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By Derek Cavens
f rrw a id Contributor
Mow did Native Americana live t mi torn
Kuitipeun settlers arrived to tho Ori son
territory?
University art Ideologists an' attempt
ing to rocnnslfut t thn fabric of Native
high desert r.ultum by plot ing togelher
lint scallcred remnants of thou Minds of
years of prehistoric lifts.
Excavation viirs scattered aanss
southerns! Oregon's Fart Rock Busin have
revealed many r lues, but ruseurch is
complicated by pol-hunlors, multipin
habitations by diffnronl irllxs. over long
poriods of time, and mussivo climaclic
and environmental changes that have to
tally altered the lac e cd the region
What is now a desolate; sagebrush urea
was until several thousand years ago
covered with many lurgo lakes and
marshes, and populated with great num
bers of animals such as giant sloths,
mammaths and c amels University Held
Sc hool Supervisor Dennis Jenkins, along
with other scientists, is attempting to
put together all of the disparate clues as
ici heiw Native peoples' lives changed
over the; millenia
"Wo an1 striving to understand how
people made a living out there, how
their subsistence; changed through
time." Jenkins says. "Wu want to lx; able
io understand how people moved
through die region throughout tho sea
sons and how that changed over the
11,000 vear period we're studying."
Central to this investigation is Boulder
Village, a duster of 150 house-rings ex
tending along a wind swept ridge near
Silver Lake. Ore The village;, discovered
by University field school surveyors in
the summer of 1900, is Iho largest
known Native1 village; in the Oreul Basin
an area extending fnmi southeastern
Oregon to New Mexico and from the Si
erra Mountains in California east to ihe
Rockies.
"Tho wav we discovered ibis village
was kind of by accident," remembers
Terr! Mann, a field school teaching as
sistant at the; lime. “I bad ii t:rc;w of sev
en people that was surveying the; top of
Squaw Butte and wc; had to go down to
get thick to the road So wo Just came
straight down lire slope, and when we
got down wo started to soo things — a
lot of ohsidian flakes Everyone just got
this fooling that something was there.
"You can't see vorv fur in lhat area Ihi
rausn there's a lot of sagobrush and juni
per trees, so one of my crow lumped up
onto a pllo of dirt to get a bettor view
Ho didn't know it limn, but the dirt was
a back pllo whom pot-hunters had dug
out a motor and a half Into a pit-house
ring of rocks,"sho said.
“Soon wo started finding more pit
houses everywhere It was pretty excit
ing Dy the end of the day, we had found
.0 and when we returned the next sum
mer wo mapped 150 rings "
A University team of 23 students and
four instructors returned to excavate the
village in tho summer of 1981. Unfortu
nately, they discovered that many other
house-sites hud already boon desecrated
by artifact collectors.
Despite the vandalism, they found
enough undisturbed house-rings to col
lect about 300 projectile points (arrow
heads), mortars, pestles, and inscribed
animal-bone tools and fragments.
Radiocarbon date testing anil histori
cally known styles of artifacts suggest
that the majority of the house-structures
are between 500 to 1,500 years old. One
stone !<xil may date (nick 11.(MM) years,
and some metal fragments recovered
may 1st os recent as 120 years.
Although the site is big enough to
house 500 people, Jenkins believes that
normal village populations were closer
to 30 or 40 people. Typically, five poo
plo lived in the roughly circular pit
houses outlined l»y large boulders and
covered with brush on lop
"For some reason, they built now
structures rather than go hack to the old
ones," says Jenkins "It's possible that
there were taboos against living in struc
tures whore somebody had died, for in
stance. That would i>e one cultural in
stance where you would give up the ef
fort that you had put into building that
structure, and voluntarily build another
one even though you were going track to
tho same site.”
Jenkins quickly points out that the
University team hasn't uncovered any
human remains at the Boulder Village
site.
"Certainly somebody must have died
over the long period of time this village
was occupied,” he says. "I just suspect
that they were disposed of in a way that
loft no remains, and wo probably will
never find any remains of people there.
"We don't want to. As archaeologists,
we are not searching for graves. We have
a lot of respect for American Indians,
by Omemm Jmnm
University students in the field studies program (top) work on the excavation of Native American pit houses and artifacts, near the Boulder Village site, by sifting through layers
of dirt and documenting the smallest recovered objects. The bottom of a site — a pit house floor — that has been excavated (below) is dug into grid squares tor documentation.
and whenever wo do find human re
mains, we notify the local people — In
this case, either the I’aiulos or tho Kla
math.
"They come out and tell us what they
want us do. If it seems best to remove
the burial or the remains, then we'll
have a physical anthropologist on the
staff. Wo remove the remains, study
them and the we turn them over to the
Indians immediately They re bury them
whorevor they want to."
The village's uplund location, 300 me
tors tibovu the Fort Rock Biisin floor, Is a
symptom of tho changing climate that
i>egun to transform tin; region into a (In
sert between :i,(HK) and 1,500 years ago.
As the region grew increasingly arid,
native staple foods of fish, grass seeds,
and other aquatic plant and animal life
found in the drying lukos and marshes
became increasingly unreliable or disap
peared completely. Native peoples re
sponded by moving upland to collect
the more stable root and plant crops
available in the higher regions.
"The hypothesis that I'm working on
is that this was an early spring l<x:a
tion," says Jenkins. "They knew, gener
ally speaking, that they could go there
and find fresh food available.
"A lot of roots are available there In
the early spring — a time of the year
when people went very hungry, tradi
tionally. The stores they had put In
the roots, the driixl meat and fish, things
they would put up all during late sum
mer and into the fall — would he giving
out about March and April.
" The Indians could dig those roots up
with digging sticks, apparently a lot of
them, and process and save them for the
next winter by drying them out and stor
ing them in large cache pits We found
vory large cache pits at tho village that
suggests they were keeping something in
great quuntdy
With intensive harvesting of root
crops, ns much as 50 percent of a fami
ly's annual caloric intake could he re
covered during a typical 60-day harvest
ing period. Natives would then have the
rest of tho year to collect loss-stable
foods such as seeds, fish and game with
which to holster their root stores.
Still, many questions remain nboul the
lifestyles of Native Americans. What's
the most perplexing for Jenkins?
“Seasonality,” he answers. "How do
you determine when people were living
where? It's posslblo that Boulder Village
was occupied only during a short period
of tho year, say from l-'obruary until the
first part of May or June It's also possi
ble that it was a your round occ upation
"It requires circumstantial evidence
What we will have; to do is accumulato
evidence from many different environ
ments, different type* of sites und slow
ly fill in that period until we earn truck
whore people were and what they were
doing throughout most of the year
and then try to account for the part
that's missing."
With the return of summer. Jenkins
and the rest of the field school loam
have returned to the! field. In addition to
Boulder Village, the team is oxcaivating
two other sites in the region, one of
which dates hack nearly 5,000 years
Eventually, after many more years of ex
cavation and analysis, Jenkins and other
University scientists hope to gain a
much more complete reconstruction of
11,000 years of Native American prehis
tory.
"We cannot learn it all and probably
never will know everything about the ur
chuoology of the region," Jenkins sum
marizes. "But working for the eight
weeks of field school in summer und
spending the rest of the year processing
that data brings up new questions, new
innovations to address those questions
und allows us to hit thn field next year
with a fresh perspective. I feel like we're;
learning something that other people
have not known in thn past about the
prehistory of this region.”
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