NOVEMBER 1925
THE UNITED AMERICAN
Page Fifteen
Immigrant Life and Education in America
By HARRY M. SHAFER, Assistant Superintendent, Public Schools, Los Angeles, California
[The Americanization, Adult Education and Naturalization
I preparatory training in the City of Los Angeles is under the
»supervision of Miss Flora D. Smith with Mrs. Alice Osborne
■McKenna as assistant supervisor. As assistant superintendent
of the Los Angeles City Schools, Harry M. Shafer, is in
I general charge of the Adult schools and the Americanization
■ work conducted in that city, which is popularly known as
■ America’s Mecca of sunshine, eternal summer and tourists. Los
■ Angeles has grown so rapidly since 1920, when the census
■showing the number of foreign born by nationalities and the
ratio of Naturalization among these was taken, that in the
labsense of up-to-date figures it would be difficult to venture a
■ guess. At present Los Angeles maintains thirty-eight Ameri-
Icanization evening schools with one hundred and ten classes;
seventy Americanization day schools, with two hundred and
■sixty classes and home groups. The day classes vary, according
Ito a report to the United American from Mr. Shafer, but the
■ ■proportion of nationalities in attendance, as compared with
■the proportion of unnaturalized aliens residing in that city, is
■thought to be in ratio, though there are no specific
■figures available at present. The enrollment in both evening
land day school adult classes in Los Angeles, according
to figures compiled on November Seventh, is 14,297. In addi
ction to the Americanization classes reported, there are nine-
teen classes in Naturalization studies, where aliens are finally
■prepared for examination for citizenship. The registration in
■these classes shows 2446 men and 915 women, a total of 3361.
■Adding these figures to the number attending the regular
■adult classes, the gross Americanization enrollment in Los
■Angeles is totaling 17,658. Among those enrolled in the
■adult classes are a small number of illiterate native born
■Americans, but as this number is so small as to be negligible,
the entire enrollment for Los Angeles represents immigrant
or alien people who eventually will become citizens. To what
■extent the people, the school board and the school administra-
tion officials in Los Angeles are interested in training the
■foreign born people of that city for citizenship and their
■eventual participation in the privileges and responsibilities
■thereof, is amply shown by the annual appropriation of
■$100,000 for adult immigrant evening schools, which is taken
■from the annual school budget of Los Angeles. The people
of Los Angeles are meeting the situation in an American
■way. They have their problem and they are solving it,
no matter the cost, without quibbling or waiting till they
■are being shamed into action by the country at large, as the
case is in many instances, even in cities of large population
■with a considerable percentage of foreign born, whose home
■standards are more foreign than American, because no Ameri-
can influence is brought into their social life. Evidently there
is no arrogant group of native Americans in Los Angeles
■whose members are denying that America has a responsi
bility and a duty to perform in the instances of the alien
immigrant who is a legitimate entrant and a prospective
citizen. A city with more than half the population of Los
■Angeles, with vast industries in which thousands of aliens are
■employed, financially matching the Los Angeles alien educa
tion program with just fifteen per cent, is hardly meeting
the situation adequately, as a citizen of Los Angeles, or an
unpredjudiced citizen at large, would look at it. The standard
.of citizenship in an American city will from now on be guaged
¡'more by the attention given elementary adult education, than the
elaborate all around technical education of the children of the
Community. In the following review of “Immigrant Life and
■Education in America,” Mr. Harry M. Shafer presents a
murnber of concrete facts relating to Americanization and the
conditions pertaining to the alien within our gates, to the
influences that are necessary to coordinate the alien’s thought,
speech, action and home life with that of the better type Ameri
can. Articles of this kind are conducive to better understanding
and a greater appreciation of the true facts which must govern
all our efforts to make the people of America united in thought
and expression; a people most fervently embracing the political
principles upon which America stands: a shrine of human
■motherhood, from which every contention of lace, religion and
place of birth, as governing among those eligible to a place in
citizenship, must be banished.
—The Editor]
'THE-SITUATION in Americanization and the con
ditions with which Americanization work deal have
changed very materially during the last two or three
years. Numerous influences, national and local, have
been at work to modify the situation among the
foreign born people, among whom the great body of
Americanization work is conducted.
The immigration law now in force has reduced the
quota of immigrants very materially, to a number
much below that of previous years. During the past
year ending July first, about 175,000 immigrants
were admitted through the various ports of the United
States. The number of so-called bootleg immigrants
who reached this country without being counted or
examined has been estimated variously by different
persons, the number being stated as low as 150,000
and as high as half a million. The latest information
on this question leads authorities to estimate the
bootleg immigrants as about equal to that which
occurred legitimately under the law. The illegal immi
grants are landed in various ways at different ports,
often as ostensible sailors on leave of absence from
their ships. In such cases, termination of the leave
is never recognized by the sailor. He never returns
to his ship.. A considerable number of illegal immi
grants come in from the West Indies by way of
Mexico. Still larger numbers come directly across the
Mexican and Canadian borders, which are quite open
and exposed. While a very simple examination has been
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