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i FARMER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY He Pursue His Cnlllns In a Scientific Waj-TlK5eD.y3 .na Does Not I U'inl llvr. Lcnve Everything to Proviucncc nnu . . .. . ...i i nr untitled to write, "Itnchelors T used to be the rule that wnen n tiinn wasn't flt for anything else im M-na runsldered trood enough to .,i,i,.,i mn.t -nniiuli to bo n farmer: that If he hadn't urnms enough to master military tactics or the Intricacies of the law or medicine or of theology, and was utterly lack ing in creative ability, then his proper sphere of usefulness was the farm. And In those days even the "gentle man" farmer was a person of Inferior standing, nnd he wns made to feel his Insignificance whenever ho came In contact with the superior persons who ruled the State nnd made or expounded Its laws. Society spoke of him as n "gawk," and his sons nnd daughters were "country bumpkins." But all this IOWA STATE COLLEGE OK AGMCULTUKE AND MECHANIC AHTS. has changed and is destined to still fur ther change. Science, which has done so much for the world at large, has taken the farmer In hand and Is Invest ing the man and his works with the dignity and standing that are theirs of right. The masses are being made to realize what they have known dimly all along, but never fully appreciated that It Is the farmer who feeds them, and that he Is more necessary to them than they are to him; that without him works great and small would come to a stop and the peoples of all the CHEMICAL LABORATOIST, ALABAMA INSTITUTE. earth be reduced to a state of savagery and cannibalism. Farmer Known Why Science Is bringing not only the pub lic to a realization of the importance of the farmer, but the farmer himself to an appreciation of the Importance of. his work and of the necessity of fit ting himself for It by studying nature and inducing her by scientific means rather than by haphazard to yield her store. Formerly the farmer could tell you "when" without knowing "why." Experiment showed him that rotation LESSON IN IIUtlGATION U In crops made his laud produce better and last longer, but he couldn't tell nature's reason for It, nor explain the thousand other seeming mysteries of the soil. Science has done nnd Is doing that for him. It Is experimenting for hint day In nnd day out tho year round, nnd teaching him the why and the wherefore. Uncle Sam Is backing science In this matter, nnd the farmer Is getting the benefit without cost. Tho farmer learns from tho bulletins that are sent out by tho Department of Ag riculture, nud all over tho land the farmers' sons aud daughters are tak ing courses In ngrlculturo nnd horti culture, farm gardening and dairying, nnd stock breedlug nnd stock raising, In colleges supported jointly by the State nud Federal governments. Their Instruction Is practical, too, for tho colleges havo farms under cul tivation nnd herds nnd droves of cnttlo and swine, nnd dairies nnd truck farms and orchnrds. The Instructors are men V A AAJ ! ) . rhey know nil about the soils nun mi m a oiw nntl what crons are atiapta ,,.i.ht nr. imr. mid their sclenc goes so far as to Include conditions c,...,i,., i ormntriis nud to be able Judge from them whether corn. 01 whent. or barley, or whatever produe of the farm will be most In demnni ,. nnmri. nnd so command the ream ot mupi-ni nm! the best nrlee. They have reduced farming to a science, and nr., tivipliln-r It ns a science. 1 he course In n-rlnlllttiro Includes history Mid go eminent. French and Herman. Englls nml the hlcrher mathematics and musl sh so that our farmers of the next genera tlon will uot only know how to get the best and the most out of the ground, but will bo able to hold their own for general information and polite accom plishments with the elect of any land. Where They Are Taught.' Colleges of agriculture are main tained In universities, with the aid of national funds, In Arizona. Arkansas, California, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois. Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota. Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, Ohio. Tennessee. Vermont. West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. In Massachusetts Harvard University has a school of Agriculture knowu as Bus sey Institution. Besides these, agri cultural and mechanical colleges have been organized In Alabama, Colorado. Connecticut, Delaware. Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michi gan, Mississippi, Montana. New Hamp shire, New Jersey. New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon. Pennsyl vania. Bhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah. Virginia, and Washington. Separate Institutions of this sort are maintained for colored students in Alabama, Delaware, Flor ida, Mississippi, North Carolina. South Carolina, nnd Virginia. Massachusetts has the only college whose curriculum Is wholly devoted to agriculture. In the universities In which courses In agriculture are maintained the gen eral tendency Is to make this course correspond In scope and thoroughness with those given In the other depart ments, to divide the Instruction in agri culture among an increasing number of specialists, and to provide buildings and apparatus nnd illustrative ma terial on a scale In keeping with those In other branches. At the same time efforts are making to bring the uni versity In close touch with the masses NIVEHSITY OF WISCONSIN. of farmers through special schools, farmers' institutes, nature tenchings, nnd other forms of university exten slon work. Along with this Is tho deepening and strengthening of tho scientific and practical researches, car ried on with a view of widening tho world's kuowlcdgc of the facts, laws and processes required for tho 1m rovement of agriculture. Thirty Tlioiisanl Former Rtutleutii, The classes In agriculture in these schools range In enrollment from 200 to 000 students. The total enrollment is 30,000. The full course In agrlcul turo covers four years, and practical farmers who know enough of other matters to mako them Intelligent nnd desirable citizens are being sent out from these colleges at tho rate of 8,000 n year, or 80,000 In a decade. Thnt they will nsslst wonderfully In the de velopment of the country need not bo doubted. Their knowledge and train lug will enable them to get more out of the earth nud themselves than the t .....,,oni.,u of other earnest and honest men who havo taken up stead and gone to fanning without nnv knowledge of or preparation for the cultivation of the soil. In an article In the Year Hook of the Department of Agriculture on "Some Tvnes of American Agricultural Col leges." A. O. True. Ph. P.. director of the Government's experiment stations, describes the essential features of sumo of these Institutions of learning. Of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col lege, which Is near Amherst, on n farm of -100 acres, situated In a most beau tiful part of the Connecticut river val ley, he says: ..i iir iim vn.ffi had nermnnent endowment funds aggregating ?itWV 000. and Its buildings, farms and equip ment were- valued at about 115,000. The college buildings Include combined dormitory and class room building. chapel and library. lalxiratory ror chemistry and physics, euiomuixum botanic In- Imratory and museum, drill hall, dorml- torv. nresldent's house, several resi- deuces for professors, farm houses. lHarllng house, horticultural piani house, and barn, lucludlng creamery ,..i .liiirv lnhnmtorv. The experiment , station also has a chemical laboratory, lHitanical laboratory with pmni nouse. nnd barns. I xcclleiit Kuiiliimrnt. "On the farm 150 acres aro under cultivation with a variety of Hold crops, and the extensive college 1mm U tn.-kral u-llll 1IH llt'lld of Cat tie HIMl etpilpiKHl with the most Improved agri cultural implement ami macninery. The horticultural crounds cover 100 acres, with orchards, vineyard, small fruit and vegetable plantations, and groves of forest trivs. Much attention i civen to UnrtiMilture and Inndscane- in r.l en I ml, nnd tho n mule ulant house are well stocked with numerous varie ties of exotics. Some eighty acres are 1vntivl to tho work of the cxnerlment station, including numerous plat exper iments who varieties or new aiw nor- CLASS SCORING PIGS tlcultural plants, fertilizers, methods' of culture, etc.. feeding experiments with animals, soil Investigations, etc. The laboratories of the different scientific departments are well equip ped with apparatus for experimenta tion aud demonstration and with illus trative material, such as specimens of plants, insects, animals and machines, particularly those of Importance In their relation to agriculture, vine li brary of 18,000 volumes has been care fully collected with reference to the needs of an agricultural college, nnd Is thoroughly catalogued anil managed with a view to providing the students every facility for obtaining the Infor mation they desire to gather from books. It Is one of the most extensive and valunble collections of books on the science and practice of agriculture to be found In this country. "The Instruction Is given by a corps of eighteen professors nnd nsslstants. The chairs Include botany, chemistry, agriculture, horticulture, zoology, vet erinary science, mental nnd political science, English nnd Latin, modem language, mathematics and civil engi neering, nnd military science and tac tics. There Is also a lecturer on farm law. The student Is required to follow a definitely prescribed curriculum dur ing three years, and In the last year of the course he Is allowed wide latitude of choice among numerous spcclaltlos, English nnd military science being the only required studies." For a time the college was open to men only, but women may now attend special elective courses In such branches as botany, entomology, fiorl culture, fruit culture, market garden ing nnd dairying. Candidates for ad mission must be nt least 10 years old aud nro required to pass examinations In English grammar, geography, Unit ed States history, physiology, physical geography, arithmetic, tho metric sys tem, algebra (through quadratics), ge ometry and civil government. Tho students as a rulo room In tho collego dormitories and aro boarded in clubs or private families. Tho expenses for room rent, lward, fuel, wnshlng nnd mllltnry suit for tho college year aro estimated to rango from ?1C0 to ?300. Students performing labor nt tho col lege are paid by the State, nnd thero nro small endowment funds for tho as sistance of needy students. The biu dents hare their athletic associations nnd glee clubs nnd soclnl amusements the same as at Harvard and Ynl and ''m'Su; 'smto Agricultural College is the oldest II. ho countr - t ur n Legislature In IMS. ami for thirl t s like the Massachusetts College, i . i ii an agricultural course. In IStH) ! iwer a materially Increased In o me mechanical course was a. .led, , la ler a woman's course. The h.w 1 St . e prescribe lhat It. slm I bo -high seminary of learning. In hie Uio graduate of the common school can minute, pursue, and finis I. a course of study terminating In thorough ti e retlo and practical Instruction In those science and arts which bear directly """ 'r "' -x-rW MABSACIII TT UH.I.r.OK 1IAH.V upon agriculture and kindred Indus trial pursuits." The college Innd. eomprlslnic acres. Is divided Into the farm of 1!30 acres, devoted to tleld cropi grown tin dor a system of rotation, forty-rlve acres of woodlnnd pasture. 1M acres of lawns, gardeiis and orchards. "10 acres of forest, ami 17 acre of experi mental fields ami plats. The farm la with cattle, sheet) and awlno of the principal breeds. There are an arboretum of l.K) ieelo of tree-i, a botanic garden containing 1,2X kc1i of native and foreign hardy herbaceous plants, with .me shrubs, a grass gar den of 'Joo spwlea of grasses aud clov ers, nml a weed garden of loo specif oi the most troubleom wels. The students In agriculture are required to work two and one-half hour a day on the farm or garden. The annual aver age expetiM of students for board. IOWA STATE COLLEtJE room rent, heat, light, Isniks. lalnirntory and other fees are estimated at Jl'jn. These expense are often reduced by receipts for lalwr informed on the farm or elsewhere alxiut the college. There are thirty or more professors and assistants In the faculty, and In addi tion to the chairs provided by the Mas sachusetts College there aro professors of mechanical engineering, domestic economy, and household science. Nrtr-oc Not Wcrrlvril, 'I he Mississippi Agricultural and Ma chanical College Is conducted on the same general plan, except that women ami negroes are not received ns stu dents. Out of a total of :i(3 students entered last year :il(! elected to tnke the agricultural course. By farm lalsir the students may reduce their expense there to $100 n year. Over 800 students took the farming course Inst year In the Kansas State Agricultural College, in Manhattan. The college farm comprises over :iu) acres, nnd Is well equipped with live stock. The Stute has supplemented the United States grants by the erec tion of a number of substantial build ings, which aro valued at ?:ir0.000. Students of both sexes are admitted at 14 years of age, after passing mi ex amination in rending, spelling, writing, arithmetic, geography, English gram mar and United States history. Con nected with the course of study here is industrial training In several of tho arts, to which ench student Is required to devote at least one hour n day throughout almost the entire course. Young men may have fanning garden lug, fruit growing, woodwork, Iron work, or printing. Young women may take cooking, sowing, printing, fiorlcul turo, or music. Tuition Is free, and tho annual expenses of tho student rango from $100 to ?200. Students are paid nt the rate of 10 cents cn hour for work. Tho Iown Klnto Collego of Agricul ture and Mechanic Arts Is n flourishing and well attended Institution. It has fifteen buildings, erected by tho Stuto at a cost of $r.00,000, and these Include a hall for women. Thero aro besides dwelling houses for professors nnd nth or employes, n creamery, barns, stables, seed houses nnd forcing houses. Tho collego lands, of which 110 ncrofl havo boon narked nH college grounds, nro 000 acres In extent. "Tho farm," Mr. Truo Kays, "consists of rolling prnlrlo, hot torn and woodland, nnd Is stocked with good representatives of nro breeds of horses, six breeds of cattle, seven liro.odN of hIiii !, ,U M .y- Timlin mil .. . '"Till,!, trillions a.l r... , . ; riu, J lueuiHiii iireeiine ,, , " meat. wool. K,t), coiiuucieii uy in- e,,,.... "ictn. u department of . .,," S crops or the r(tn, H'v. CIUICIIIIOIIIII pUIM.N,- ,, ""VJ aro fed by rule mi, M,, H hums or their inni,,,..,., -: hit on and tisi '"" '- Kin. in'T llllMdtf I.,.. . . Uuifl LlnK uot coin recuiturai course ,.. ..... "'"Ud.! Is parallel with ti.r Uii'"1 students tiny for n.. ir i. ' . hi In the mornings ii ,., "J'mUa Is u prnct.,,,1 cheese factory In ,..., ,Tr' hi I IIM VIM4 r I 111 Hi i '"Li rvi.in innim ...... a r 1 ' Ni- Kim,,.. are taken In dall, ,, Into butter nml 1.,nrtH or MttulciiiH lu isw , -7J , women." " ,D,' fill Npw Viirli Mrt10,, In New York sii. , ,' , If n College la an aim. .,r '. l My. mid lu 1M; ti. ,. IV (leiita taking the r... . ,. ,, " tuition In mrrtruitm. ,, , .' 1 nud the yearly i- ,., ,,, ,Li ,' rangoH from f,'iisi i . , years' course In nk-i,, ,, , , tonrfonl an iHlueuii . , , , , ' oral hh that given i -, , , . Ia of the iiulversltv, n :,.,,,', gree of Itnchel.ir . , i . , 4 ture. The odlek-.- r , , , , aenti of land, nu.i n ., u,,)',, with dairy cows. i ,.,,, and iwniltry. Th.- , ijun ," wiulptil with tiio.1. .-, u,,j,. lUHchlnery for nm,..; t , !? chee. Ton arr- in. i. ,.. )( gnnh:m. orchard. m..! horllculttiral di'imii. i f baa eight forcing !,. -. , . , for admlw!ou tn tin-1 . :,. u a Hi COtir0 IllllSt In- :il !. . ). , . and paaa examliii.iiun i i,k, . onrnphy, phjNli.l,.k .i !,in t tory of the I'nlled si . ,j ( y Clreerv or lioiiif, .i.n k-. , i iiH-ntary algebrn m. i . . i( IHttn. ami Frein h .. (. . ,fc vancetl uiatht-mntl. i Is prplty much i' . c t , th other agrknjltunii . iir-g-j 7 student geta praeti 1 ;,,'r,' jf altN In practh-al . ; the tmiim time the i ...r. . '(Jr meiits made for ti.- 1 i.,.t ' provemchl In i-ulth ii 1 J -quantity and quallM - f "i" k-- -There Is the anine i-m1 n ty' some respwts, cxtr.n tin c to athletic that t 13 c er college, and the:- r literary ami social uiw.,Jr 1 or less clanuUhiu-Hs ai. t m j i.-t are college pajM-rs nnl nr.c lij which aome wrlou uir.tl tti. ti mid not a little InniiHK.niii: ' The students are lend'ng cani'-itul useful aud happy Uk-h. ami V.-ju Judgel by the miiiii- nural tUbiuk as are men and women i.iroiiRk'ittli country. They do nm. t iKvcrcD'jU work, and enjoy the -p-m nnJ nxfi recreations of itillege Uf to tae f With an lnstltiitii.il "f i'.i.-rtlJ most every State in ti e I nka I American farmer t tin near Lta ought to lw at the head t Vicftm slon of thHiv who feed tte wcrli WORLD'S PETROLEUM OUTPUT. R Yield 1 More Hunt 5,000,0010)0 II (liillon-, llnlfof It from AtncrlCL MM More than S.ooo.ow.ooo calloBi H oetrnleiim. accordlni: to the 'riaitirj ftf bureau of statistics. Is now prodcerf annually lu the world. Of tuliaooun 'J.50O.(MJ0.0OO gallons Is producrd In tl United Slates. 2.,J.1imhio.OiO In Hulk and the reuitilnder ts distributed iWU n dozen countries. Austria prodfliij HT.tMMMKW. .Sumatra 7'J.nno.OOO, J"1 l).(MNl.lillll. f!nniidfi "tl.iKKl.W), Ko mania UI.OiMi.ootj. I ml a 1.YOW.W0. Ji- Milt S.IMKI.OIKl. (Seriimin ".stO.OW, 1 :i.000,000, and Italy abuiit l.OOO,W0p Ions. tl.n TTnlliwI tjTnll'S nnd I'uM-l I.IIIIC- IHV , furnish the bulk of the world'" P" mi nim.iut nlireast in"" qunntlty of crude oil produce . I ninouiit of refined lllnmlimtg oil W piled by tho United Stales is in'1" double that produced by Uussia. tw iu iino in iim ftn.i Hint a civen lu1"' .1 it..i,..,i cim.a nil nrodflW three-fourths of Its bulk In retort initiating oil. while of the Hf8;aou tho ratio Is only about tnrer-cigi"- Deep Down In the Unrlh. Tho deepest hole In the enrtn .1 Ki.t. h.-ui. (iorwanj- It Is r,7:i.r) feet In depth and Is for P logic nwonrch only. The ilrllims J" begun in 1SS0 nnd stopped six V later because tho engineers were ublo with their Instruments to go r er. Gak at ICngllsli Wcddlne"; Tho enko nt English weddlijgj ' ways n star feature. UHimiiy , fashionable affair It '"""f' uigii ami is a mm .!- - . fCri Htructiire of Icing adorned wim '101 nud ilgiirusj Some folks arc so industrious 1 1 when they haven't anything else they worry t It isn't what a woman says that in ' ences a man, but the wayjnewys No man who has nover been tcnip' Is suro of his honesty. 7 Thisi-
