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Page 22
Radioactive waste
Some radionuclides are con
centrated more than others in
biological chains. For example,
while radiophosphorus made up
less than one per cent of radioac
tive waste discharges at Hanford,
it accounted for 70 to 95 per cent
of radioactivity found in most fish
and invertebrates. Hanford’s 1975
Environmental Statement indi
cates that concentrations of
radioactive elements in Columbia
River whitefish are 170 times gre
ater than river water concentra
tions for phosphorus, 100 times
for sodium and 64 times for zinc.
Investigators found an unusual
pattern in radioactive zinc. Re
leased at Hanford, it travels some
382 miles down the Columbia to
salt water. Once there it is concen
trated by oysters and other shell
fish to the degree that Pacific
Coast shellfish are reported to
have a higher level of radioactivity
than do shellfish studied any
where else. Some of these shell
fish are harvested, processed,
and shipped to retail outlets
everywhere, including restaurants
and markets in Richland, where
most Hanford employes live.
Even after this roundabout trip
of over 700 miles, radioactive zinc
concentrations are still great
enough so that total body counting
of radioactivity in Hanford workers
can distinguish between individu
als who eat shellfish and those
who do not.
Hanford officials who have
monitored radioactivity in the Col
umbia say that levels have never
risen above standards set for
drinking water. Radioactivity has
been declining since the last of the
early reactors was phased out in
1971. Most current nuclear pro
ducts entering the river seep in
from low-level waste trenches.
Hanford health physicist Jack Fix
stated recently that by 1975 Col
umbia River radioactivity was less
than one-tenth of one per cent of
current limits for drinking water.
Does this mean that Columbia
River radioactivity poses no
health hazard?
“Drinking water criteria alone
should not determine maximum
permissible levels of discharge,"
wrote Conrad Straub, Radiologi
cal Health Research Chief of the
U.S. Public Health Service, in a
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1964 study for the Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC). "Other
downstream uses may place
more stringent requirements on
permissible concentrations.”
Straub pointed out hat if Han
ford released radioactive phos
phorus up to the quantities al
lowed by drinking water stan
dards, Columbia River fish would
become much too hazardous to
eat. He recommended new, lower
permissible discharge rates of
various radionuclides from Han
ford at one tenth to one
thousandth of former "safe"
levels.
uregon State University
oceanographer Norman Cutshell
surveyed Columbia River radioac
tivity in 1974 and found that he
could still trace nuclear particles
originating at the Hanford plant
several hundred miles out into the
Pacific and as far north as the
Strait of Juan de Fuca on the
Canadian Border. Looking at the
bright side, Cutshell called the
radioactivity a definite asset in
scientific research, since Hanford
radionuclides enable scientists to
identify Columbia water wherever
it ends up.
"We know how far out into the
ocean the river water goes," Cut
shell explained, "and where the
radioactive particles go.”
Radioactive Rabbit Pellets
Between 1952 and 1958 the
AEC removed some 32 million gal
lons of liquid nuclear wastes from
underground storage tanks at
Hanford and transferred them to
unlined trenches called the B-C
Cribs. As each trench filled up with
a potent mixture of radioactive
strontium, cesium, tritium, cobalt
and traces of plutonium, it was
backfilled with dirt and forgotten.
The contents would sink 20 to 30
feet below the surface and com
bine with the soil to form a perma
nently buried radioactive salt
cake. Out of sight, out of mind, and
out of the way of living things for
the long period of time needed for
decay of the radioactivity. There
would be no need to monitor the
solid salt cakes.
Between 1958 and 1960, how
ever, native mammals, probably
coyotes or badgers, burrowed into
one of the trenches. Once ex
posed, the radioactive salt cake
became a focal point for wildlife as
salt licks are rare in the area. Jack
rabbits and small rodents licked
the salt, then scattered radioac
tive droppings over a wide area.
Coyotes and birds of prey ate
radioactive prey and in turn scat
tered irradiated bits of bones and
droppings over a still greater area.
Hanford employes discovered
the exposed salt cake in 1964 and
plugged the burrow with asphalt.
By then, however, an unknown
quantity of radioactive fertilizer
had been spread over a five
and-a-half square mile area. Five
years later some 55,000 cubic
yards of gravel were spread over
the buried trenches in hopes of
preventing further wildlife burrow
ing.
In 1972 and 1973 Thomas
O'Farrell and Richard Gilbert of
the Battelle Laboratories at Han
ford explored the area around the
B-C Cribs with Geiger counters.
Rabbit pellets by then eight to fif
teen years old were still so
radioactive that the two scientists
had no difficulty in tracing out the
favored haunts of long-dead jack
rabbits of the salt lick days.
Radioactive pellets were found
in every dwecbon, they reported, al
though the greatest density was
to the south and southwest of the
salt cakes. Here the vegetation
was the heaviest, and here the
jacks congregated by day to feed,
to rest, and to spread radioactive
manure under the sagebrush
Most of the irradiated pellets
were found less than a half-mile
from the salt cakes. The most dis
tant pellet was found about one
and-a-half miles from the cake.
Predators covered a larger
area, about 20 square miles.
Coyote droppings containing
radioactive bone fragments of a
pocket gopher showed up almost
two miles from the salt cakes.
Contaminated rabbit bones lay
beneath a Swainson s hawk’s
nest some six miles from the
source of contamination.
Geiger counters registered
highs of 20,000 to more than
100,000 clicks per minute when
held over rabbit pellets or bone
fragments, as compared to a
background count of less than 500
clicks per minute.
“Animals can pose problems in
large waste management areas
by acting as an efficient biological
transport mechanism for
radionuclides which are thought to
be safely buried," O'Farrell and
Gilbert concluded.
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