FARM ORCHARD
A ore and Instructions from Agricultural College and Experiment Stations
at Oregon and Washington. Specially Suitable to Pacific Coast Conditions
APPLE SCAB AND
MOTH.
CODLING
Um Urw Anncuitur! oiw.
tk. .n far th nnl.
cab and codling moth is at hand, and
since these rests are, generally speak
ing, the most important troubles of
the apple for which spring and sum
mer tpraying is necessary, it was
thought advisable to issue at this
time this bulletin of information re
garding their life history and nut tod
of control. The spray for these
troubles may be applied in part at the
same time, hence for convenience of
the erowers are treated together,
The proper time for treatment of
fungus diseases or insect ravages is
always determined by the life history
of the organism causng the trouble.
hence the life history of each will first
be riven, followed by the combined
method of treatment
Life History of Apple Scab.
Apple scab is caused by a fungus
which attacks both foliage and fruit
On the foliage the spots are at first
more or less circular in outline, olive
green or brown in color, becoming
darker and irregular in shape as they
mature. The leaves are frequently
more or less curled or wrinkled.
When the spots are abundant the
leaves fall prematurely. Considerable
defoliation may take place where in
festation is abundant
On the fruit the fungus produces
more or less circular spots of the
greenish black color. The vegetative
stage of the fungus develop under the
cuticle of the apple fruit finally rup
turing it by the elongation of the
threads which bear the spores. The
ruptured cuticle may frequently be
seen clinging as wmtisn memDranous
shreds about the edge of the recently
developed spots. As the spots become
older all trace of the fungus may be
come obliterated and only evidence of
the former spot is seen in a large or
small rough russetted spot fre
quently the fruit is distorted when
mature as the result of early scab
infections. Where scab spots are
abundant the fruit may become
cracked. Scab in any degree of sever
ity on the fruit renders it unsightly
and unmarketable.
. The spores of the fungus are pro
duced in the spots on leaves or fruit in
great abundance and are disseminated
by the wind, thus spreading the dis
ease to other leaves and fruit either
in the same or other trees. Several
generations may thus occur during
the season. One finds the scab spots
first appearing in the spring on the
under side of leaves on the lower
branches. Spores produced in these
spots serve to spread the disease to
young fruit and to other leaves.
The development of the scab fun
gus is found to be very much in
fluenced by weather condition. Mois
ture pn the surface of leaves and fruit
is essential to the germination of the
spores and the consequent infection of
the plant 'On that account scab is
found to spread most rapidly in spring,
early summer and fall in the North
west The disease spreads little, if
any, during the dry season. The my
celium of the fungus present on the
leaves which fall to the ground in
the fall does not die, but develops in
thee leaves during the winter as a
saphrophyte and in the spring pro
duces spores quite different from those
borne in the spots on living leaves and
fruit both in the manner of formation
and in the shape and size. The spores
found in the spots on leaves and fruit
are one-celled, rarely two-celled, and
are borne on the ends of short threads,
while the spires developed on the dead
leaves in spring are always distinctly
two-celled and are borne in little
cylindrical sacs called asci. Eight
spores are always developed in each
sac. A considerable number of these
sacs are borne in hollow more or less
pear-shaped receptacles imbedded in
the tissues of the leaf. These recep
tacles containing the asci, known as
perithelia, project from the surface of
the leaf when mature as little black
elevations. - These are barely visible
to the naked eye. At maturity an
opening appears in the projecting ele
vations. The asci elongate through
this opening and the spores are eject
ed forcibly, and; wafted by currents
of air, may be carried to the young
leaves of the apple, where they germ
inate and produce the first scab spots.
This ascus spore stage of the fungus
which develops on the fallen leaves is
sometimes called the "sexual" or
"perfect" stage. The stage which
develops on the living leaves and fruit
is called the con i dial or "summer
spore" stage.
Tha ascus spores are disseminated
bout the time the blossoms open. So
far as is known all primary infection
of the leaves and fruit in the spring
takes place following the dissemina
tion of the sexual spores.
Life History of Codling Moth.
The codling moth spends the winter
in the larval stage within silken
In Praise of Ice Cream.
Sunday dinner without Ice cream Is
an Imposition on the whole family.
Say, brother, did you ever notice the
expression of the faces of the chil
dren when they were ready for Ice
cream, and canned peaches were
brought In? There Is a chance for
mutiny and rebellion right there.
Whea the family Is feeling grouchy
Just serve them vanilla Ice cream and
pour hot thick chocolate over the tee
cream. Then life la worth living.
I cocoon under the bark or in crevices of
I the tree, or under rubbish on the
spring they undergo a complete
! change, and transforming to pupae
later emerge aa adults. In thia stage
the insect ia seldom seen as it remains
quiet during the day and flies about at
night depositing eggs upon the leaves
and fruit in the evening about dusk.
The eggs of the spring generation
of moths are deposited during June
and July and the first young larvae
hatch out about June 20th to July 1st
As soon as the larvae hatch out they
seek an entrance into the fruit and in
the case of the first generation, mostly
enter through the calyx end.
They feed and develop for about
sixteen to twenty days, until mature,
and then pass through the same stages
as the over-winter larvae, namely:
pupae and adult Ia the Willamette
valley the earliest individuals of this
brood of moths begin to appear about
the last of July and deposit their eggs
upon the fruit and leaves. The egg
deposition continues until late in the
fall. The eggs begin hatching about
August 1st and the larvae enter the
fruit from the sides. These are the .
over-wintering forms, and when full
grown they leave the fruit snd seek
ing protected places near by, spin
winter cocoons.
Combined Treatment for Apple Scab
and Codling Moth.
The first application is primarily
an apple scab spray. Use lime-sulphur,
diluted 1-30 with water (basis
of 30 degree Baume stock solution)
and apply just as the buds are sepa
rating in the cluster and show color.
No arsenate of lead is necessary at
this time unless the bud moth is pres
ent in which case add two pounds of
neutral arsenate of lead to each 50
gallons of diluted lime-sulphur. If
aphis are present add black leaf 40
to the lime-sulphur in the proportion
of 1 gallon to 900. When the latter is
mixed with the lime-sulphur there
will be a small amount of grayish sed
iment thrown down, which, however,
does not affect the value of the spray
to any appreciable extent
The second application should be
made just after the petals fall and be
fore the calyx closes. Use lime-sulphur
1-30 to which has been added two
pounds of neutral arsenate of lead to
each 50 gallons. This is the second
scab and the first codling moth spray.
The third application in orchards
that are badly infested with apple
scab, spray ten days or two weeks
after the second with lime-sulphur,
summer strength, or with self-boiled
lime-sulphur (4-8-50). This is dis
tinctly a scab spray and in regions
where scab is not prevalent may be
omitted. Where leaf-eating insects
are present two pounds of arsenate
of lead should be added to each fifty
gallons of spray. In those sections
of the state where scab is not present
and it is necessary to spray for leaf-
eating insects, arsenate of lead may
be diluted with water in the propor
tion of two pounds to fifty gallons.
The fourth application, the second
spray for codling moth should be ap
plied at the time the eggs of the first
generation moths are hatching or just
as the very earliest worms are begin
ning to enter the fruit In the great
er portion of the W illamette valley
this will be usually between June 25th
and July 1st although the dates vary
somewhat with the season. This date
is also approximately correct for most
portions of the Hood River valley, but
in Southern Oregon and most portions
of the Grande Ronde valley this ap
plication should be made somewhat
earlier. Use two pounds of arsenate
of lead to fifty gallons of water.
The fifth application, an application
of arsenate of lead should be applied
as a preventive of injury by codling
moth about four or five weeks after
the fourth. In the Willamette valley
this will be about August 1st to 10th.
This date, however, varies in different
parts of the state as above noted, and
the application should be made when
the first young larvae are found enter
ing the fruit
The sixth application, the fourth
spray for codling moth, corresponds to
the fall spraying for bud moth and
should be applied in the Willamette
valley about September 25th to Octo
ber 1st Use arsenate of lesd in the
proportion of two pounds to 50 gal
lons of water. In case the bud moth
is not present in the orchard and the
previous codling moth sprsys have
been thoroughly applied this applica
tion may be omitted. In case apple
scab has been particularly prevalent
or the fall rains begin early it would
be well to use lime-sulphur 1-30 at
this time for the purpose of limiting
fall infection. This would also be
desirable if the orchard is badly in
fested with apple tree anthracnose.
Supplementary Mathods of Controlling
Apple Scab.
Since the fungus causing apple scab
winters over in the decaying leaves on
the ground, it is advisable to destroy
Her Period of Quietude.
It is said to be customary In Rut
garla for a newly married woman t
exchange no conversation with any
outsider during the first month toU
lowing the wedding. She Is permitted
to open her mouth only for the neces
sary purpose of eating and drinking!
and Is allowed to reply to her husband
when the latter chooses to address
her. To this custom Is attributed tho
fact that the honeymoon ia Bulgaria
lasts an entire month.
!:!Kr5SrrffiJ!S.S0ME COOKERY FRILLS
L TriA uati sil ft t l -.. ( SH nf Krttvtat.ii V
' for apple tree anthracnose just after
the fruit is picked may have benefi
cial effect in reducing the late spread
of the disease on the foliage and hence
reduction of the "sexual" spore
stage in the spring.
Codling Moth.
Much good can be done by scraping
the rough bark from the tree in the
winter, and by the practice of clean
culture; especially ia this true of old
neglected orchards.
Be careful not to carry infested
fruits into the store house in the fall.
as the larvae find many excellent
places therein to spend the winter.
EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES
By It. W. Thatchar. Director Wuhinaton Elwr
tmsnl Statiun.
The reason for the lack of fertility
of pine land soils is not due to the
pitch which such land contains, but to
an absence of supply of available
nitrogen. The foliage from evergreen
trees adds very little to the supply of
nitrogen in the soil, while the trees
themselves constantly take it from the
soil. In soils which have been burned
over, the heat burns out a good deal
of nitrogen in the upper layers of soil.
The ashes are not injurious, but are
highly beneficial to the soil.
The real difficulty ia that the grow
ing of pine and fir trees on soil poor in
nitrogen takes away so large a pro
portion of the available nitrogen that
when the soil is first brought under
cultivation it will rarely produce sat
isfactory crops. After two or three
years of cultivation the soil gets into
better condition and the nitrogen be
comes more available and better crops
are obtained. The only remedy for
this condition is thorough cultivation
supplemented by the use of some fer
tilizer to put available nitrogen in the
soil to start with. For this purpose,
barnyard manure is best Clover
would be still better, but clover itself
will rarely grow on this soil without
artificial fertilizer to start with. The
best commercial fertilizer to use on
this kind of soil is dried blood, applied
either in the fall or early spring. If
field peas would grow at all on this
soil, they would make a most excel
lent fertilizer if seeded early in the
spring, plowing them under as soon as
they have attained their maximum
growth.
Repeated attempts have been made
to use potassium cyanide as a squirrel
poison. The difficulty is to get the odor
of the cyanide disguised so that the
squirrels will eat anything that has
been treated with the chemical. All
attempts which I am familiar with
have failed. The use of cyanide In the
holes late in the season might be
effective if some means could be de
vised for generating the hydrocyanic
gas from it This will require the
presence of some acid in the hole to
come in contact with the potassium
cyanide, or orthewise the poisonous
gas will not be given off. The chief
difficulty with all these gas poisons ia
that the holes are so long and crooked
that there is difficulty in getting the
gas -to penetrate far enough to reach
the animal before it is absorbed by the
soil.
Wherever sagebrush and cactus
flourish, there agricultural crops will
also grow. If the prevailing vege
tation is greasewood or salt grass, the
amounts of alkali are sufficient
enough to injure most agricultural
crops. If the alkali is excessive, how
ever, no vegetation of any kind will
grow on the land.
Another indication of alkali is the
presence on the surface of the ground
of a white crust in the latter part of
August Alkali is simply an injurious
excess of soluble salts, and at this
season they are brought to the surface
by excess of evaporation, and will al
ways appear on the surface in the
early fall. White alkali includes any
of the soluble salts. "Black alkali,"
as it is called, is sodium carbonate,
and causes the vegetation on the sur
face of the ground to turn black be
cause of its corrosive effect on vegeta
tion. Siberian Wild Flowers.
Siberia seems to bare a set pro
gram for her flowers, which are
beautiful In variety and coloring. Sep
tember gathers the blue flowers to her
bosom, and under her languid and'
caressing touch blossom myriads of
dainty bluebells on long and tender
stems.
In the rocky soil of the hilltops blue
srablosa shares Its playground with
drak blue snapdragon, and In the
shady spots of the road grow, tall and
hardy, purple blue chrysanthemums.
Earlier In summer yellow holds
sway buttercups, daisies and violets,
and after them red rinks and very
deep briar roses. Delicious Jam Is
concocted from the seedpods of the
wild rose.
When summer comes an array of
Jars and glasses and a big kettle
jo'n hands with hst boxes and shoe
hags and travel countrywsrd. A te nv
orary stove Is built of stones not fsr
frmi the bouse, and here simmers
slowly the year's provision of pre
servea and jams and Jollies, absorb
ing at the snme time great doses of
sun and fresh sir. America.
- .
Treasured Trees, "
Two trees to be seen In the main
itreet of Tborshavn, the capital of the
Fares Islands, have an interesting his
tory, Trees resolutely refuse to grow
In these Islands, except In some few
ibeltered spots, and the Inhabitants
therefore prize them greatly. When
the road was made It was decided to
leave tha trees la the middle of the
carriage way rather than be guilty of
the crime of felling them.
POTATO SOUP IS IMPROVSD BY
A OAH OP VINEGAR.
Individual Pate Is Out of Date De
licious Salad of Different Nuts
and Fruits and Shredded
Celery.
The usual Insipidity of potato soup
is Improved by adding a dash of vlue
tar just before serving. As all may
not like the flavor the cruet can be
passed.
All fruit aalads are Improved by
marinating In French dressing, though
later served with mayonnaise.
Instead of the Individual pate. It la
more popular now to pass one or two
large pales, each guest serving her
iotf. Fill with mushrooms, oysters or
creamed sweetbreads.
Biscuits or French rolls for formal
use are more diminutive than ever.
The former should be the site of a
50-centplece and a quarter-Inch thick.
A delicious salad was made from
different nuts, white grapes, a little
shredded grape fruit, pineapple cut
Into cubea and shredded celery. Mask
In mayonnaise or serve with a cream
dressing.
When a boiled egg la the usual
breakfast dish, vary It by breaking It
raw Into the eggcup and cooking In
hot water to the desired consistency.
The flavor la quite different than
ben cooked In the shell.
Fingers of bread about four Inches
long, quarter of an Inch wide and the
tame thickness buttered thickly and
browned In quick oven are delicious
to serve with boiled eggs.
Salad Is now usually passed In
salad dish, but when served directly
on the Individual plates an appetising
and artistic effect can be bad by ma
king nests of shredded lettue or en
dive, In which are eggs made of
cream cheese colored with spinach
lulce and sprinkled thickly with pap
rika or black pepper. Cover with
mayonnaise.
In baking a rake, atlnt the flour In
(he batter and you will have much
more tender cake.
Good cranberries cannot be made If
the sugar Is allowed to bolt In with
the berries. After the cranberries are
oft and strained through a colander
add a scant pound of sugar to a quart
of berries, bring to a boll and cook
four minutes. Put three-quarters of a
pint of boiling water on the berries
when first cooked.
HOUSEHOLD.
For darning stockings . use crochet
cotton. It Is preferable to darning
cotton, as It does not harden when
washed.
If your plea overflow In the oven in
sert a short piece of uncooked maca
roni In the top crust. Tola la better
than the paper funnel.
An excellent cleaner for painted sur
faces Is made as follows: Two quarts
of hot water, two tableapoonfuls of
turpentine, a pint of skimmed milk
and enough soap to make a weak suds
When steel knives and forks have
become tainted with fish they can be
rubbed with fresh orange or lemon
peel, and the taint will disappear en
tirely.
When making a mayonnaise In
which only the yolks of eggs are used
toe economical housekeeper will use
the whites for a dessert, such as apple
suow, for frosting, or for meringue on
a pie.
For Silk Cushions.
If you have silk-covered cnshlons In
your house, you must hare noticed
bow often the feathers or down conies
through, giving the pillow a fuzzy.
unsightly appearance. This could have
been avoided, and can be the next
time, by Ironing the Inside of the silk
with an Iron that has been rubbed
with shoemaker's wax.
This Ironing, done before the pillow
Is made up, will act as a sort of thin
varnish on the silk, and will prevent
the feathers from working through.
Coffee Cream Cake.
One and one-half cups sugar, two
of flour, two eggs, 2ty tearpoonfuls
baking powder, pinch of salt, about
three-fourths of a teaspoonful lemon,
one-fourth cup butter, one tablespoon
ful cocoanut Melt butter, break In
eggs without beating, pour In one
third cup of milk half cup cold coffee:
make In three layers.
Cream for filling One pint milk In
double boiler, one-half cup of flour,
two eggs beaten, salt essence, one
cup sugar; boll Ingredients.
Orange Baskets.
Cut aa many oranges as will be re
quired, leaving half the peel whole
for the basket and strip half an Inch
wide for the handles. Remove pulp
and Juice; use juice for making
orange jelly. Place baskets In pan
of broken Ice to keep upright. Kill
with orange Jelly. When ready tc
serve put spoonful of whipped
cream over the Jelly In each baaket.
Serve In a bed of green leaves.
If by chance paint spots stick to
window panes, do not use knife to
loosen them. A cloth wet In hot vine
gar will clean tbem perfectly.
A white porcelain bathtub that has
grown brown may be most perfectly
cleaned by the use of spirits of tur
pentine applied with a flannel cloth.
Sausage Roll.
Make a rich biscuit dough, roll out
put In each fried sausage and pinch
over like a turnover. Hake until
brown.
smd
fflffiH
ONE WAY OF GETTING EVEN
Policeman Is Wlllln. to Al.ow Den
tlst Torture Pstisnt After Latter
Tells His Story.
"Here," said the policeman after he
had hurriedly entered the dentist's re-
eentlon room, "what's goto 00?
You've had man In there holienn
bloody murder for nearly half an hour.
Why don't you give him sotuetblug to
stou bis palu"
"Give him something to stop bis
naln? Mr dear sir, you dont under
stand. I bad occasion to take lady
to lunch one day last week oh. It
was a business matter, nothing more
and this chan saw me. well, tne
next day he happened to meet my
wife, whom he knew before) she was
married, and he mentioned that he
had seen me and wanted to know
what the other lady's name was. Of
course, I"
"Oh. never mind. Oo ahead and
kill hltn."
Too Much of a Risk.
The beautiful girl had fallen Into
the lake, and, much to the displeasure
of the moving picture man, the tried
&.id tested beru refused to go to bur
aid.
"What's the trouble with your de
manded the moving picture man an
grtly. "Why didn't you Jump In an J
rescue the maid?"
'Skeered I might gwt drowned." re
sponded the hero nonchalantly,
"But you are wearing your new he
ro medal V
"That's Just the trouble. The
blamed medal weighs so much I'm
ikeervd I'd sink."
May Be for Effect
"I never before saw a man so en
thuslastlc about the future of his
town."
"He does Indeed seem to be very en
thuslastlc about the future of his town,
but I have often wondered If he really
feela that way or la niervly playing a
part."
"Why do you question bis slncer
Ityr
"I happen to know that moat of his
money Is Invested In 'town lots bo
would like to sell."
Overdone.
'The doctors are urging all kinds
of sanitary measures and precautions
upon the public."
"Yes, If all the recommendations
and warnings were followed, a man's
home would look like a hospital."
A MARINE JOKEI
Midshipman Easy I wonder what
people will say when they hear I am
going to marry old Widow Ulllyuns?
iJeut. Illunt Tbeyll probably say
you re mariner for money.
His Finish.
"I was aurprlsed to see old Tlte
wad's death notice In your paper this
morning."
"You must be mistaken. The only
notice concerning Tltewad was the ac
count of how he lost a thousand dol
lars In speculation."
Well, he didn't live after that, did
he?"
The Usual.
City Edltnr-Anythlng now
bout
mat accused deaf mute?
Reporter He got his hearbig today,
t'lty Editor What happened?
Reporter He'd nothing
to
Puck,
ay.
Discovered.
"Why do you think Myrtle V In
lover asked the girl's father.
"I noticed this morning when I was
In the library that booh of poems
by Owen Meredith hsd been tampered
Praetlcsl.
HeIf I should kiss you, I sunnosa
you'd go and ten your mctheJ PP
She-No, my lawy,r.Ho,ton Traj
Mm
A Nsw Jinricksha.
A one-wheeled Jinricksha, ea J
monocyclo principle, Is being
duoed among the Chinese 4 Us k
lay states. It Is said to be safa, u'
to have many advantage 0vsr th.k4
fashioned vehicle). Too wear aaq (,
la reduced to a minimum, the work
the pullers reduoed and si B
creased.
Amertoa't Sweat Tooth. I
If America's annual candy mppl'
were loaded oa on train tbsre wo
be over eight thouaand trucks full
buzvs, buckets and glaaa jars. Tl,
load of sweetmeats (or tha sweet tow,
of the American girls costs too
sumer about I12S.0O0.0O0 every tl
YES! IT'S TRUE
that the famous
HOSTETTER'S
STOMACH
BITTERS
is the test medicine and
tonic you can take when the
system is run down when
the stomach is weak when
the liver and bowels are In
activewhen a real health
maker is needed.
Try a bottle today.
It always g'ves satisfac
tion.
5
Ollvo OH for Leather,
leather furniture, especially
placed near the register, Is liable J
dry and crack. An escellont tatty
of keeping It from looking old
showing cracks Is to go over ths k
or with a soft rsg dipped la ollv 4
and then going over the whole surfi
again with a dry rag. tt la not im
sary to go over the leather mors uJ
once In three or four months, u
enouch to keen tt soft.
SflllR fiTflMAIV
w wwss "r a a a w
"I used Casrarrta and feel like a J
man. I have brea a sufferer tnm it
prpsia and sour stomach for the last
yrara. I have been taking mUdnJ
other drags, but could find bo relic) ol
fr a abort time. I will recomaa
Cases rets to my friends as the ooljthi
for indigestion and soar stomach aril
keep the bowels ia Rood coodJtx,
Tbev ar rv nice to eat."
Hnm riiMiMt patent. Tarts Oust
! Naaar Hwaaa. Waakna ar Una
torn. Urn. Km. Newer sat Is feuSL !
ecu
PACIFIC COLLEC
Of CHIROPRACTIC
409 Commonwealth Bldg Portlsai
PranwIlM ,tonta wrtte far kifaor
Ofw sm4 frlrM CtinM. mumta-. slvrw '
fitns . InvslMMi snH ftOwn dwafann
kMwianca sbaukt wrtu fur i iimil Is U Caw
Grelner'j Chiropractic Health 1
Hirno a. satiaca. k. e, upfront I
77SI WiaamsAvemes, Portland. OW
Train supsbv akllkvt etamtm snSSV
Cktruprwctia sdvtos la cutwuilation HI wvtn
OREGON STATE NORMAL SCFX
l int VmaatT br
A strum farult of iM-nanaaa WSW
tir a nf lutly uffanal; I
I. A "Hlatxlant N.awial Caanm" Wita
SUta Ufa rartinaa's hhj)1 Bftftunatiaa,
t. A 'Xuparrlriira' I'ouraa," In!"
(ata Ufa rartlArsla without aatfftt'
I. Aa "llbmiantarv Cuuraa." iMwiinf l
ofta-ymr atatarartirlrata wittMju aami'a
4 A "Hural HrK.aa Oxina." ' "
Ins iii a rartlhrata without atsnttnatft 4
Mariana sal in naaatrw atata amma'H
Kpacial faclliuaa fur Irainin (. r4
worm.
Uttaallnna snawafait snd cavtaku V
spplirala lo tha praaiuVat.
I. It. AC MtRMAN, Mast IH. Onrf
Cause of "alntnsss.
Fainting la a loaa of eonscii
duo to the diminution of blood ,t:
to the brain. It occur most frf
ly In weak, sensitive women, bat
occur also to moo as well. It si'
occurs ia crowds or In crowdsd
theaters and churches where tb
fmwrher Is elme and the air r
2
-alcoholic
Ml
Sa
rsapan
7 : i
If ycu think you need c
ask your doctor. Ifyoutf
VOU flrti anmethlns tat VC
blood, ask your doctor. Wl
think you would like to c
Aycr's non-alcoholic SfJ'
rills, ask vour doctor. Cc
suit hirn often. Keep in !;
touch with him. J
A
Wa'haalt
J fraaa
yers
I
Ask your doctor to asm "jjj
results of constipation. HiiM11',
begin with sick-hesdsche. bili
dyspepsia, thia blood. bidsii'O
sk him if he would recommit
using Aysr's Pills. F
I th. 0. Ast 00 -" I