24
THE WEST SUORE.
October.
"WEST RHORE" PRIZES.
It will be remembered that Mr. L. Sam
uels, the enterprising proprietor of the
Wist Shore, offered several prizes for es
says to be awarded at the State Fair. The
awards were made yesterday, and are as
follows:
I'rire essay on the "Resources of Ore
gon," premium, $15 gold coin, was award
ed to Milton Richardson, of Tualatin,
Washington county.
Prize essay by a boy or fcirl under 18
years of ago, premium, Webster's Una
bridged Dictionary, value, $13, was award
ed to Miss Ida h.Campbcl1, of St. Helens,
Columbia county.
Prize essay by a boy or girl under 13
years of age, a beautiful writing desk,
valued at 810, was awarded to Miss Lucie
Mason, of Portland, Oregon Satim
Statesman.
Referring to the above, we will merely
stale that one more prize of $1 5 for an ar
ticle on the Resources of Washington Ter
ritory was not competed for at all. All the
..essays which have taken prizes will appear
in our November number. Rejected ones
will be returned if the necessary postage is
furnished. On the first of December we
will award
tiS IN U. S. GOLD COIN,
to the person sending us the best original
Christmas Story said story to appear in
our December number.
The First Congregational church, of
-which we give a correct engraving in this
issue, is located cor. of Second and Jef
ferson sis., Portlan d, and was constructed
in 1870 at an expense of about $20,000.
Where there is much light the shadow is
deep.
F. W, Pettygrove, the founder of;
Portland, was born nt Culms, Maine,
in 1S1 J, uiul ut the age of 16 entered
the army, under the renowned Sam
Houston, of Texas notoriety, remaining
'111 the campaign for four years. Im
mediately thereafter, in 1841, he en
gaged a passage in a sailing ship bound
for the Pacific Coast. In the spring of
iSn, lie located nt Oregon City, then
.a place fust assuming metropolitan airs.
In 1845, Pettygrove mid Lovejoy
bought of Mr. Overton 640 acres of
land for 50, uiul that same year they
cut a roml from it to the interior, ut an
expense of fi,8oo, and built n ware
house on what is now known in this
city as the corner of Front and Wash
ingtoii streets. Some difli-reik-c now
arose between the partners as to what
the new town should be called, and
they finally decided to toss up A piece of
money. Mr. Pettygrove winning the
toss, named it after the capital of his
native State. And thus the log cabin
on the banks of the Willamette received
the name " Portland." That same year
Mr. Lovejoy sold his claim to Hen
Stark. In looking over files of the
OrtfioH Spectator of iSi(i,we find Mr.
Pettygrove to have been the lending
merchant and heaviest advertiser In
those days. In the Sftrtttur of Feb
ruary 5, 1S46, he announces : "At the
Red House, Oregon City, and at Port
land, 1 1 miles below this city," on con
signment, 20 cases wooden clocks, 3
mall mills, 450 hag sugar, 5o ci
gars, oo dozen cotton handkerchiefs,
10 bales sheeting, 10 dozen linen duck
Milts, &c. In 1S4S the discovery of
gold in California attracted Mr. Petty
grove, and he sold his claim of Port
land for $5,000, part cash and part
leather. After a time, becoming dis
satisfied with California, and hearing
from Commodore Wilkes about the
rich soil and salubrious climate of Puget
Sound, Mr. Pettygrove located a farm,
and being convinced from its superior
location that some day a large seaport
town must spring up there, he, in 1851,
laid out and named the present town of
Port Townsend, now numbering about
1,000 inhabitants. Although Mr. Pet
tygrove is now 64 years old, he is still
hale and hearty, and on his recent visit
to this city, the first time in 23 years,
he expressed himself well pleased with
the way his town had been handled
during his absence. lie now spends
life quietly, on a farm adjoining Port
Townsend, and wc hope he may live to
sec his wish realized, namely, that
Port Townsend should be a city of
50,000 inhabitants, and Portland at
least double that.
NATURAL HISTORY OF THE
HEE.
Inquiries which wc receive from
time to time reveal to us the fact that
there arc some of our readers who arc
beginning bcc keeping with little or
no knowledge of the natural history of
the useful insect. These matters arc
elementary, and should be clearly un
derstood before one can become thor
oughly versed ill the higher subtleties
of the apiarians science. To aid 111
the dissemination of the ground facts of
the industry, we give in this issue an
illustration showing the different stages
in the growth of the bee, the three
classes into which the occupants of the
hives are divided, the structure of dif
ferent parts of the hec as shown by the
microscope, and the distinct kinds of
cells which appear in the brood comb.
Each figure in the engraving will be
introduced in the proper place as wc
proceed with the description,
TIIK WOltKINO MRUS.
Of the three kinds of bees inhabiting
A hive the workers form almost the en
tire swarm. They arc culled 'neuters,"
because they do not serve for the prop
agation of the species. To explain this
singular fact in the order of nature, it
is thought that all the workers would
have been females, like the queen, had
not the eggs from which they were
produced been deposited in cells too
narrow to allow a proper development
ol their sexual parts. They are much
less 111 size than the queens or drones,
being about half an inch in length.
The working bee (Fig. S) is 110 less
admirable in the structure anil form of
its body than wonderful in its instinct
or sagacity. It is perfect in proportion,
and harmonious in the combination of
its parts, all concurring to the design ol
its creation. On each side of its head
is a large, round eye, sufficiently hard
on the surface to be proof against injury
from contact with the substances it or
dinarily meets. When these eyes re
quire cleaning, it is performed by the
brush of the legs. The head is' also
furnished with two "antenna-," or
horns, of delicate touch, by means of
w hich they reciprocally obtain by feel
ing a knowledge of each other, their
queens, as well as their young. It is
by these simple organs that bees arc
guided in flic dark, and are enabled to
construct their comb and cells and feed
the young brood. It has a long tongue,
protioscis or trunk (shown in magni
tieil form in Fig. u) for licking and
sucking the honey, and two strong
mandibles or teeth, which enihl... ...
construct the cells and combs, as well !
as to carry all obnoxious substances '
from the hive. It has four wings and '
six legs. The third pair of the latter
is much longer than the others, each
containing a triangular cavity lined
with strong curved hairs, used for the
purpose of holding and carrying to tne
hives the ocllets or little balls of pollen
which it gathers from the anthers ot
flowers. Thus, when a bee enters a
flower the pollen adheres to its body,
whence it is collected by the hairy legs
into the form of a pellet, and deposited
in the cavity for transportation to its
home. At the extremity of each of the
six feet are little fangs, with which they
occasionally attach themselves in clus
ters to each other, and to the sides of
the hive. The abdomen is provided
with two stomachs (magnified in Fig.
15) the first being only a simple bag,
which is transparent, and, when filled,
Is of the size of a pea, containing noth
ing but honey, as it is collected from
the fields, a portion of which is dis
gorged into the combs, to serve as a
store for the future, whilst another por
tion passes for nourishment into the
second stomach. At the extremity of
the abdomen there is a sting (magnified
in Fig. 13), its weapon of defence, not
consisting of a simple sharp pointed in
strument, but of two lancets, concealed
in a director, and operated upon by
muscles of uncommon strength, which
to a casual observer would seem to be
the sting itself. The external side of
each of these lancets is provided with
numerous nrrow-shaped barbs, which
prevent their extraction when pierced
into the flesh, without great pain.
When the retreat of the bee is hurried,
or when the part stung is too firm, as
the skin of man, the sting remains in
the wound, and the bee thus injured
only departs to die in a few hours. Not
withstanding the sting has become de
tached from the insect, it still retains its
power of penetrating further into the
wound. Again, the embarbed part of
the sting is so finely polished that even
with the best microscope no inequalities
of surface can be discerned,
TUB QUEEN
Is distinguished from the others by her
form and size (Fig 7,) being usually
about Kvicc as long as a worker, with
a color tending to a deeper yellow,
although queens vary in sisc, according
to the cells 111 which they are bred,
some being scarcely larger than the
working bee. Her abdomen is longer
111 proportion, and its thickness is aug
mented when filled with eggs. Her
legs are neither provided with bristles
nor cavities, and her wings arc much
shorter than her body, in consequence
of which it is somewhat difficult for her
to fly. Her sting, w hich she seldom
uses except when in combat with a
rival, is strong, and bent at the end,
The queen lays all the eggs in a colony.
Fig. 14 shows the ovigerous tubes and
appendages in a magnified form. The
eggs are quite small (magnified in Fie.
1), elongated, slightly curved, of a
brown color, and arc deposited into
cells adapted in size and shape to the
kind ol bee that is destined to occupy
them. The queen, before she deposits
an egg, examines whether the cell is
clean and suitable to its future occu
pancy, being aware which kind of bee
will he produced from the egg she de
posits. She lays profusely in the spring, I
less in summer, but little in autumn, and I
in winter not at all. She first denosi.s I
eggs for workers, one, or rarely two, I
at the bottom of a cell; and, as the!
combs are placed perpendicularly, the I
eggs, of course, rest in a horizontal no-1
at every successive brood. Each sort is
hatched in three or four days by the
warmth of the hive, according to the
season or climate, into "larvse" or white
worms, which lie in a curved position
on the bottom of the cells (Fig. 3), sur
rounded by a thin, transparent fluid, or
bee-bread, believed to be prepared from
pollen, mixed with honey and water,
which appears to be adapted to their
age. As they advance in growth, they
lie horizontally, with their heads toward
the entrance, and repeatedly moult or
shed their coats. After the larva; are
sufficiently large, nearly to fill their
cells, (Fig. 4), say in about eight days,
they prepare for another state, called
"pupa," "chrysalis" or "nymph," (Fig,
5) during which they require no
food. The workers being aware of
this change, cover the mouths of the
cells with a light brown wax. When
they are thus entombed, they are at first
milky and soft, in which state they con
tinue even after they assume the insect
form, until they gradually harden and
change color, and in eight days more,
at a trying moment, resulting in the
death of many, break through their
covering, and, without assistance, come
forth perfect bees, the whole period of
metamorphoses occupying about 20
days from the time of depositing the
eggs. As soon as the young bees
emerge from their cells, they are wiped
sition (Fig. 1), and not on one ,i,U r
the cell like those of wasps. She next !
") eggs in the male cells, intended
for drones, and, last of all, in royal cells
for queens. She alwavs lavs in the '
same order in respect to the kind of
eggs, though thev are !& in ...!. '
FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHtTBCH,
roBTLAiro, OfiKoov.
clean and presented with food by the
workers, and in 24 hours after birth are
capable of sallying forth into the fields,
changing from a grayish or silvery hue
to a yellowish brown. The larva of
drones are hatched in the same way as
those of the workcrsj yet the time of
their growth is somewhat less than
that of the queens, which is usually
about 16 days.
THE DRONES
(Fig. 6) arc larger and thicker than
the workers, though similar in color,
and arc shorter than the queens. As
they never visit flowers for collecting
sweets, their proboscis arc shorter than
those of the workers, and they require
no strong hairs to brush off, nor cavi
ties in their hinder legs to hold pollen,
and accordingly have not been provided
with them. They arc known to be
males, and arc only useful in propagat
ing their species taking no part in the
construction of the cells, in collecting
the food, nor any interest in the eco
nomical duties of the hive, which they
seldom leave, except in the middle of
Warm days.
THE COMB.
Those who have seen a honey-comb
must have observed that it it a flattish
cake composed of a vast number of cells,
j . Ilulllucr
for the most part hexagonal, regularly
(