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Swanky Frank
Northwestern School of Law
of Lewis & Clark College
Portland, Oregon
Invites You to Meet:
Martha Spence, Associate Dean,
who will be on campus to answer
your questions about:
• A generous merit scholarship
program, the Dean's Fellowship for
Excellence
• Our nationally known program in
natural resources and environmental *
law
• Externship opportunities
• An international business law
specialty that is part of an aire
solid business curriculum
• Career opportunities in public
and private law
University of Oregon
Prelaw Club
Prelaw Advising, 164 Oregon Ha
December 1,1993, 4:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
please stop By
iaXk
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OWN" ^
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M
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l Olive
l/IX/A 54>-m,M>
] he IV I V/V l 2 ”> VV. I 1 th Av filin'
It (,|S| MIOUMinw S\H KM I ()()l) SI ()Kl M\( I
Workplace drug use declines
WASHINGTON (AP) — Drug use a t work is
declining, but the reasons are not ye! dear, feder
al researchers said Monday
There is not enough evidence to attribute the
change to more drug testing of workers, a shift in
attitude toward drug use or other factors, said
Charles P. O'Brien, head of psychiatry at the Vet
erans Affairs Medical Center and chairman of a com
mittee of the National Research Council and Insti
tute of Medicine
The deterrent effects of drug testing never have
been clearly demonstrated, the committee said It
called for more comprehensive studies and better
evaluation of programs aimed at creating a drug
free workplace.
"Clearly workers entering the workforce in the
1990s are likely to have substantially less experi
ence with illicit drugs than did their counterparts
in the 1980s and the lote 1970s." the committee
said.
The committee mi id a 1990 survey indicates that
abuse rates in the work|>lm e an- now relatively low.
The survey found that about 7 percent of U S.
workers used an illegal drug during the preceding
month and nlnnil 6 percent abused alc ohol,
A 1979 study showed that as many as H percent
of the general (copulation had used one or more ille
gal drugs during the prec eding month
Businesses ought to do a tietter )ob determining
what works in c hecking drug abuse, and studies
also should focus on whether occasional drug use
affec ts productivity, he said
The committee also said that nearly SI i! billion
is sjMMit annually on urinalysis tests of workers But
there is not much scientific, evidence to show the
tests are very good at detecting drug use or depen
dence.
Fur example, said Marian Fisc liman of Columbia
University, traces of marijuana can !>e found in urine
uClearly workers enU
workforce in the 1990s ere
likely to have substantially
less experience with illicit
drugs...”
National Resource Council and
Institute of Medicine
even months after use. There is no scientific proof
that such amounts would affect behavior, she said.
Added Bryan Finkle of the University of Utah,
urine testing "tells you a very limited amount. It
doesn't distinguish between use and abuse
The test results have been over-interpreted, pri
marily by lawyers and crime-fighters, he said.
The committee also found that on-the-job drug
intervention programs may have limited value, in
part because they do not include systematic follow
up.
"Recovery should be viewed as a process rather
than an event." the committee said.
It said most drug and alcohol intervention pro
grams have focused on rinding now cases of abuse
and have "devoted little time to relapse preven
tion."
"Workplace alcohol and other drug interventions
may help a limited number of patients” but cannot
by themselves "solve the nation's problems with
alcohol and other drugs," the committee said.
A separate study released last month by the Robert
Wood Johnson Foundation said abuse of alcohol,
tobacco and drugs is killing more than 500.000
Americans a year and placing an increasing burden
on the health care system and society.
Millions with bad teeth can’t afford dentists
WASHINGTON (AP) — Mil
lions of Americans with rotting
teeth and other oral diseases
i an t afford to see the dentist,
the government reported Mon
day.
Americans' overall oral health
has improved dramatically with
the advent of fluoride and better
dental education, said the report
by the Public Health Service.
But minorities, the poor and
the elderly still have too many
cavities, untreated and decaying
teeth and diseases from gin
givitis to oral cancer, the service
concluded.
"It's a rather stark compari
son," said Dr Robert Collins,
the service's chief dental officer
"About 150 million people do
not have dental insurance ... and
very little is provided by the
government to the poor."
More than half of children
ages five to 17 have cavities, the
report said.
A fourth of them — mostly
minorities plus the poor and
those whose parents didn't fin
ish high school —get 75 percent
of the cavities. Ninety-one per
cent of Indian and Eskimo chil
dren have at least one by age 15.
making them the most affected
group.
About 12 percent of white
children have decayed teeth,
compared with 27.2 percent of
minorities; less than 1 percent o!
white children lost> teeth by age
17, compared with 3.2 percent
of minorities; and only 69.6 per
cent of minority children get
cavities filled, compared with
87.5 percent of white children.
Adults fare no better About 7
percent of white Americans
have decayed teeth, compared
with 22 percent of hlai k Ameri
cans. Ninety-three percent of
whites had their cavities filled,
compared with 78 percent of
blacks
In 1989. about 7.2 million
Americans ages 18 to 64 had
lost all of their teeth And last
year, doctors diagnosed 30,000
new coses of oral cancer, which
killed 8,000 people.
The main problem is cost, the
health service concluded Amer
icans pay 56 percent of their
dental bills out of pocket, com
pared with only 19 percent of
doctor bills.
President Bill Clinton’s health
care package would provide
general dental core, including
preventive services, for chil
dren. Adults would be added to
the program later
That would help gut people to
the dentist regularly and cut
costs. Collins said.
For example, coating chil
dren's teeth with sealants pre
vents 90 percent of cavities in
mo pus oi moir teem inr .moui
$21 a tooth. The government
wants half of all children to get
this sealant hy the year 2000.
but only 10.0 percent have it
now, tilt) report said.
Now. Medicaid spends less
than 1 percent of its $77 billion
budget on dental bills for the
poor, the health service report
ed.
Only 20 percent of Medicaid
eligible children receive dental
services, mainly because few
dentists agree to the low Medi
caid fees. Collins said.
More than 99 percent of el
derly Americans have dental
problems, yet only IS percent
have private insurance, and
Medicare covers no dental bills,
the report said.
The American Dental Associ
ation wants Medicare reformed
to cover dental bills. Under the
Clinton plan, the elderly even
tually would be covered if they
chose not to retain Medicare.
"These people need oral care,
too," said ADA executive direc
tor Dr. John S. Zapp.
But finances aren't the only
obstacle. Collins said. The study
found black children with insur
ance had fewer dental visits —
1.6 per child per year — than
uninsured white children, two
visits per child
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