Febi
114
THE WEST SHORE
THE LAWS OP TASTE AND SMELL.
Dr. Haghlings Jackson, whose name has long
been familiar at that of one of the first neurolo
gists of the age, ha just published a series of
observations as to the relative function of the
olfactory and guatatory nerves, which are sum
marized by the Phrenological Journal: To
understand how complex the sensation of taste,
as generally spoken of, really is, it must be re
memlwred, that the membranes of the mouth
and the surface of the tongue are abundantly
supplied with tact-buds, or papillie of ordinary
feeling; so that what is styled twite is always
accompanied by a perception of form and con
sistence, and of heat or cold. Hlimincss, for ex
ample, is a perception of the tact-buds, not of
the taste-buds. Lastly, the distribution of the
olfactory nerve is so intimately connected wmi
that of the nerve of gustation that the two
usually act in unison. (Thus what is generally,
though inaccurately, styled taste is a triple sen
sation, involving the simultaneous impression of
nerves ol fueling, smell, and taste. It becomes
imjiortant, therefore, to discriminate, since the
fifth pair, the gins j-pharyngeal, and the olfac
tory nerves are all involved in the function of
taste, and an impairment of the function, in the
ordinary acceptation of the term, may imply
lesion of either. In point of fnct, as a general
rule, when patients complain of impairment of
the sense of teste, it will lie found on exjeri
munt that the olfactory nerve is the part espe
cially affected, and that there is really no loss of
function in the fifth pair. A very simple ex
periment will settle this question. Drop a little
ussituce of Mipenuiiitun a lump of loaf sugar,
and place it iijoii tho patients tongue. The
tact-buds will rescind with a sensation of heat,
and thu taste-buds will perceive the progier
taste of the sugar, if the function of the fifth
pair is undisturbed; while, if there i defective
olfiu'tion, what is styled the taste of peper
mint will lie almont. Conversely, if tho latter
is pri'iuut, ami it is the sugar that remains un-pert-'tiived,
thun tho tastodmds have lust tlioir
fimi'tinn, mid the olfactory nerve is not tho seat
of the It'siiui. Camphor in solution, dropped im
sugar, is ulso a good test The (xiint is, that
neither pepiKjrmiiit nor camphor have any
proK-r taste, but are in reality smullud. Mood
in said to have a salty taste; but in reality it is
not the nil luminous constituents of the blood,
but several salts, huld in solution in them, that
are tasted. The remainder of the impression is
one of flavor and of consistency, apprehended
by the nerves of feeling and the olfactory tila-1
moiita. And this hringa on the distinction in I
1 function htitwoeu the olfactory nerves and tho '
filaments of gustation, as founded in nature. It
is thus: Crystalline tkodics, soluble in water, or
in the secretion of the salivary glands, are
tasted; colloid bodies, oxidiwilile in air, and sus
ceptible of diffusion, are smcllcd. Thus sugar,
cult, etc., are tasted, and have no ollcct what
Bvur on the olfactory nerves; while, with colloid
coinMinuds, the sensation is due to an aroma
that is apprehended liy smell. With mixed
Itodiua, colloid hut holding crystalline elements
in solution, such as animal and vegetable tis
sues, the ao-callod sensation of taste is always a
mi nil one It would Iw a mistake to suppose
that, tiecauso an aromatic body has a sweetish
taste, the aroma and the taste are due to tho
snino constituents. t 'arlmlie acid has a sweetish
taste, but aroma proceeds from uusuparated im
purities, aim tue more rultnod the aeiil, tho less
it impresses the olfactory nerves. Tin distinc
tion, then, tHitwoeii sniellnhle and tasteablu
ImmIis, is purely one of solubility in water or in
air; and thu sense of taste may lw as readily de
stroyed by loss of function in the salivary glands
as liy loss of function in thu taate-huda them
selves. It will lie seen, therefore, that to maku
a correct diagnosis in a case of this kind, in
volves an exceedingly careful and exact analysis
of all the functions n presented by the mouth
and iiosu.
Tiik Rast Hivkk ItitiixiK Caulks. Tho
liounl of Trusteus of the Nuvv York and Hrook
lyn bridge, says tlio Iron Age, have decided
that ermible steel must lie employed as a
material fur the wires from which the cables of
that structure are to lie spun. Tho Kxvcutivo
Committee rvi-orted that in consequence of the
Mtrong vide of the Ivoard in favor of awarding
the contract for the wire for thu large cables
to the lowest bidder for crucible cast steel as
decisive against the use of Itesscmer steel, for
in so important a matter as the main cahlca, it
would, in their opinion, be unwise to adopt a
material which is distrusted bv any consider
able portion of the trustees, the question of
cost is an inqiorUtit one, but is subordinate to
that of safety, and the difference of excuse
between the two is comparatively too small to
permit such difference to prevent unanimity
and entire confidence. They therefore, recom
mend that the contract for the steel wire for
the large cables, as provided in the apecill.-ation
issued for that pursue, he awarded to J, Lloyd
llaigh at K 7-10 cents, gold, per ound, he Wing
the lowest bidder for crucible cast steel wire,
provided tie furnish that kind of wire stipulated
in his communication to this board, dated
January tfth, Is".
Hum Hkkia. IW. Sayre speaks of a form
nf what we may call fashionable disease: Aeoi
deut may occur ut deaceudiiig stairs or steep
declivities while wearing high -heeled shoes,
which throw the weight of the Utdy Uvnu tho
front part of the foot, and the extra'ellort matte
for the purpoa of rvtaining Uie body within llie
renter of gravity protluoea a direct strain upon
those toiidoiis, causing rupture or stretching of
the annular ligament BUlticivtit to allow them Ut
he diidarv,l '' u no wonder then that fash
ionabU women waddle in a most ungraceful
nuumer whn they attempt to walk. They de
stroy their comfort to follow a ridiculous fashion,
and Mipitr an ambling and uitdigmtimt move
ment, fwqd do things to follow fashion that
their good mum would cause them to Iw ashamed
of under any other oirvumstancM. I j.Im
ing suck shoes are often oldignl, for safety, to
mi down stain hackwanti, and our author says
thai Uwy out be "every day dtaemdiiuj
the atoM of our faihtonahU residences ui this
manner, making pevtenw of talking to some
imaginary person in the front door as an xcum
to awe uie it awawaru movemeuia.
HOW BULLION 18 PRODUCED.
We have mentioned our furnaces in a desul
tory way, but do not remember having seen any
detailed description of their workings, although
it is generally conceded that the furnaces in ubo
here are as perfect in construction and capacity
and do closer work on argentiferous ores than
any in other localities. In fact, a smelter who
has acquired hia knowledge at the Eureka fur
naces, has a reputation that no other place gives,
ortnf u uarautee of cotnnetencv. All the fur
naces in Eureka, with the exception of two
water-jackets at the Richmond, are modification
of the llasehette and 1'iltz furnaces, altered and
imnruved to suit the comhi nations and otialitiea
of the ore smelted. Tliey are built of stone
from the quarries in thu vicinity, and lined with
a porous ti re-proof suulstouu, or excellent qual
ity, from Tancake mountain, aliout '20 miles dis
tant. The inside diameter will average U
feel at the hearth, and tlie hiuht to the charg
ing windows is about hi feet. The hearth rises
aliout 'l feet from the ground mid projects 18
inches from the mouth in the front of the fur
nace. On three sides and one foot above the
hearth, em it tuyeres moree the sliatt, three
each sidu and two at the back. The shaft is
carried through the floor and the charging win
dows ohju on the second story, or ore Door of
the works, but the masonry extends to and
through the roof, connecting with tho Hue or
fume arrester. Tlio tuyeres uro double wrought
iron pipes, a space intervening between the
outer and inner pipe, through which a constant
' current of air ifows, pruvuntini: tho melting of
! the tuyeres whore they aro exposed to thu tierce
' neat. Hie Ijhvh is lurniBiieu oy a iuioi mower,
! with a canacitv of 000 revolutions nor minute,
1 nnd is uouvuvud to tho tuyeres bv a system of
I tin pipes and cuuvus hose. The front of the
' furnace is ojkjii to a liight of 10 ineli;!S, the
, snace between tlio melted slajr and masonry Iw-
ing temporarily filled with a mixture of fire
proof clay, and removed at thu pleasure of the
smelter, when it Incomes necessary to " bar out"
or remove tlio slag. At the side is thu lead well,
connected hy a pipe with tlio bottom of the fur
mice, the lead rming to the siime liight in the
well Unit it attains in tlie lu maces, l lie pro
jection hearth is supplied with two siHiiiti,
through which the iron and slag are drawn oil'
into Uiu cant-mm slag-pots, lu tlie workinu
process tlie furnace is tilled with tho ore mixed
with a certain proportion of charco:il. Kiru is
applied, tlio blast turned on, and the furnace
is in operation. Tho ore smelted is argentif
erous galuna, and contains from 40 to tiO wr
cunt lead, sonic iron, sulphur and arsenic, Ihu
heat concentrated on the ore at tho mouth of the
tuyurus, will reach -.000' Fahrenheit, and under
its influence the metals contained in tho ore ami
thu silica or quartz mult and How to thu 1m it torn
of thu furnace. The lead, from its greater
gravity, goes to thu bottom, carrying with it the
precious gold and silver. On thu top of thu lead
tho melted iron floats, and on this again swim
the lighter materials termed slag. As tho lead
accumulates it is ladled out from the well into
molds, forming baso bullion bars, averaging I '20
pounds in weight. These bars Mill assay froth
?-1H) to 9400 per ton, varying with tho quality
of the ore smelted. Each charge, is conqHiseil
of 4ti shovelfuls of ore, intermixed with I'J
bushels of charcoal. No flux is necessary, with
the exception of a shovelful of silica or slag, as
thu ores siuult freely. One of the furnaces at
tlie Eureka Consolidated, now running, was
built for a reduction capacity of M tons per
day, but it goes considerably afiovo this, averag
ing tifl tons every 24 hours, and has reduced as
nign as w tons, producing lu tons ol nun ion.
The working force consists of ono smelter,
two stag-wheelers, two feeders and three ore
and charcoal tenders. Thu smelters receive &"
wr day of eight hours, and wheelers 94. The
work is rather unhealthy thoau most exposed
to the fumes being subject to lead (taralysis;
but of late the attention nam to vmituatn
has remedied this in a sreat deuree.
As we stated in tho commencement of this
article, there' is no place in thu world where
smelting has attained, a higher degree ot pcrtuti
tion. sud wa am eoimlnnllv iiimroviiii nur
mclluMlsami processes. turrivf A re. j&nuuMt.
t'HYHicAL Tkainish. Mr. Maclaren, on
physical education, says: "However weak the
Ixty, gy'muaatio exorcises under proper training
must iw wueiiciai; use gives lacility ol execu
tion, and facility of execution causes frequency
of practice, Wause we all like to do that which
we can do well; and thus eventually, being
iiaaeu on tne organic law ol development, tin
weaker iwrte may. by immer cultivation. Ik
strengthened. Systematiiwl exercises cut nimi
ify the growth and distribute the rosourees of
the toly, so that each particular part shall have
its legitimate share, and so increase the re
sources that each twrt of the trrowins franu
shall have its wants supplied. During growth
it is possible to atld to proportion, ctmsididato
and sustain every cell of every titter or tissue as
it is added to tlie irame; alter growth tins is
not probable, but it is still nosaihle: ve. still a
oerUiuty, to recover a valuable portion of the
nuteruu well-being ol every man, ami add to
that strength and vital stamina which will help
him at all times, at all seasons and under all
trials."
A Da. -The following is a description of a
dam mwntly constructed across the Kansas
river, at law mice, snd which has been esti
mated to furnish about 3,0H0 honw power: The
dam is 7K8 feet m total length. '.'74 tt-vt of which
is based upon solid rock and built of masonry.
The remainder spans a gravvl and und founda
tion, and is constructed of crib work, thoroughly
baaed, anchored, grouted and hacked. The
dam ha a haw of J I feet, presents au average
angle of 4j to the curreut, and ia so cou
atructml Uiat the power can easily be increased
by adding to its night. Th rluni upon the
south side is 60 (eel wide, and, as it now stands,
I W0 ftwt king, and is amply supplied tth arches
(or tho convvtueut delivery of power to pen
stock. The track of the Kanau Midland rail
road, connecting th Atchison, Topek ft Santa
K nulroad with the Kansas City railroad svs
torn, ruuswithuia few feet of th duiue walls.
SEASONED TIMBER MAY SHRINK.
The Manufacturer and Builder says: Scrap
ing on the paint irom a yauvi m um
cause it to shrink, even when it has been un
altered for years, and supposed to be perfectly
seasoned. Even the various most valuable
kimls of timber will shrink more or less every
time the surface is dressed off even a small-fra.-t.ion
of an inch. Wheelwrights, accus
tomed to work in oak, are well aware of this
uiet, and a correct appreciation of it often
eiiahles them to turn out work of a superior
character, even of ordinary materials, bv first
blocking out the pieces roughly, then allowing
the timber to season, and working the various
jturts by degrees, as the seasoning becomes more
uud more complete.
White oak stMike timber, for example, may
Iw allowed to remain in a rough state for half a
score of years, under shelter, without becoming
seasoned so thoroughly that the timlwr will not
shrink alter tlie siokea have Iweu dressed out.
Carriage wheels have often been made of the
choicest quality of oak timber attar every spoke
lias lieen seasoned for several years, and to the
great surprise of the wheelwright, every spoke
would work in the joints before the vehicle had
run three months. The defect in auch instances
eon Id not Im attributed to inferior timber, nor
to perfunctory workmanship, but simply to this
one circumstance, tliut tho parts of the wheel
were put together More the timber bad ceased
to shrink.
To nrove that tlie best quality of oak will
shrink after a spoke has been dressed nut, let a
tenon Iw madu on one end and be driven im
mediately into a mortiBo; after a few days' ex
MHiurc in a warm workshop the s)okes may 1
withdrawn with little difficulty. The same
fact will hold good in the manufacture of wood
work of any kind whore oak is employed for
tenons. In order to make joints that wilt never
start, tho piece ou which thu tenons are to be
made should be dressed several times, until the
shrinkage has ceased; then let the tenons lw
made. Alter these nave snruiiK, wnue exposed
to tho drying influence of a warm workshop,
the spokes or other parts may Imj driven into
their reswctivo prices, with the assurance (es
wcially if they are dipped in oil paint previous
to drivimr) tlmt timber will shrink no more.
Many Kinds of fanning implements, in tho
ut nun luut uro ot winch oak and ash are employed,
render very unsatisfactory service, simply
because thu seasoned timbers were not allowed
to shrink before the tenons More driven into
thu inortisos. In like manner, oak chuirs and
other furniture will frequently shrink to such
an extent that thu pommels, rungs, dowels, pin
nun uaiusiers win an worn loose u tne precuU'
tion we have described is uot observed.
USING PUTTY.
A wood-worker writes as follows in an ex
change: A good joint is nut all required in mak
ing a complete finish on wood-work, and one of
tne greatest troubles met with by unskilled
workmen is thu removiinr all amwarauce of nail
or screw hoods, having been sunk beneath thu
sunace.
Putty, unless riirhtly nut in. answers a verv
ioor purpose, especially when the work is ever
to lw exposed to heat. Heat expands iron, and
the nail or screw head wilt lift tlie uuttv and
maku it show a prominence on the surface of tlie.
worn.
Tucks or small nails may bo driven bo deep
that putty will not necessarily reach the heotl.
ienujg n vacuum inr tue expansion, but tor
large nails or screws the plugging mode is the
oesi. emiix tne screws at ieot oue-tnui th of an
inch Udnw the surface, then square t):' hoto
and insert a plug of the sumo wood, precisely, as
that in which the incision ia made, and have
the wood exactly correspond, tlmt is, the trains
to run the same way. Fit the plug with slightly
leveling sides, so tight that when it is driven in
solid, it will not reach thu heal of tho nail or
screw.
Apply glue to tho sides of thu plug before
driving, and whun well sot, plane off the surface
and Baiidjwper until the surface ia level and
smooth.
When putty is used it will lw found an d.
vantage to sandpaper thoroughly before tilling
the cavities, as dust of wood will partly fill the
holes and prevent the putty setting in a solid
Iwd uou tho iron heads, and will lw less liable
to got hfted by expansion. Where largo checks
or cavities arc to bo filled with putty, the use of
..... Wu, niuj win w its durability.
Moisteu the mittv with trlue. iiiat it i.
Bcrted, and do not attempt to smooth up until
Tim PuMOKotm I'msi'iri.c. n SpoilkdCokn.
Irufosaur C. Lomhnwo describes two poison
oiis principles derived from spoiled maue: an
ml soluble in alcohnl, and an alkaloid. From
" ,;v ""uycioseiy resembling
Btrychma, jessing all of the chemical anil
tliost of thn nl.v.i..l........l ....4: ..r ..
.11 1 , Iew " vneiaiiur
aikolont. in fr,.. .. .... ..,....
hut als those of paresis and narcosis, were in
duced 1)V xlniiiatt;.,n -f il :i 1 . ,
' - uieou. in ciucii
ens. after lini iinui- bn,i,.ia.u.: .l. 1
OIHV lUkKSla .o,.,,!.,,... . , . '
fc 1 . w'0"u Miueiiienu 01 me
- M.k.ui(ioa 10 reimgratle movements,
were induco.1. 1 he administration t l.i..V-
f the alk.lm.l .k- i... .
1 .1 t ""VT "fuiu, induces
;., 1 . 7 uHivuisious. Admin
istered to locusU. ti.k mi.u 41 n . .
I ' "i vw., uid WKiUOKl
(!iv. m la .ympumn linuUr to th.m of
m.,.,,!.,! . !--". prmit
Corrsi Ti s 1 . .
...... .m-vinuiueni, ui a
measure apiwvnUy pnmptl by the gradual
deterioration in ou.iv f
tates the uie of a decoction of coffee leaves.
Utd thrt 1 ntnt.1. ..( VI.
.. .. ... ,.WI H auwtl ,Q th
0nxlil.irr it mM .k 1 . ....
. "- iMieexnioition
yiimi mi nruiiane some onffee
tea, preied from the leaves of tree, growinn
on hiawuto, sUtiug that the beverage prepaml
The Rural Cyclopedia, publisheii .
burgh, Scotland, gives the following
maKingoat-meaicas.es. veu made '
delicious: "As much meal MwiUniakt
24 or 30 inches in diameter and
an inch in tnicKness, is put into a WoojJ
sin, with a sutKciency of water for workii
meal into a Huht paste. The meal !jT
are mixed by the fingers of the right J
is then turned out on a clean board ori
ami aiieruttioi " aniickL
lutth imn ifs. surinkled with meal. mtuJTr
kneaded and sprinkled, and kneaded igjin,'
(feiicous douah; tho dough is then fla,ttJj
with the knuckles into a circular cik.ji
an inch or less, in thickness, and tdk
alutut one-eiiihth of an inch in thicktiM...
the sheet is ll'cu paruu ruuuu the edges iaj
into three or four parts from the center wiw
knife. Tho parts of the cut sheet of dtragW
fired or half baked, first on the one aids a
then on the other, upon a thin cuulwpUt
iron, called a griddle or girdle; and then tfe,
are toasted or whole-baked, by being plied
their edge on a toaster close before the En
with first the one side and then tlieotberg
posed to me nuat. owiw nuiwr is wmeW
mixed with the paste, to render the cakes fn
aim lllgniy reuiiavit, turn .occasionally t u
caraway seeds also are added, but in tieeiW
such admixtures are an abomination."
A Scotchman writing to the New To rj
utrvtr in reference to uiese cokcs and oat-sgi
generally, says: -xne ivonwj accompaniimt!
to this is sweet milk, dipped with the ip,
(which has previously lanen up ana conhm
portion of the porridge) out of a separata dot
i ruin niiu poiiixivi
0VT-MBAL BREAKFAST CAKES.
inese are inane 01 iio. 2 oat-meai, witbwite
enough to saturate it, ana little or no ut
Pour it into a baking tin halt an inch or uW
quarters deep, Bhake it aown level, and
this IB done it should be so wet that twooruio
spuoiiiuin 01 wwai oiiuiiiu i uii iiCTiy on uiea
lace, rut in a quick oven and Dane -ju mmnti
K it warm. It will lw as light and tender
the twat "Johnny cake, or else yon have wri
too much or uukcq it too long, ami 11 onerf
uie must accdiiuiuHiHwiiM wuim uuiies uuim
be made. It will do very nicely with a lift
longer time if the oven ia nut quite hot If
wil nut linltn t.hnrA at. nil none it. infa fm
pan, cover it close and tut it on the top
me stove, wnure is win even nane in 10 n
utes.
SUNLIGHT NECESSARY TO HEALTH
In his last quarterly report, Dr. John Liddk
the medical officer of health for the Whit.
unuitei uisincE, says: 1 nrmiy iifiieve tnatBui
persons wnu are euniiieiiev) vw miiidv roomi
wiucii tne rays 01 tue sun never euter. tea
lose thoir health, and hnd it necessary to chus
their residence; and this remark amities T2
though perhai with less force, to those wt
are conhued to counting-houses during the Lu
in wnicn no sunngiit is aamitteu. suniigot
esiwcially necessary for the healthy existence a
I children j and this is strongly pointed out in
evidence 01 me uue nir. a. a, uaru tneinva
tor of the " ardiau caseB, for rearing puma
in towns, and conveviniz tliem to and from dia-
lani niaccs. a ccntieinan 01 orreat eminence
the medical profession, and who has givenmnci
attention to tho influence of the temperature, ol
nir and light upon the health and growtt
of animals and plants) who savB. in his evidence
iwiore tue commissioners appointed lor inqmrj
into the state of lame towns and nonuloui du-
tricts, that, as the result of hut experience,
influence of light is a matter of the highest
portance to the proiwr physical development
the human snocies: and whatever stints tM
growth of a chilil certainly operates upon
physical canacitv for laW: that the amount
uiBease aniouir persons occupvinc ficht roonn
infinitely less as compared with that in dirt
ones; and that the influence of light, espedsih
solar unlit, in preventinir the fatal tcrmiiutios
of disease, is a fact well known to him.
(urtner illustration of this snhiect. Mr.
quotes a fact stateil on the authority of
inmes vuu. " ttiat tlie eases ot diseases on
dark Bide of an extensive barrack at St Petsn-
ourg nave noon unitormly, tor many yean,
the proportion of throe to nnn in those on W
side exposed to stronn Huht Public Health
SALAD.
in llie ItreitftrftEinn rit ma sh. Ainnnir.il
iieiniiil otliur couutnea. No Friiniihorllennll
lioasiuit cm live without h a ulail. If ettact
u.nnot be obtained, a few cold boiled poUto.
or atrutif hs.n. - i.:. : Mu
Will do iuit U well. Hi, n, 1ml. r.1 l,,ta Ud
emu which are thrown awav hv an Amenoia
nouaewile could be compounded into a delicie.
Miao wiin a suitable dreasine-. In our eitiea
art of aalatl-moking is rapidly atlvancing,
iii-anj every nimwwne pridea heraeu upon
eomuwitlou of a crcamv mavonnaiae: but
tne country, where lettuce and hundred!
aiau vegetable! and grasses krow in perfecta
the art of aalad-makins is almost unknowm.
.iMiy reel wa fur salads of fish and meat
greens nave come down to us in the old Romaa
remnis, sniiwinii that the neonle of o den tnM
-ere not nemnd the liresent dav in their stMa-
non to an amictinnil ailditinl, to a meal. It
.1II10.1 impiiible to give exact direction!
. .. mixing 01 a savorv salad. This is sonw-
tning which should never be left to the hand!
of . l: . l . ...
... coo,. Ior n0 rtl8n njqmres
mUcn ttellCacV of nn.nfin..;n L' .Uiv.lld
man or woman sTiould understand this subtle
'j.r.. mesaladisthestheticdishof U
meal, the refreshment and recreation afttr the
more ,l,d plate, which have satisfied ths
appetite, and it should be a direct offering from
the hostess to the delicate palate, of herluerta
. j Stt" deliranns let no one fear lor th!
rest the dinner, for that ia a direct indel t.
IvL . ,OTCtor' he tvmM.-min
( oaoal, M Harpn-; 3laifw.
Li