallv
tilled w ith milk, having bail nothing touch its
inner surface from the contact with the iHulins
water until now, such vessel will not communi
cate to the milk any deconnoiing element
Every vessel, from the pail which receives the
milk as drawn from tho udder, to tho bottle
from which the baby sucks its supply, must be
treated in the same way. In tho caBcnf liabies'
bottles, it is best tn keep two, tn be usciLalter
nately, the one with its tubes and the teat be
ing thoroughly washed with soda, and then im
merseil in a dish of pure water until wanted.
As regards temperature and antiferments
None of tho chemical antiseptics are entirely
unobjectionable. Boiling of the milk rentiers it
inure indigestible, and tends to produce costive
ness. The only unobjectionable method ia to
secure perfect purity of dishes and milk, and to
keep the latter at a low temperature. A suf
Qoletlt degree of cold may lie obtained iii any
house, with no expense ami little trouble, by
simply enveloping the dish in which the milk u
kent in a wet towel, from xvbich evajioration
will go on constantly. A tin can with cover,
enveloped in a wet cloth, will nut only be kept
very eobl, hut w ill lie protected against the ac
cess of germs w hich would superinduce decay.
I have in tins way kent milk for the baby, per
fectly sw eet and good, in the warm rooms of a
boarding house, in midsummer, while the land
lord failed to keep the same milk sweet for half
the time, though in a cellar and abundantly
sit iron pi lei I with ice. The great superiority of
the w et-cloth preservation consists in its tiltra
tioti from the air of all germs uf dcenmMisition
which would otherwise gain access tn the milk.
DO NOT CHECK PERSPIRATION.
Nearly every one knows it is dangerous to
check perspiration quickly, and yet nianyfnrget
to practice the truth they know. The weather
has bean unusually hot, and the heat may re
turn. It the following be a hint for liehavinr.
Halts Jtturiml says checked perspiratiun is the
fruitful cause of sickness, disease and death to
multitudes every year. If a tea-kettle of water
U boiling on the hre, the steam la seen issuing
from the spout, cam ine; the extra heat awav
with it, but if the lid la- fastened down and the
spout lie plugged, a destructive exploBion fol
lows in a very shnrt time.
Heat is constantly generated within the hu
man body, by the chemical diaorganisation, the
oombuitfon, uf the food we cat There sre
7,(MH),IH) of tubes or pores mi the surface of the
body, which in health are constantly open, con
veying from the system by what is called in
sensible inspiration this 'internal heat, which,
having answered its purpose, is passed otf like
the jets .if steam which nre thrown from the
escape-pipe, in puffs, of any ordinary steam
engine; but this inseusihle perspiration carries
With it, in a dissolved form, very much of the
waste matter of the system, to the extent of a
pound or two or mure ever)- '24 bnurs. It must
be apparent, then, that if the pores uf the skin
arc closed, if the multitude uf valves, which are
placed over the whole surface of the human
body, are shut down, great barm results
The great practical lesson w hich we wish tn im
press upn the mind f tho reader is this:
hen you are perspiring freely, keep in motion
until ynu get tn a gntid tire, or to some place
where you are perfectly sheltered from any
draft of air w hatever.
Cooling oti suddenly w hen heated Bends many
uf nur youth tn mi early tomb. It ib nften i
matter of suqirise that so many fanners' bovi
and girls die of ennstunpthm. It is thought
that abundant exercise in the open air is directly
0poaed to that disease. So it is; but judg
ment ami kii.m le.lge of the laws of health are
essential to the presenation of health under
any ci renins twees. When over-heated cool off
slowly; never in a strong draft of air. (ientlfl
fanning, especially if the face is wet with cold
water, will soon pniduee a delightful coolnea.
which leaves no disagreeable results.
Hivisiomip Umm. Mrs. Mary I.ivenuore
sjH-aking: 'In Iowa I saw a law sign, 'Foster
rotter. It meant Mr. and Mm. Foster. They
attended the same law school; became attached.
.H-came jiartneni for life. The man looked up
the caaes; the woman pleaded them before the
court and jury. In a certain dilHcult case where
a w oman was concerned he doubted hia ability
T mmvv mm wnm XI tn 019 wile, aim
she proved it to be case uf insanity."
... tsksa. One evening in Boeton, just as
"Mhington AUton. the painter, was Approach
ing the door of a dwelling, where a iplendid par-
v i iiiiibbu, ne suddenly stopped Bnon
and said to hu friend, "I cannot so in." "Non
sense: will' rii.f" ! 1 t !.- f
, . ft iiavr a noie in uoe
sta king "Pshaw, man. nobody knows it '
Dn l do, said the celebrated artist.