4 Tht Nowi-Review, Roieburg, Ore. Sot., Feb. 21, 1953
Published Doily Eicipt Sunday Hi
News-Review Company, Inc.
(una liu Btur mj 1, tt title
Eknr. Orsa. anSii atl I Marek S, 1111
CHARLES V. STANTON Editor and Managar '
Mambai ol tht Auocialad Prau, Ortfoa Nwiap f ubliihr
Association, riia Audit Buraau at Circulations
Bwmataa bj WSIST-HOLLlDAy cn INC. fliot la Maw Ink, Ckleo.
Sin rraneiKS, Lot Anlcln. SttlUt, PorUalut, Oinvef
BUBSCRUTlON BATISln Oncon By Mali Per Year, 10.00; ill montki. S3.J5:
ih aumtHM. 2.7i Br Nin-Hnln Carrtat Par Vaar. SU.00 lia a-
.. on. kit. ht
p taar, SU.00; tlx monthi. SJ.30;
WORKING FOR "UNCLE"
By Charles V. Stanton
m fl, trnil oon dfjirf. WOl'kinir fOf VOUr
self You now are workinsr for 'tax collectors. You will
continue to work for tax collectors until April 22, says the
Chamber of Commerce or tne uniiea oiaies.
Putting together all of the taxes imposed by federal,
state and local governments, the U. S. Chamber of Com
merce says, the sum comes to about $90 billion, or 30 per
cent of the national income, which is anotner way of saying
that we will work the entire first third of the year to pay
our tax bills. :
Those now working on reports due March 15 may think
the April 22 deadline is conservative. -
We may get a few weeks knocked off the period of tax
. labor next year, lr lederai economies nuw
i t;,.n Hnavwr w muHt carrv a heavy
tax burden for many years to
. . . i
from extravagant living during me paai " c.
must find wavs and means of financing an increasing y
Jarge defense force so long as war threatens. Even should
war tension be relaxed, it will be the responsibility of the
United States to be the world's policeman. Thus we must
continue a high military budget for many years to come,
perhaps forever.
Lower Taxes In Prospect
Congress and the administration now are engaged in
the old "chicken versus egg" debate which came first 1
Congress proposes to reduce taxes before we have a budget
,The administration wants to adopt a budget and then ad
just taxes to meet anticipated costs.'
Either nosition offers good arguments. Congress con
trols the purse strings. It has the right to say how much
.money is to be spent on government. The administration,
under such policy, must adjust its budget within the amount
. Congress says is to be raised by taxation.
; The administration, on the other htmd, is charged with
' efficient management of governmental operations. To do
an efficient job of administration it must have money. It
contends We should first ascertain the amount of money need
ed to run the various departments of government, then lev
. taxes to meet the cost. .
- .; At first glance it would seem more desirable to kno
what the administration proposes in the way of a budg
then require justification for all proposed expenditures.
' cut in taxes first, then slashing the budget to fit, smacks
; playing politics to the galleries. Republicans are alread.
working to enlarge their majority in Congress in the 1951
; elections. It is quite possible that the current move to cut
' taxes, before budget requirements are submitted by the new
1 administration, Is politically inspired. We've had too much
' politically-inspired policy in the past. We'd prefer to see
, emphasis placed on efficiency and responsibility for a
I, change.
Small Taxpayers Pay Bills
' We can agree with Congress, however, that taxes should
! be lowered. We also believe they can be lowered without
impairment of governmental efficiency, particularly if we
; reduce the size of government, as seems to be President
Eisenhower's aims. If the President's policies are carried
' out, there seems to be no good reason why the proposed
tax reduction is not in line with an anticipated budget. Per
haps Congress proposes to assure there is no reneging on
the promised economy program.
At any event, whether budget or taxes get first consid
eration, it is still the small taxpayer who must foot the bill.
We've heard much about "soaking the rich," but, as
Look magazine pointed out recently, if Congress confiscated
. all taxable income over $100,000, the additional revenue
would operate the federal government only four hours.
If all income above $10,000 were confiscated, the sum
would be enough to run the government for 16 days.
When we get down to fundamentals, it is the guy with
the small income who keeps the government going. There
are not enough "rich" to make an appreciable dent in fed
eral income. It is the great number of little taxpayers,
each contributing a small amount, that makes our prodigi
ous spending possible.
That's why we'll keep working until April 22 to meet
our tax bills.
Anyono who has had to open
nn nlri tinmen hnvm ,r r;l,i .......
records, or has had to figure !
whero they're going to put last I
year's, must look upon micro
filming as an answer to prayer?
I waa just reading some figures I
about storage space saved, given I
in the N. A. D. A. magazine. A I
honmore, N. Y., automobile
agency "reduced about a TON of
paper to 3800 feet of I ft mm micro
film" (much of historical value
even If not kept for Income tax)
and now their yearly total comes
to 79 of the hundred-loot reels.
When one realii.es thnt s nmt
sheets of paper 8(4 by 11, can be !
recorded on one of Ihc 100-foot I
films, and In turn be stored in !
I box that is only 4x4x1 INCHES, ;
twi idea can be gained nt why
business firms are microfilming, 'i
Li i-iries. two, and newspapers,)
and schools. j
If you, too, have rummaged i
through an old box of filed away 1
stud, packed in tightly to save
pace, no one would have to sell
you on ihc Idea that "microfilmed
records cannot get out of order
and any document can bt Instant-
ly located and viewed full lite
on tht aeraaa." No arrora in such
i
montn. S1.2S. OutilM Ortson-Bj StaU-
thrto nootha, S3 00.
come as we Day off the debts
J.1 t- OA vaAriMa Uln olort
ENDING
BASKET
copies! And the paper records
may be chopped up, if desired,
for old paper!
Incidentally the Chevrolet agency
referred to abova in the N. A. D.
A. magazine figures that their
storage cabinet, at present rate of
adding records, will serve them
for 50 to 75 years, and guess how
large it is? The file cabinet oc
cupies a floor space of 22x28 IN
CHES! A publishing house that uses
microfilming for subscriptions and
correspondence microfilms a mil
lion letters and orders a year. An
ordinary sized letter reduces tn
the size of a postage stamp, and
Uic spools of film arc stored in
txos about the size of a type
writer ribbon box, each one of
the spools containing about 3,000
pieces of correspondence.
An ordinary newspaper page re
duces tn the sire of a postage
stamp. Many of the large libraries
over the country are keeping com
plete files of leading newspapers.
The possibilities of the method
are endless, aren't they!
Many firms rent a camera for
a month or less. One bank keeps
a microfilming bus-office travel
ing from ona to another of Its
"Confidentially It" Looks Pretty 'Good" ,
In the Day's News
(Continued From Page One)
Journal was founded a half cen
tury ago by her husband, C. S.
Jackson, who came down from
Pendleton to do the job. I think
it will be conceded by everyone
who knew him that Sam Jackson
was a character. He had vision.
He had couragj. He had LlTTLiS
money.
It takes vision and courage to
rt a newspaper in a metropoli
in city when one's financial re
sources are slim. But Sam Jack
son had what it takes. He was a
ood judge of character, and he
athered around him a little group
if able and devoted men. Among
'iem, they DID THE JOB.
They were all individualists, and
young Sam Jackson was the out
standing individualist of the lot.
They left their mark on the city
of Portland and the state of Oregon.
Sam Jackson wasn't the only
Individualist in the Jackson fam
ily. His wife, Maria (daughter of
a Confederate cantata who was kil
led in the Civil War) was another
one. She still is. At 90. she is vig
orous and vivid and colorful. She
too has left her mark on Oregon.
Courage? She has it. Of her fam
lly. only a young great-grandson
is left. Death has claimed all the
others. But, at four score and ten
she boldly and vigorously pro
claims that the Oregon Journal
will remain a home-owned Ore
gon institution and will not be sold.
My hat is off to her.
Phil Jackson was an able news
paper man and a warm and de
pendable friend1.
In Portland Inst Friday and Sat
urday, the Pacific Northwest News
paper Association was meeting. lis
membership comes from five
Northwest states and British Col
umbia. Phil had suffered a heart
stroke, and was in a Portland hos
pital. He seemed to be recovering,
and bulletins on his improving con
dition were relayed hourlv to these
men with whom he had been long
associated. He was not vet allowed
to have comnany, but his nurse re
norled that he was taking an act
ive interest in what was going on
and was expecting to be back soon
al bis jnh.
The last bulletin came about
mid-oftcrnoon Saturday as the ga
thering was breaking up. It was
reassuring. Abou s o'clock, h
dropped asleep. He never awoke.
The news spread rnnidlv over Port
land, and1 left a pall of sadness.
Airmen Escape Unhurt
When Bomber Burns
ROSWELL, N. M. (jB-Twenty-two
airmen escaped unhurt when
a B36 cacght fire near the end of
lis landing roll shortly before
midnight and burned to the ground.
A spokesman at Walker Air
Force Base said the commander
of the giant six engined bomber
told him two engines burst into
flame as the craft rolled to n sto;i.
The big bomber, of the 28th
Strategic Reconnaisance Wing, was
on a routine training fight from
Rapid City Air Force Base in
South Dakota.
PutillthM In Cooperation with
Um RoMbura Poltc Department
No vahicle shall bt driven over
any unprotected hosa of a fira de
partment whan laytd down on any
street, to ba used at any lira or
alarm of fira without the consent of
the fira department.
53 branches. I was wondering if
some enterprising 'G. 1.' had such
! a venture, thus serving many
. small firms, much as some ac
j counlants do with their book
keeping truck-offices"?
mmr mi ' el mm m mr i i i.
1 (Jt&Wf
This article will finish the series
on the Umpqiia Indians. It is also
a summary of what we have ac
quired from reading the account of
these interesting natives, of their
homes, their social customs, their
material cultures. But if we read
with a purpose, the story of the
Umpquas should mean more than
just an interesting narrative of
a funny people.
After all they were not a funny
people, in an amusing sense. They
were a primitive race on the way
upward. Like a child that dies in
its early youth, this race never
had a chance to reach the adult
hood which we call modern civili
ation. But they do deserve a place
of esteem in 'he modern mind.
In the living pattern and ideas of
the primitive Umpqua we see the
pattern of our own cultured peo
ples in the painful climb from sav
agery to civilized men. In the
Indian we see the parallel record
of the varied races that form the
common blood stream that flows to
day through the veins of the av
erage American. Ten to twenty
tnousana years ago our own par
ent races on the European conti
nent, Swedes, Norwegians, Danes,
Germans, French and English lived
tne same lives In the same (u us)
funny ways our Umpqua lived his
life less than a century and a half
ago. it we are sincere students of
racial history, as it applies to our
own lives we should appreciate
our Indians as open pages in the
story of mankind s advancement.
In the legends of the Umpqua
we see the development of con
science in the human mind as
man emerges from the level of the
brutes to a being with the dawning
idea that there is a Divine Creator.
This ancient one becomes aware
of a God. He becomes aware of
sin, forgiveness, resentence and
love. These are new ideas on
which he broods. He tries to or
ganize his embryonic ideas of Di
vine purpose and from this he de
velops a crude srience of religion
which we. today, might call prim
iUve theology.
How closely the Umpqua legend,
"The Mountain with a Hole in
the Top," parallels the story of
the Garden jf Eden. Hero the
serpent, in the Hobrew story, spoke
to Eve. To the Indian this would
seem quite reasonable, because he,
loo. believed that men and ani
mals spoke the same language in
ancient times.
In the Bible story, man sinned
and was cast from the garden
Later according to this ancient
story, God destroyed the people
with a great flood. Why? Perhaps
because He saw that the living
men were a hopeless lot. In the
Umpqua story of the destruction
of Mount Mnzama, man sins, by
killing the animal people, which is
against the decree of Old Man
God or Tamanous, terms used by
the Umpqua to designate the Great
Spirit. Men-neoDle. under the lead-
I ership of the evil chief, begin to
usurp the prerogatives of the Di
vine Being. For this sacrilege men
people were destroyed by a fiery
wind, according to this legend, and
their souls were cast into the deep
hole that is now Crater Lake.
So we see here the growth of
the idea of wrong doing and the
inevitability of retribution, among
men-people who spoke the same
language as animnls and wore con
fined in a bottomless lake for all
eternity. Even the arch-sinner, the
wicked chief was changed to an
evii angel who ruled over the re
gion of lost souls. Is this Indian
story then, a fable that bv rhan.-o
I parallels the story of Eden, the
tan of man and his ultimate pun
ishment, as depicted in our Chris
tian Bible, or does it prove that
there is a Divine force working
from within the consciousness of
ait men and races and developing
a lunsi-icnic.'
In the legend of Wolf, who led
the wandering spirits of the me
maloose ullicums, or the dead, we
(CMS
BV WK. PEERV
find the quality of pity develop
ing within uie primitive mind.
Take this passage from that leg
end, "When Wolf comes back, he
cries. He knows the spirits of bad
people can see the happy hunting
ground from far away. . . When
Wolf cries on the north wind, it is
because the Great Spirit placed
the dead people there. We know he
is sad. They must slay there for
ever." Wolf was a minor god. But even
as a God he wept for the people
and the suffering they must en
dure because of their misdeeds.
Do we not have a parallel in our
own Bible?
In concluding the story of the
Umpqua, perhaps we should give
him an expression of thanks. Here,
in a more serious vein, we read
in his record the painful climb of
the human race in the long strug
gle upward toward intelligence and
understanding, toward pity and tol
erance and love. And hope.
No Objections
Raised To Press
At Jelke Trial
NEW YORK Ifl - Both the pros
ecution and defense in the closed
vice trial of Minot (Mickey) Jelke
said Thursday they had no objec
tion to the presence of newsmen
in the courtroom when the defense
opens next week.
The prosecutor. Assistant Dis
trict Attorney Anthony J. Liebler,
said he expected presentation of
his case would be completed next
Tuesday. He saw no reason, he
added, why the doors barred to
press and public during the pros
ecution's case should not then be
thrown open.
The defense has indicated it was
uncertain whether Jelke would
take the stand.
Meanwhile red - haired Erica
Steel, a 28-year-old alleged ma
dame, took the witness stand in
the closed courtroom to tell what
she knows about cafe society vice.
Complete Armor Plan
For Troops In Korea
WITH U. S. SEVENTH DIV.I-
cmw L' - . n c a :
naming; men in n.orea soun may oe
sheathed in armor from neck to
ankle.
Armored leggings apparently are 1
next. j
The latest item in the fast-de-
veloping body armor program is
the nylon-armor legging which
will be attached to the shorts, j
None of the leggings' have been
sent to Korea, but arc expected
soon. They are being tested by
the quartermaster general's office
in Washington.
Bodies Pile Up At
Gravediggers Strike
NEW YORK i.r A grave dig
gers' strike at 10 New York met
ropolitan area cemeteries has
stranded 571 bodies.
Some employees have reported
that in the three nonsectarian
cemeteries affected, all vaults have
been filled and 77 coffins hove been
stacked in tents, with the rhill
February winds their only refrig
eration. Many relatives have due graves.
; then carried their loved ones to
; their last restin? place because
! hearse drivers refused to cross
! cemetery picket lines.
KING ENOORSEO
WAKUIW.tyiv in Th e...i.
Interior Committce Thursday ap.
p'' iuioiii.iujumv me nomina
tion of Samuel Wilder King to be
governor Hawaii.
The nomination now goes to the
Senate tor action.
Sutherlin Group
Hears Address
By Missionary
By MRS. BRITTAIN SLACK
W. O." Pierce, Seventh-Day Ad
ventist missionary from Africa, a
former teacher of Cottage Grove,
spoke at the Sutherlin Adventist
Church on Feb. 14. Pierce) is a
superintendent of schools in Africa.
Pierce used for his text, "Ai
ve have done it unto one of the
least of these, my Brethren, ye
have done it unto me," -
In the afternoon le showed pic
tures and told of the characteris
tics of the people in Africa.
Mr. and Mrs. Pierce, have been
visiting with Mrs. Pierce'i broth
er and family, Mr. and Mrs. WU
liam L. Miller, at Roseburg.
Ill With Flu
Mrs. Wesley Thompson, has been
very ill at her home this week with
the flu.
Mr. and Mrs. Lyle Smith, left
Saturday for California, where they
will spend two weeks vacationing
and visiting relatives. During their
absence, Mrs. Ethelyne Freeman,
assisted by MarUn Norris, will op
erate the Smith Hardward Store.
Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, who re
side at Sutherlin Trailer Court
have been ill with the flu. Mr.
Wilson is able to be out again,
but Mrs. Wilson, is still confined
to her home.
Landis Vaale, who Is employed
at Martin Box Co., was called to
Lake Mills, Iowa, by the death
of his ff.lher last week.
Mrs. Webb Sellars, who under
went major surgery recently, and
spent 31 days in the hospital, has
been brought to her home in Suth
erlin to recuperate. Mrs. Sellars
will be confined to her bed for
the next 30 days, but is reported
as getting along niceiy.
John Campbell, has been con
fined to his home the past week
with the flu. i '
Mrs. Florence Groshong, of Rose
burg, spent a pleasant afternoon
in Sutherlin Wednesday,, at the
borne of Mrs. Olc a Bielman.
Mrs. Mary Barker a member of
the Theta Rho Board ot control,
made an official visit at a meet
ing of the Theta Girls, at Ashland,
Tuesday evening.
Washington Gl
Awarded For
Flood Heroism
LONDON I Queen Elizabeth
II Thursday awarded the George j com mitte "into cairn? off its fti
Medal, one of Britain's highest ( vestigation of Communist infiltra
civilian decorations, to American tion into the field of education."
Airman Reis Leming "in recog -
nition of his extreme gallantry"
during Britain's recent flood dis
aster.
Thi Ic iho firt time foreigner
has been awarded a George Medal
in peacetime.
Leming. of (202 South 8th St.)
Toppenish, Wash., rescued 27 per
sons from drowning near Hunstan
ton before collapsing with exhaus
tion. Although he couldn't swim, he
donned an underwater exposure
suit and pushed a rubber raft
through the raging floodwaters.
A Foreign Office announcement
said: "As a coticauence of the
Queen's visit to the flooded areas.
Her Majesty has been pleased to
award the George Medal to Air
man 3rd Class Reis Lemine, the
U. S. Air Force, in recognition of
his extreme gallantry on several
occasions in rescuing persons who
had been trapped in their houses
near Hunstanton."
Hunstanton, Norfolk coastal vil
lage near the big U. S. air base at
Sculthorpe, was heavily hit by the
storms and flooi which ravaged
England and the low countries
Jan. 31 and Feb. 1. Some 30 people
were drowned there including 1'
Americans.
Leming, a 22-ycar-old. six-foot,
three-inch airman, is attached to
the 67th Air Rescue Squadron at
Sculthorpe. He recently flew back
to America for temporary duty
and will return to Britain later.
His volunteer flood rescue work
won nation-wide praise in Britain.
Hunstanton's town council sent
a letter to the government, sug
gesting Leming be given an award
for heroism.
"He is a stranger among us, yet
time and again he risked his life
tn save others," Council Chairman
R. S. Mudie told newsmen recent
ly. "But for him, the death toll
must have been very much high-
NATO Council
Ups Allowance
PARIS lift The NATO Council in
a surprise move has promised Gen.
M.ittnew B. Hiilgeway 224 million
dollars more for 19S3 European
military construction money it
denied him last December. Now
the council has to figure out which
country will pay how much.
Allocation of the additional 224
million matching the same
amount approved by the council
meeting last December was an
nounced last night by Lord Ismay,
British secretary general of the
North Atlantic .Treaty Organiza
tion. The new allotment gave Ridg
way, NATO's supreme comman
der, a bonus. In December he said
428 million dollars was the mini
mum needed for 1953 construction
of air bases, jet fuel pipelines,
communications and headquarters
installations In Western Eurooe.
The council then allocated only 224
millions. j
Ten Men Smash Way ,
Out Of Texas Jail ;
FORT WORTH. Tex. - Ten
men. including badman Floyd Hill,
smashed their way out of the Tar
rant County Jail here Wednesday :
nicht. Only one was re-captured, i
Hill is one of three men charged
in the $248,000 robberv of two Cu
ban exiles here last Oct. 3 at the 1
lush Western Hills Hotel. '
Despondent Man Diet
At Sweetheart's brave
ST. LOUIS III A despondent
65-year-old maa brought fresh
flowers to the grive of bis chile
hood sweetheart here Wednesday,
then apparently shot nimseii as
be kneeled at ner resting pia..
The man. August G. Cramer ot i
(juincy. 111., died of a head wound
a short time after he was found
slumped over the grave.
He was Identified by Mrs. Ed
ward Boyent of St. Louis. She told
police Cramer left St. Louis after
the death of her sister, .Delia
Decker, 64, in May, 1051. She said
the couple had been childhood
sweethearts but never bad. mar
ried. ' -
Canada Budget
Reduction Is
Proposed For '53
OTTAWA m Canada's govern
ment announced a new budget
Thursday to cut taxes an estimat
ed 361 million dollnrs tn 1954. It in
cluded, an 11 per cent drop in the
income tax and reduction Jn cor
poration levies.
me new program aiso:
1. Reduced the cost of legal
cigarets to 35 cents a pack by
lopping four cents off the federal
take immediately.
2. Eliminated a 10 per cent
sales tax on newsprint for domes
tic consumers only (no help for
U. S. -papers).
3. Removed radio license fees.
4. Trimmed an estimated one
million dollars a year in import
tariffs on manufactured articles,
most of them bought from the
United States.
The income tax cut is effective
July 1. With that, it was estimated,
approximately two-thirds of the
Canadian taxes imposed following
the outbreak of the Korean War
in 1950 will have been removed.
Other reductions are effective pri
or to jury, some as far back as
Jan. 1.
Chairman Velde
Makes Apology
WASHINGTON Wl Chairman
Velde (R-Ill) of the House Un-
American Activities Committee
has declared publicly he was mis
taken in saying Mrs. Agnes E.
Meyer wrote a letter to a Soviet
magazine praising the Russian
people.
But he contended in a statement
yesterday that Mrs. Meyer, in a
sneech which precipitated a row
between them, hoped to coerce the
j Mrs. Meyer, wife of Eugene
Meyer, board chairman of the
Washineton Post, criticized Velde
j and plans for probes of U. S. col-
i leges and schools in a Tuesday
i address to the American Assocta
tion of School Administrators,
meeting in Atlantic City, N. J.
LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
SALEM Wl The Senate Resolu
tions Committee recommended de
feat Thursday of a proposed con
stitutional amendment to create
the office of lieutenant governor
To
;: :
1 .r, IT
I I f. I i . I
fir
Ganz; Mortuary
MYRTLE CREEK, OREGON
ROSEBURG CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
MEMBERSHIP
FORUM
MONDAY NOON
Civic Room
General Subject: "Effects of Future City Planning"
This Subject will be presented under the following
titles:
CITY PLANNING
Future Planning and Property Values Earl Wiley
The Effect of Future Planning on Permanent Invest
ments H. E. Schmeer,
Need for Future Planning From an Engineer's View
point Art Evans
What $6,000 Will Accomplish In Future Planning
W. A. Gilchrist
This program will be presented by Percy Croft
This Announcement Is Sponsored a Service of Good Will
To This Community by
Adair's Associated Service
301 N, Main Street
New York City
'City Of Terror1, ;
Says Rep. Powell
WASHINGTON l-Rep. Pewtu
(D-NY) told House investigators
. . t ,.N York Pit. u
., ,,.
a citv oi terror ior mtnorttiei"
and its police commissioner should
be fired.
"Every day he is in office Is i
disgrace to my town and to my
country," Powell asserted,
Powell, av Negro, charged Hat' '
Commissioner George P. Monii.
han made some kind of an agree
ment with Justice Department of
ficials last July to make the FBI
keep hands off civil rights cases
in New York. He said it prevented
FBI agents from questioning New
York policemen in casea alleging
police brutality.
Monaghan has denied the FBI
ever agreed to Ignore . sue h
charges. The FBI had no com
ment. . i
The congressman, testifying he.
fore a House judiciary subcom
mittee probing the Justice Depart
ment, said' an agreement was
reached after FBI agents inquired
into the police-slaying of John Der
rick, a Negro Korean War veteran
early In 1951.
He said Derrick was shot down
on 8th Avenue by patrolmen in a
police cruiser in full view of wit
nesses. A police investigation, he said,
resulted in a whitewashing.
11:30 A.M.
SUNDAY
We Bring Ton
The Sew York
Philharmonic
Orchestra
Dimitri Mitropoulot Condoctinf
Fin Muiic Brought
to yu by a Fin Car
ckw Willys
Guest soloists will be contralto
Elena Nikoloidi and tenor Set
Svanholm.
KRNR-1490
The CBS Radio Network
be
...to contribute to others'
peace of mind by a willingness
to compromise, not with ideals
but with situations... this
is a part of our treed.
UMPQUA HOTEL
1