SectionOne 84 Pages Eight Sections Pages 1 to 22 VOL. XL xo. r Entered at Portland Oreon) Fontnfflce nt 8conr1-Cla!i) Wtte PORTLAXD, OREGOX, SUNDAY MORXIXG, FEBRUARY 13, 1921 PRICE FIVE CEXTS BUSINESS TIES HUMPTULIPS FLOOD WASHES OUT TRACKS 'SENATOR THREATENS BLOOD TEST BARES BRITON FORESEES WOMEN BATTLE MOB AND DEFEND VILLARD TO IMPEACH LANDIS CHILD'S PARENTAGE HEALTHY HUE DEBTS HELD RUSEI PERIL WASHINGTON HIGHWAYS ALSO DIAL OF SOUTH CAROLINA ASKS REPORT ON STATEMENT. SCIENCE DISPROVES MAN'S DE NIAL OF: FATHERHOOD. MAXY CUT BY FLYING GLASS DURING WILD MELEE. REPORTED UNDER WATER. MUGH STILLTODO WIPING OUT-WAR JAPANESE BEFORE SATURDAY Portland Bankers Agree Crisis Has Been Met. LOCAL OUTLOOK IS BRIGHT Deflation Is Accomplished With No Disasters. LIQUIDATION NEARS END Ilnwn of .Normal Cond'tions Has Appeared, Say Financiers, and Pros-perity Lies in Wake. With one accord, officials of sev- ' eral of the largest banks in Portland, inclndine the manaser of the federal reserve branch here declare thit business is Improving and that they look forward to the Xuture with full confidence. Their statements neces sarily are conservative, and, becaust of this, may be tal-en by the public as all the more valuable, setting forth, as they do. not only the optirrlrtic features, but also analysing some of the troublesome phases with which the country has been contending. Conditions in Oregon, and the northwi-st in general, have been ex cellent throughout the entire critical period in the financial and business world, it Is agreed in banking circles, and failures hers have been kept at a minimum. Financiers are pointing to the wonderful record of the federal reserve system, to which la given great credit for averting chaos and disaster. One of the -orst things this sec tion is contending against, a thing which is, declared to- be absolutely and arbitrarily unfair, is the differ-j emiai in lumoer mica aa uclwccu iiig northwest and the southern pine -re gion. This is playing havoc with the lumber market, but notwithstanding this fact there Is an improvement In this great line of business. A very great and beneficial feature, viewed from the local standpoint, as well as otherwise, is the organization of the 1100.000.000 corporation to finance foreign trade. This section should reap vast benefits from this and it should stimulate this big line of endeavor immensely. tVarnt of St.rm Has Panned. According to Frederick Greenwood, manager of the Portland branch of the federal reserve bank, "the worst vf the storm Is over and we are due for fairer weather." His statement is as follows: "The business barometer shows un mistakable signs that the worst of the storm is over and that we are due for fairer weather. One of the most encouraging signs is the steady im provement shown in the reserve ratio of the combined statement of the 12 federal reserve banks. The last state ment showed a gold reserve against combined deposit and federal reserve 1 ote liabilities of approximately 49 per cent, as against about 43 per cent a year ago. Another favorable sign is the reduction that has been made In the holdings of government bonds and paper secured by government se curities by the national banks. "It is well understood that our era of high prices was largely the result of the inflation of bank credit made necessary by the flotation of the lib erty loans. During the year banks in 100 selected cities show a reduc tion in holdings of government bonds of about 29 per cent of the amount held in January, 1920. and about 27 per cent In paper collateral by gov ernment securities. Increased Loan. Offset Rednettona. "These reductions have been offset by an increase in loans made directly for commercial and agricultural pur pose, and the change has put the ( Concluded on Pag !.". .Column 1.1 A ' SjA. r t ' - - 1 SUNSHINE. gS5K. Zy-y U COUNTY HOS,YAL- f : I : 8 Zzl 1 y 1 i- Pacific Beacb and Uoquiam Branch of Northern Pacific Expected to Resume Tomorrow. HOQL'IAM, With., Feb. 12. (Spe cial.) Tne highest water in four years in the Kumptullp? river today washed the bed of the Northern Pa cific railroad from underneath about 1000 feet of track. P. L. Demmer, roadmaster, and Will- U-m Nalty, yardmaster, made a boat trip from a ranch half a mile distant to inspect the damage. If no further rain falls within the next 48 hours. however, it waa expected the track could be put in condition for service . , i : i t r : n I. "Mum..i "u by Monday afternoon. Service to Pu- get sound and Portland was not in j i terrupted. Twenty-seven passengers from the beach this mora'ng we-e moved on flatcars over the flooded tracks. Five to six feet ot water covered the Olympic highway at Tulips sta tion. Newton and the section between Humptulips bridge and Copalis cross ing. Elma Gate highway also was reported to be under three to four feet of water at the blockhouse. At the Smith ranch, where the Chehalis river was over Its banks, 2 inches of rain fell- in the 24 hours between Thursday and .Friday nights SECRETARIESKEEP SEATS Daniels and Meredith Retain Cab inet Chairs as Souvenirs. WASHINGTON, Feb. 12. Sect aries Daniels and Meredith are to ritain their "'cabinet seats" perma nently. They arranged today to pur chase the chairs they have occupied each Tuesda;- in the cabinet meeting as souvernirs. Formerly the chairs were sold for $65, but these are days- of higher prices, and the two officers are under stood to have paid more than $100 each. Secretary Baker has contented him self with removing the brass name plate from the back of his cabinet chair. He paid $4.50 for that FOUR MINERS tlMTOMBcD Fifth Worker Trapped by Explo sion Found in Dazed Condition.. OAK CREEK. Colo.. Feb. It Four miners were trapped- in the No. 2 mine of the Moffat Coal company. one and one hall miles from here, as a result of an explosion late today. Rercuers with oxygen helmets en tered the mine at 7:20 o'clock to- ir'ght. Fatrick St. Patrick, a fifth miner trapped by the explosion, was found wandering around in a dazed con dition at 7:30 o'clock near what is known as stope M and X. SCHOOL YEAR CONTINUOUS Ohio Stale University to Operate TL'ntier Quarterly Semester Plan. COLUMBUS, O., Feb. 12. Ohio state university will operate on the con tiguous yearly plan after July, 1922. as a result of action taken today by the board of trustees. The school year "will be divided into four quarters, degrees being Issued every quarter to those completing tl:e work. Under the plan the present four year courses may be completed in thiee years. OCCASIONAL RAIN OOMINR Week Will Be Cloudy but Tempera- tures will lie Normal. WASHINGTON, Feb. 12. Weather predictions for the week beginning Monday are: Northern Rocky mountain and plateau regions: Considerable cloudi ness, occasional rains or snows, temperature near or above normal. Pacific states Normal temperature. considerable cloudiness and occasional rains except In southern California. British Overtures Meant Chiefly for Allies. APPEAL TO AMERICA BLIND Chamberlain Serves Notice Loans Must Be Paid. I iini-rrn n-rai-r-n . m U IV II CU d I H I CO Id lLUD I Diplomacy Takes Roundabout Way of Telling Other Entente Powers Obligations Will Stand. BY MARK SULLIVAN, s (Copyright by the New York Evening Post. Inc. Published by arrangement.) WASHINGTON. D. C ' Feb. 12. (Special.) All this week . there has been a flood of talk In congress, in committee meetings and in the news papers about the money owed to us by our allies. The bulk of this talk has been sadly lacking in under standing. Mystery has been made of the fact that a member of the British cabinet, Austen Chamberlain, in a public . speech, stated that Great Britain had approached us with a suggestion that we cancel these debts. Mr. Chamberlain's action has been the occasion of minority com' ment in the American press. It has been described as a diplomatic in discretion, or something worse. To anyone who knows all the facts, there Is no mystery in It, and Mr. Chamberlain had a perfectly good motive for what he did. He must be -smiling a good deal over the re ception his remarks met in America. Mr. Chamberlain's- public allusion was not meant especially for the ears of America, nor for the ears of Great Britain. It was meant for the earl of France, Italy and the other allies. Britain I. Little Interested. Mr. Chamberlain doesn't care and Great Britain doesn't care so much about our cancelling these loans. The flood of talk here in America, which has taken a color of resentment against England, is wide of the mark. It makes some difference to Great Britain whether we cancel these loans, but not so much as is univer sally assumed. So far as Great Brl tain is concerned, it would be largely a bookkeeping transaction, It is not Great Britain that is pri marily interested in the cancellation of our loans abroad; it is France, Italy, Belgium, Siberia and the other allies. The fact is. Great Britain is largely in the same position as our ves. We have lent, roughly, $9,500. vvu,uuu o in ujues. uicai Diumu has lent to the allies, roughly, $9,250,- 000,000. But in any all-round cancel lation Great Britain would only bene fit by the $1,500,000,000 she owes us. and would lose to the extent of all the allies owe her. This is, of course. subject to much qualification. Rn.alan Debt In Worthies. For example, the debts due to Great Britain are in the form af depreciated currencies. Just what the net resuli of cancellation all around would be it is not possible to say with accuracy without more minute figuring than Is here possible. Great Britain's loan to Russia were more than $2,500,000, 000. while our loans to Russia' wer less than one-sixth as much about lbu.uuu.uvu. UDviousiy. me aeot tnai ""8sla owes l reac amain is prext i ue&i ly a. lutui tuoa ttticauj, ui ui ei Britain to cancel that debt of $2,500.- 000,000 would be merely a gesture. Great Britain would be cancelling a Russian debt 'Which is largely a total loss already, while she would be the beneficiary of our cancellation of tha perfectly good debt she owes us The .accounts among the allies are full of such intricacies as this, and only an expert accountant could tell Just what "the net result would be if 'Concluded on Page 3. Column 4.1 CARTOONIST PERRY ILLUMINES IN PICTURES SOME CURRENT judge Says Bank That Paid Clerk '' $90 a Month Responsible for Man s Theft. WASHINGTON, D. C, Feb. 12. Sen ator Dial of South Carolina announced today In the senate that he would bring impeachment proceedings against-Federal Judge Landis of Chi cago if he obtained confirmation of statements credited in the press today to Judg Landis in the case of Fran cis J. Carey, a bank clerk charged with embezzlement. Carey, who pleaded guilty to em bezzling $96,000 from the National City bank of ,Otta"wa. III., was re leased yesterday on his own recog nizance by Judge Landis, who was I . h directors ,, " , ,h- ,hVt I reauj "lit icojuuoiuio iv. -" ......... because they paid Carey only $90 a ! month. "Any man who utters that kind of statements. eaid Senator Dial, "Is not worthy of public confidence and should be impeached." Senator Dial said he had written to Chicago to obtain confirmation of the statements credited to Judge Landis. DES MOINES, la., Feb. 12. Federal Judge K. M. Landis of Chicago, in a speech before the Iowa American Legion here tonight, admitted making statements similar to those Senator Dial of South Carolina charged him ith. "I repeat that and send it to Sena tor Dial with my compliments, he asserted.' Judge Landis sent his audience Into (Concluded on Page 3. Column li.) I (Concluded on Page 3. Column a. INDEX OF TODAY'S NEWS The Weather. YESTERDAY'S Maximum temperature, 30 degrees; minimum, 40 degrees. TODAY'S Rain; northeasterly winds. Departments. Editorial. Section 3, page 2. Dramatic. Section 4, page 2. Moving picture news. Section 4, page 4. Real estate and building news. Section 4. page S. Music. Section 4, page 4. Churches. Section 5, page 2. Books. Section 5. page 3. Schools. Section 3, page 6. Automobiles. Section 6. , Women's Features. Society. Section 8, page 2. Women's activity. Section 4, page 6. Fashions. Section 5, page 4. Miss Tingle's column. Section i. page 8. Auction bridge. Section 5, page 4. Madame Richet's - column.- Section 5, page 5. Special Features. Deadly weapons Whitney's hobby. Maga zine section, page 1. Intimate diary of Margot Asquith. Maga- nns section, page -. Full moon, a fiction feature. Magazine sec. tion, page a. News of the world as aeen by the camera. -Magazine section, page 4. Fashions "For Vamps Only." Magazine sec tion, page ,. Do co-eds make colleges effeminate TM'ag- azine section, page 0. Where you are compelled to vote or go to Jail. Magazine section, page 7. Hill's cartoons "Among Us Mortals." Mag azine section, page 8. Home arrangement and decoration. Sec tion o. page J. Girl 17 receives diploma of life extension Institute. Section 5, page 3. Dlng'a cartoons on topics of the day. Sec. tion o. page i. Beautiful shrubs suitable for Oregon trans planting, section 0, page 8. Foreign. Delay reparations conference until after March 4, plea of Harden. Section 1, page 2. Prance eagerly awaits Harding's attitude. section 1. page 6. Late John Reed power In soviet Russia, declares San Francisco socialist. Sec tion 1, page 2. Hriton foresees Japanese peril. Section 1, page 1. France's ear deaf to German bargain. Section 1, page 4. France at end of rope in regard to repara tions, says vivtanl. section 1, page 3 Nutional. War claims reach total of billions. Sec tion 2.. page fl. Ships needed were e'eiivered, says E. X. Hurley, defending shipping board. Sec tion 1. page 4. Great Britain uses United States to tell Its allies war debts must be paid. Section 1, page 1. American payrolls cut $6.OO0;OO0,00O. Sec tion 1. page Organized labor plans fight for life. Sec tion 1, page 4. Domestic. Xw York parents seek for prodigies. Sec tion 1. page 11. Women battle mob and defend speaker. alleged pacifist and opponent of draft Section 1. page 1. Senator Dial of South Carolina threatens to try to Impeach Judge Landis. Sec tion 1. page 1 - As Result of Physician's Verdict Judge Says Italian Musi Pay for Baby's Support. SAN FRANCISCO, Feb. 12. Medical jurisprudence as practiced in San Francisco has outdone Solomon's re nowned test to establish the parent age of a child. Recently Mrs. Rose Vittori brought an action to compel her former husband,- Paul Vittori, to pay for the maintenance of her child, Vittori de nied his paternity. Counsel agreed In court to subject the disputed mat ter to science in the form of a blood test of Vittori and of the child, and Judge Thomas F. Graham announced he would abide by the decision. Dr. Albert Abrams was named to make the tests. Today he announced his investigation determined abso lutely that Vittori was the father of the child. Blood vibrations of Vittori and the baby conclusively proved parentage, according to the scientist. They beat in unison, he said. "We have found," said Dr. Abrams, that the blood of a child and its parent vibrate with identical rhthym. The blood of some one outside the family would not be in unison." Dr. Abrams further said that the tests showed that Vittori was Italian, of Italian parents; that Mrs. Vittori was one part French and three parts Spanish. Judge Graham said tonight he would enter an order that Vittori pay for I Domestic. I Puppies and colored silk divide honors In big New York exhibitions. Section 1, page 12. Warships now under way for United States will top world's best. Section 1, page 6. Blood test establishes parentage of child Section 1. page 1. - Pacific Northwest. Professor Dryden, college poultry head, to Join stair of Country Gentleman. fcee 1 tion I, page 10. Humptnlips flood washes out railroad tracks. Section 1, page 1. Coay's youngsters carry off Junior honors in state swimming championships. Sec tion 1, page 11. Legislature. Staples' tenure bill defeated by - senate. . Section 1, page 8. . Legislature has much still to do before adjournment next Saturday. Section 1, page 1. Budget and commission bills assure sys tern in levying of taxes hereafter. Sec tion 1. page 8. Idaho state normal school wins victory. bectlon J , page 9. Big coa?t road district proposed to finance Roosevelt highway. Section 1, page 0. work - of Washington lawmakers stilt is mainly ahead of them. Section 1 page 7. Sports. Willamette and Whitman quintets will battle for honor place in northwest con ference basketball standings. Section 2, page IS. international and intersections! sports long step forward In collegiate life. Section 2, page 2. Good luck tokens grip league heads. Sec tion 2, page 3. Wrestling mrtoh- between Ted Thye and Sam Ciapham promises good sport. Sectlot 2, page 3. Promoters shelve 'boxing game owing to lack of patronage. Section 2, page t. Senate to pass on horse racing bill. Sec tion 2. page 2. Gotham taking no chances with referees In fights. Section 2, page 1. Commercial and Marine. Falling off in leather exports responsible for hide market depression. Section 1, page 21. T-end of. market declared stable. Section 1, page 21. Binger Hermann in forthcoming book . tells of waterway improvement costs ' Section 1, page 20. Three freight steamers In race to Pacific .. northwest ports tos save their charters. Section 1, page 20. Portland and Vicinity. Gang of 14 auto thieves In Jail. Section 1, pase 10. Portland railway to sell $1,000,000 issue of gold notes to 2S00 employes. Section 1, page 18. Stcffens speech declared abusive. Section 1, page 14. Companlei warned against Income tax er rors. Section 1, page 14. Famine In China held nation's ogre. Sec tion 1, page 16. Construction of first unit of huge wool warehouse and scouring plant begins to morrow at St. Johns. Section 2, page 20. I'-irtland bankers regard business condi tions as being excellent. Section . 1. page 1. Portland' music memory contest starts to morrow. Section 1, page 18. Drain for heights Is planned by city. Sec tion 2, page- ZOr- Oregon Republican club pays tribute to Lincoln.' . Section 1. page 11. Are We Drifting Into War? Queries Mr. Barnes. RACE OBJECTIONS ARE CITED One Declared to Be Social and Other Economic. SOLUTION IS SOUGHT Labor Clause of Peace Covenant Is Believed Likely to Eliminate Lower Labor Standards. BY GEORGE M. BARNES Ex-Member of the British Cabinet and Member of the Peace Conference. (Copyright, 1021, by The OeKonlan.) LONDON. Feb. 12. (Special Cable.) Things are drifting. Are we to drift Into war? The yellow man looms large and portentous on the inter rational horizon. Australians, ap parently; are determined that the yel-k-w races must be barred from Aus tralia cAmlnions. and what Austra lians say regarding the south Pacific may also be said with equal emphasis by and for the west side of the north American continent. On th other hand teeming millions c t Japanese are increasing at the rate of a half million each year, and the 'imlted Japanese territory is already peopled almost to capacity. Must there be a war for racial privilege? America and the Antipodes seem pre pared to risk It, but isn't it warth while to consider some way out? Two Objections Noted. There are two objections to the yel tcw map one economic, the other so cial. R-5-pectin ff the first, the labor provisions in the peace treaty may, in the not distant future, bring the Jap anese more in line with the higher standards observed in America and Australia. Then the economic seclu sion argument would lose weight. Perhaps this would apply equally to the second argument. The latter is a women's problem, more than men's. The mandate for the South Pacific islands, which the Australian Sen ator Millon is taking home as a tro phy from the council of the league ot nations, gives Australia a . free hand, subject only to safeguarding the native population. Open Trade Door V nllkely. An open trade door or social equal ity are not stipulated and, considering Australia's political temperament, it can be predicted that neither will be observed. The mandate really involves dis crimination as between members of the league which is certainly not al lowable under the letter of the cove nant. But is such a policy in accordance with the spirit which gave birth to the league? This opens a momentous question now confronting the world. But meantime, if discrimination continues, the position of those in volved in forcing it may grow worse. 1 may even be found in an acute crisis that white people will not rally to the defense of privileges wherein only a small fraction of the white race Is practically concerned. Cannot some way out of the present difficulty be found? This suggestion is thrown out to those who are sitting in the stats of the mighty. The British political barometer still veers toward storms. Cries of econ omy are now finding a ready ecno from harassed taxpayers. The British are the heaviest taxed people in the world, and, although high taxation has resulted in some reduction of debt, nevertheless increasing num bers think that debt reduction has been purchased too dearly in stran gled trade and widespread hardship. Nordoes there seem any prospect (Concluded on Pave 3, Column l.V NEWS EVENTS. Police Quell Disorder, and Alleged Pacifist and Draft Opponent Continues Address. CINCINNATI. O.. Feb. 12. Scenes of turbulence that necessitated the sending of a riot call to police head quarters marked an address delivered today by Oswald Garrison Villard. editor of the Nation and formerly ed itor of the New York Evening Post The address was given under auspices of the City club and the Woman's City club. During the week there had been many resignations from both clubs on the ground that Villard was an admitted pacifist and that he opposed the draft. Prominent women, mem bers of the Woman's City club, cir culated petitions protesting against the meeting, and the use of several halls was denied. Villard was in the midst of his ad dress when about 50 men rushed up the stairs to the auditorium. A closed door containing a glass panel opened into an ante-room. , The glass was broken and several invaders and de fenders were slightly cut. The crowd poured Into the ante-room and there was a wild melee. Women member? threw themselves against the mail door to bar the Invaders, who were yelling: "Let's go! We demand to hear this man:" Blows were exchanged and the noise attracted a throng. A riot call was sent to the police. The stairway and ante-room were soon cleared. Villard halted as a result of the noise, but continued when the police had cleared the place. Herbert Seal, who denied that he was the leader of the attacking force, was charged with attack and battery, but was released on bond. Villard was escorted from the hall to an auto mobile -by the police after the streets had been cleared for a block. FARMERS HOPE TO SAVE National Association "Will Adopt Co-operative Selling Plan. CHICAGO, Feb. 12. The National Association of Wheat Growers today decided to adopt a co-operative plan of selling their product in an effort to save approximately 55 cents bushel through the elimination of the middleman's profit. -The growers plan to establish cen tral receiving stations in each state where the farmers may send their wheat. Stations for receiving wheat also will be established at all large seaports to bundle export trade, it was said. Members of the board voted to start work on the plan Immediately so that quick results may be ob tained. GAS KILLS AGED COUPLE Civil War Veteran and Wife Are Found Dead in Bed. EUGENE. Or.. Feb. 12. Mr. and Mrs. Harvey L. Smith, aged "7 and 78 respectively, were found dead in bed iti their home in this city this after noon. The house was full of gas, and neighbors who found the bodies say It was issuing from an open valve in the kitchen range. As neither one had been seen by neighbors since Thursday it is presumed that death occurred that night. Coroner Bransetter announced that death was undoubtedly due to as phyxiation. Mr. and Mrs. Smith were parents of Fred E. Smith, an attor ney. Mr. Smith was a lieutenant In the civil war. EGGS RETAIL AT 19 CENTS Lowest Price Quoted In Years Rules Roseburg Market. ROSEEURG, Or., Feb. 12. (Spe cial.) Fresh ranch eggs at 19 cents a dozen, the lowest price quoted in this city for many years, brought , this product within the reach of the most humble citizen in this city today. Nineteen cents was the retail price. producers receiving 17 cents for their eggs Hundreds of Bills Pend as Session Nears End. TENURE DEBATE IS SLATED Other Matters Also Expected to Take More Time. BONUS IS NOT SETTLED Some Vital Measures Putted by tine House or Ollur and Some Are Xot Yet Introduced. STATE HOUSE, Salem, Or.. Feb. II. (Special.) Comes now the sixth and last week of the legislative ses sion, with a multitude of work to be disposed of in the few romain'ng days. There are hundreds of bills which must be killed or passed be fore next Saturday night. In order to bring the session to a close at that time, the lawmakers will be compelled to go Into nifrht meetings and administer chloroform to scores of bills. Most of the measures which have consumed time are now out of the way, although the tenure bill has not been finally disposed of and it will, presumably, require a few more hours of debate. The tax measures have passed both houses and the port de velopment bills are in the office of the governor; the fish code has been taken care of and sundry and divers measures are disposed of. The Irrlsa tion bills after a spectacular flare, have gone to the cemetery of dead bills. Some Matter. Nerd Attention. There yet remain, however, some matters requiring attention. The road bills have not been cleared away. There Is no bond bill Intro duced yet to provide further funds for the state road programme. The motor code has not been adopted nor will it bo until the latter part of next week. The bonus measure Is still to be taken care of, one way or another. The ways and means committee has not completed the appropriations bills. Reapportionment of the legisla tive districts is being held back until the last few days of the seewlon. Some of these matters of Importance have been paused by one or the other branch of the legislature; some have not even been Introduced. This Is particularly true of the scries ot high way bills, for the proposed additional 2 cents a gallon on gasoline has not been embodied in a measure, and there is the bo'id bill which the commis sioners will require to prosecute highway work in the next two years. Itoad Bill. Are In Hen.le. Road bills which the house passed have been assigned to the senate road committee, although several aro pre sumed to be sponsored by the joint committee. Eventually the road programme will gut under way, but there are obstacles being erected here and there. The bill authorizing the' highway commission to locate routes is certain to cause debate. While It m'ght be advisable for the state high way commission to on the ground lu person during the remaining days cf the session so that the members can De consulted Dy legislators and road committees, It is not known that these officials propose being in the slate house. When the motor code comes up for consideration on the floor. It will pre c'pitate a debate which will probably continue for several hours. This code embraces such a multiplicity of sub jects that a number can be calculated on to cause comment. New Bill, to Be Offered. In addition to undisposed of bills. there will be new ones offered next (Concluded on Paar'e 0. Column t 4