30
THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAl PORTLAND, AUGUST 24, 1902.
AvE"RieAN IWASIOM ANT) BRITISH WORKSHOPS
JOHN BULL'S BIGGEST
FACTORIES BEING REMODELED
AFTER YANKEE PLANS.
HEFFiELD, England. Aug; 7.
(Special Correspondence.) I find
that the American Invasion has
lade its "way into this, tire very heart of
ldustrial England. Our big steel trust
as frightened the factories of Schef-
leld, and their trade, not only to England,
aut all the world over. Is being affected
by it. The English railroads have begun
lporting American locomotives and
lerican steel rails, and the people here
ktre "wondering "whether they -will not soon
fbe sending them knives and razors as -well,
fehe letting of the contracts for the cnor
inous bridges in Africa and Burmah to
lamerlcan firms astound them, and they
tare worried as to their foreign orders.
Sheffield produces agricultural machinery,
hut our American tools are Bold side by
telde -with those of English make, and our
biggest machine companies have their
agents at every country fair to drum the
"trade. Much of the business is done at
the fairs, and our men sell direct to the
farmers.
American Machine Tools.
One of the greatest specialties of Shef
field is making machine tools, and the
American competition is cutting deep into
this branch of Its business. In a recent ar
ticle the editor of Fielden's "Magazine, one
of the best of England's Industrial authori
ties, -writes that there is hardly a work
shop of any importance in the United
Kingdom which Is not using American
tools and labor-saving devices. He says
he knows of an establishment which re
cently bought ?100,000 worth of new ma
chinery, two-thirds of which was Amer
ican. Since the close of the war numerous
articles have been published in the pa
pers here as to how the Americans are fast
getting the monopoly of the machinery
sales for South Africa. It is reported that
,our trade in the British colonies is stead
HOMES AND HAUNTS OF FAMOUS AUTHORS
VIE CARLYLE r BY PROFESSOR PATRICK GEDDES
FOR the studious youth of B-and-20
years ago there were, despite many
obvious disadvantages as compared
(with tho conditions of the present gener
ation, more great teachers than there are
jlDow. Ruskin's, Emerson's and Tenny
fcon's influenco were, of course, widely
spread, and of the two contrasted poles
lof literature, that of clearest, keenest, sci
entific writing on the one hand, that of
deepest moral passion on tho other, there
fetood out Huxley and Carlyle the "Lay
Sermons" of the first, the "Sartor Resar-
;us" of tho second, each in Its way open-
up a vivid outlook for adolescence
to maturity.
About this time of highest appreciation
Sof these two writers my own wise and
sympathetic father, who had hitherto
largely guided and freely encouraged my
earlier education, gave it fully hencefor
ward Into my own hands; and so allowed
lrae to givo up previous plans of a Scottish
university education for a wandering one.
jU begin in London with the first of these
,two teachers; yet the selection was not
without attraction from the second. And
bo I settled down to work at Kensington
in Huxley's laboratory, and to live in
lodgings in Chelsea as near as possible to
Carlyle, as it happened a stone's throw
from his door.
Carlyle' Chelsea Home,
f Never can I forget my disappointment
fen finding it; tho house itself, indeed
lain, comfortable-looking, red, old-fash-
oned, free from that dreary West End
tuccoed respectability which is even more
epresslng than the gloom and grime of
poorer London; but alas, in a dull, nar
row street, witn oniy a aeaa wau m
front, scarcely relieved by a row of weak
ond struggling little trees. One could not
isee, of course, from tho street the fairly
spacious back garden, still less the goodly
vicarage park; and so, from the street,
Carlyle's house seemed but a poor, dull
cage, a prison rather than a home of
genius. But in a moment one came out
upon tho Chelsea embankment. This was
already practically In Its present form,
thanks to tho Metropolitan Board of
Works, though then without most of Its
new red houses, and with older and more
Irregular, simpler, quainter ones, leading
up to and centering round one really pic
turesque group, that dominated by Chel
sea Church, with its not undignified old
tower.
At either end of this mile or so of reg
ular embankment stood a bridge, of Chel
sea and Battorsea, respectively; the lower,
a commonplace piece of modern engineer
ing, but vulgarly petrified; tho upper, a
quaint old wooden structure, with Its
many piers, simple, practical, homely, yet
picturesque, with Its waving reflections,
Indeed often at evening almost sublime,
tho red sun-glow on sky and river burn
ing through Its black ribs as through
the phantom ship of the Ancient Mariner.
Here, I soon found, was Carlyle's walk;
there was no mistaking tho figure already
familiar from photograph and engraving,
with its still vigorous and steady stride,
the shoulders only slightly bowed, the
long overcoat, the broad-brimmed hat,
the hair and beard only grizzled, not
white. A vigorous, well-preserved.
healthy old man, a good touch of color
still on each cheekbone, the teeth (ap-
parcntly genuine)" white and well-prc-
SHEFFIELD TOWN HALL.
ily increasing, and tho complaint is made J
that the Governments of the various Brit
ish dependencies are giving their most
important orders to the United States.
ITott the British. Guard Trade Secrets
This condition makes It almost Impos
sible for an American to have access to
the English mills. The managers look
upon every visitor as a spy. They tnink
he is after their trade, secrets, and for
this reason they will not show him their
machinery. I have been refused admission
to a number of factories and foundries on
various pretexts, although my letters of
introduction, some of them jf rom our Gov
ernment departments, show that my mis
sion is simply that of newsgatherlng, and
that I am Interested in no manufacturing
business whatsoever.
On the other hand the Britisher docs
not hesitate to borrow ideas and machines
from others, and as a usual thing he bor
rows without asking. He Is quick to take
what he can get, not only from foreigners,
but from his own people. A notable in
stance of this occurred here at Sheffield
as far back as a generation before the
Declaration of our Independence. It was
the stealing of the secret of making cru
cible or cast steel. The originator of
this process came from near Sheffield. His
name was Huntsman, and he lived at a
town called Handsworth. Ho established
a factory at AtterclifC for the working of
this process, and his descendants still
make steel on the same spot. He carefully
guarded his secret for a time, but at last
one of his trade rivals stole it in the fol
lowing underhand way: He disguised him
self as a beggar, and one stormy night
came to the doors of the factory seeking
shelter and rest. He looked so rough that
the men in charge did not think there
could bo any danger from one of his class,
and they compassionately admitted him.
He was told he could He down on the cin
der heap. He only pretended to be asleep,
however, and through his half-shut eyes
took a mental photograph of the machlnery
and the operations. He watched so close-
served; in short, by no means the worn
dyspeptic I had expected from his own
and other accounts, and not by any means
looking his years then 83 or thereby.
Tho Great Teacher.
Hero, then, at length was the great
teacher before me, my then hero as man
of letters. To give him moro than ample
space to pass, yet to take off one's hat
reverently as becomes the student to his
most venerated teacher, was instinctive;
one did not think of never having been
introduced. Tho salutation was cour
teously yet absent-mindedly returned,
with eyes that only looked half into, half
beyond my own; and so this liberty of
salutation was never repeated. And
though meetings In the body frequently
took place, I never dared to seek In any
way for the introduction for which I not
withstanding longed.
His other favorlto walk seemed to be on
the border of HydeParlc Here one some
times met him, or more frequently return
ing on tho omnibus, in which one could sit
right opposite and look Into those' deep
meditative, eyos without his ever noticing
it. On his walks ho was generally alone;
one might meet him In the- afternoon or
late at night under the stars; and It Is on
this favorite haunt of tho embankment
that I still see him, and that he seems
most in place, his portrait, as It were,
most vividly framed, upon his beat be
tween the two bridges. He Is walking up
stream, and that stoutly; against tho
wind, but towards the sun, his back turned
upon the iron bridge of modern utilitarian
ism, with its' sham ornament and garish
gilding, his eyes toward the gray yet
gloaming river, or upon the upper wooden
bridge; its old-world simple, honest, rug
ged craftsmanship lending Itself to effects
of color and shadow now as "strong, now
as unexpected and lurid, as those of his
own style.
Chelsea in the Old Time.
Here too In the scene was that contrast
of the open world of nature In the sky
and stream, each a presence of the oter
nal, with our hurrying and thronging hu
man evanescence, which makes a city and
peculiarly a bridge sublime. On land also
the same contrast was not wanting. In ap
propriateness to our philosopher's favor
ite walk. Near the lower end of the em
bankment stood the railway bridge, the
Chelsea waterworks, too, with their huge
engines pumping day and night, the beam
of each swinging solemnly up and down,
"like a melancholy mad elephant," as my
studious landlord was wont to call It, per
haps quoting consciously or unconsciously
from Dickens. Beyond this, the coal
wharves and clothing factories of Plm
lico, its mostly mean and monotonous
streets; beyond thete again the squalid
labyrinths of Westminster crowding up to
Its very towers. Up the stream, however,
from the waterworks, the view went on
Improt'Ing. even beyond Chelsea Church,
with its memories of a gentler and yet
greater social thinker Sir Thomas More,
of the Utopia. For beyond this, where the
embankment stood unfinished, began the
real Chelsea, as Carlyle saw It when he
had settled there nearly half a century
before; and his own description, still the
best, shows that despite all his medita
tive inwardness and hermit-like moods he
was by no means Insensible either to the
human aspects or the landscape influences
of his environment.
To one who knew so well the life of in
. terlor reflection this whole environment
j could not but largely pass out of sight,
ly that he was able to reproduce the pro-
cess, and he used It to rival the work of
Huntsman. I understand that descendants
of this man stllbown one of the largest
iron and steel factories of England, and
that their business was originally based
on tho work of that night.
Keep the English Ontt
If I were at the head of an American
manufacturing establishment I would be
chary of showing my processes to English
visitors, especially to those of the same
business who are looking for points. Ev
erywhere I go I learn .of Englishmen who
are being sent to the United States to
study our workshops, machinery and meth
ods. A year ago Mr. Arthur Keen, of
Guest, Keen & Co., and Mr. E. Windsor
Richards, a well-known metallurgist, made
a thorough study of the best American
steel plants. The works of Guest. Keen
& Co. have been long noted as among the
best equipped In England, but what Mr.
Keen saw led him to change much of his
machinery to American patterns.
I know that a vast deal of American
shoemaklng machinery Is now being intro
duced into the shoe shops of Leicester and
other places. English shoes are being
made after our patterns, and American
leather Is lmportM that they may be as
like American shoes as possible.
In a recent copy of the London Mall I
see that tho Weardale Steel. Coal & Coke
Company. Limited, another of the biggest
firms of England, has decided to remodel
Its works on American lines at the cost of
a million and a -uarter dollars. They will
adapt our latest details in blast furnace
construction and steel manufacture, as
they have learned them from America.
Tho Mail adds
"By these and other means the company
Is eonlldent that it will be able to hold Its
own against any competition, either at
home or aboard.
Another plant which has been modern
lzed Is that of Bolckow, Vaughan & Co.,
but the modernizing In this case has
been superintended by an American en
leaving only for a background
"the infinities, the Immensities, the
eternal stars" of his great mono
logues; yet he was also an ob
server. One of the greatest 'of all word
painters, who could either take In a man
or a scene with a flash, or reproduce a
battle upon the spot or from the map
with patient constructlveness, he could
not but have "sketched" scones in words
as carefully In his way as Stevenson or
Tennyson in theirs.
Carlyle's Companions.
He was generally alone, as Old Age and
Thought must ever be. Only two or three
times have I seen him In company; once
with a taller, thinner man with close-
shaved, deep-lined hatchet face, whom I
take to have been Froude; another time
with a man somewhat resembling the por- I
trait of Ruskln, but whom I Imagine was I
CARLYLE'S BIRTHPLACE ECCLEFE CHAX.
not he. The third time was near mid
night, with a companion not to be for
gotten; a scene startling then, curious to
recall oven now; for here in the moonless
dark, and but faintly shown by the poor
street lamps, were to be seen incredible,
5et It seemed at first assuredly two Car
lyles! Carlyle, for one, sure enough, with
another old gentleman, almost his dou
ble; big overcoat, broad hat, grizzly beard
and all; and without superstition one felt
startled by these two old wizards; one
looked with a perplexed awe not felt be
fore or since. Who It was I never knew.
doubtless some old friend, who may have
put on one of Carlyle's own characteristic
overcoats before sallvlnc out with him for
I a final talk before going to bed. But never
before or since have I seen two such fig-
glnecr, and the total cost has been more
than two and one-half million dollars.
The English railroads are sending their
engineers to America to study or railway
methods, and I understand that a commis
sion of English factory men will shortly
go from Liverpool to the United States to
mako a careful investigation of our plants
along special lines.
In a recent letter to the London Times
Mr. J. Lawrence, of the House of Com
mons, writes a long statement as to the
causes of England's loss of trade, In which
he says that it Is largely owing to tho use
of antiquated machinery. Ho gives an
Instance in his own factory, saying that
while on a visit to America-he discovered
that we had more economical machines
than his own, and that when he returned
he broke and threw upon the scrap heap
tools which had originally cost 51S5.000. His
associates objected at the time, but they.
had since found he was right, for, owing
to that chang'e, the company haspald
dividends amounting to over $S,00O.O0O.
Engineers "Who Graduate in America
Indeed, it Is fast becoming quite the
thing to send the graduates from the .tech
nical schools here to the United States
for practical training. This Is what the
British Westlnghouso Company did with
50 young Englishmen whom they are now
using In their Manchester works. They
sent them to Pittsburg to learn "Westlng
houso methods, and tho managers say that
when so trained they become more effi
cient than the Simon Pure American.
In a speech at "Wolverhampton, Lord
Rosdbery recently mentioned how a cer
tain factory had selected from the public
schools a number of young men having
some knowledge of electricity and engi
neering, and, at Its own expense, had sent
them to America for a two years appren
ticeship In our workshops to qualify them
to be superintendents or foremen of Its
shops In England.
In short, the English factora are now
doing what tho Japanese Government has
been doing for 20 years with hundreds of
its promising young men that is, sending
them abroad to learn how to do business.
The German manufacturers have long
been doing the same thing. You find Ger
mans everywhere studying trade and trade
methods. Indeed. It has come to such a
pass here that many of the English shops
refuse to employ Germans, even though
they can get them for nothing.
As to sending men to the United States,
up to the present time this has been done
by the most enterprising firms. The aver
age British manufacturer Is still in his
Rip Van Winkle sleep, although he Is be
ginning to stretch himself and dream of
waking up. The most of his class stick
to their old machinery and old methods.
They Insist on doing business their own
way and appear to think that they can
prosper with the old machinery that their
grandfathers used because their grand
fathers prospered. This' is one of the chief
causes of tho decline of British Industry.
Some Troubles of British Labor.
In a previous letter I referred to the
difficulty which Mr. Stewart, the Amer
ican who built tho "Wesilnghouse works,
had In getting his bricklayers to lay moro
than 450 bricks a day. The same difficulty
exists as to all classes of English labor.
Tho' factory men complain that every
workman tries to do as little, instead of
as much as possible in the time he works.
He goes on tho principle that there is
only so much work to bo done, and that
what Is not done today will have to be
done tomorrow, and also, that If ho does
all the work there will be none left for
his fellows. The amount of work expected
of each man in many cases, which is fixed
by trade combinations. Is the amount pos
sible for the weakest and laziest. Tho
minimum wage that Is. that all members
of a certain trade shall receive a fixed
amount per day, without regard to the
relative value of their labor Is upheld,
and the rulo of one man to a machine Is
fought for.
English Strikes and Their Cost.
Strikes and lockouts are common, and
hundreds of thousands of people are af
fected by them every year. I have before
me the figures of such strikes for the year
1900. They numbered 64S and 1SS.O0O people
ure3. moro strange, more satisfying also
of one's dream of ancient peripatetic
sages.
These then arc all my own personal Im
pressions; but they remain sufficiently
definite to associate for mo as for most
others. Carlyle with Chelsea and Chel
sea with Carlyle.
With right feeling Chelsea has since
his death continued and developed this
association. First came the naming of a
square by the local authorities; next
Boehm's statue In the embankment gar
denby no means unsuccessful, surely
meriting higher praise than It has had
as a presentiment of the meditative yet
impatient thinker and lastly, best of all,
by the permanent preservation of Car
lyle's house, and the reconstruction of
Its furniture and the rest, as far as may
be. This scheme for a time was indeed
In danger of falling; yet even then some
other plan would doubtless have been
found: for Instance. It was already under
discussion as a London house In connec
tion with Edinburgh and perhaps other
Scottish universities, where the Northern
student might lodge or settle for a time.
For Carlyle. so characteristically a Scot-
tlsh student, was also a lost Scots pro
fessor. He was Indeed rejected once and
again, as so many other great Scotsmen
have been Robert Burns even, and many
others before and since.
His biting description of his Alma
Mater cannot be forgotten despite his
later rectorship, his final generosities to
It; and to him the real university was,
as he said himself, a collection of books.
Hrnce among his London homes and
haunts must we not indeed put foremost
of all the British Museum? And as hta
main material monument may we not
i take the London Uhrarv. In th found.
! ing of which he had no sniall Influence
I and nrnrtlcnl nart? Tn th
is fitting that his bust In Edinburgh
should be in the library of the philo
were Involved In them. The total loss of
work amounted to more than 3,000,000 days,
or. In round numbers, cutting out the
Sundays, to tho work of one man for
about 10,000 years. Reckoning the days at
eight hours and the wages at only six
pence, or 12 cents, an hour, the loss In
money amounted to more than $3,000,000.
The principal causes of strikes were
against the reduction of or for tho ad
vancement of wages; 93 of them arose
from the employment of people outside
the unions, or contrary to the rules of
the unions, and only six were for a re
duction of hours.
All of these strikes were connected with
the trades unions, which are very strong
In Great Britain. There are 32 unions
here, which have altogether a membership
of SS3.000. and. In addition. 517 others, the
members of which make a total of almost
1.400,000 trades unionists. The men con
tribute liberally to the unions, and the
union funds on hand In 1900 amounted. It
Is estimated, to about 51S.0CO.O00, or to tho
Income of the members of the union for
almost two years.
"Weehu Ends and Holidays.
One thing that tends to the injury of the
English manufacturing Industries Is what
Is known as the week ends, and also the
numerous holidays. The week end Is tho
Saturday half-holiday, which Is common
all over thls country. No one works after
1 o'clock on that day, and a large pro
portion of the men, and of the women as
well, celebrate the time by going on a
drunk, which in many cases lasts until
Monday. The holidays of the English
workmen amount to very nearly a month
every year. I speak of those taken vol
untarily, as well as those allowed by tho
state. There Is but little work done dur
ing Easter week, and In this region es
pecially little during the week following
Ascension day. Then there Is a holiday
time about mid-Summer, and also at
Christmas and New Tear's. The Amer
ican would celebrate such days In a ra
tional manner, but In a majority of cases
the English laborer celebrates them by
getting drunk.
Our people who have not visited the
sophical institution rather than in the
university.
So Carlyle must not be grudged to
Chelsea, the more since In these days
beginning a new chapter in Its history,
ono not unworthy of Its great traditions.
.and likely to continue and develop these.
For wW.e the antiquary mourns the
sweeping away of the old walls, the re
building of the old houses, the uprooting
of old -associations, these Inst cannot
wholly vanish, but must ever linger
round their one main and prominent
focus around tho ' old church tower.
Moreover, the tail, fashionable red-brick
houses of the embankment. Its tidy gar
dens, nnd plane-tree lines are not the
last developments, not even the twopen
ny tube, and all the further reconstruc
tion It may bring. For now that the
great scientific chools and museums of
London, the university Itself are growing
up within a mile of the river, here In
Chelsea Is evidently the future rcflden
tlel university town of the greater Lon
don; at least the most distinct and con
venient of Its various partial centers.
For thanks to river and embankment, to
Batterea Park, too, over the way.
thanks also to ready access by boat as
well as by road and rail to the country.
Chelsea Is still the best place In London
for the student.
It 13 no doubt tnre that Carlyle's work
may now be considered mainly done, so
far as sharing In the discovery of Intel
lectual Germany, as rehabilitating Oliver
or writing Frederick; his main political
work also, since that was In educating
the generation who have now mainly
passed rom Liberalism to Empire. Yet
surely 'the vital passages -of "Sartor,"
the portraits of his "Heroes." the main
f.cenco of his "French Revolution." will
all survive. Not Indeed any of them as
definite and final history, but as revela
tions of human personality, in writer and
In subject, as arousing personality, too.
In the render.
The student will always need his watch
tower of solitary meditation, his garret
of strenuous labor; and in each of these
at least Carlyle's name and influence
may remain, and even deepen onct more
to a generation younger than the present
rising one. which has rarely rend him
at all. In short, as his living career
rulmlnated In his Lord Rectorship or
Edinburgh, so In his later Influence
he may be counted among the truest and
earliest spiritual rectors of the still only
Inclplcnt University of London.
Yet In a deeper sense Carlyle Is not
really of Chelsea, and cannot really be
Identified with It like the gentle Sir
J Thomas More. He was nearly 40 when he
came there; and with his essential edu
cation long ended, hlv main book written,
the others planned; It Is thus his earlier
homes and haunts that any ready bio
graphic student must look Into. This sur
vey should range from Eeclefechan to
Edinburgh, even, tracing the hundred
weary miles as he literally did on foot
on his way to college, an experience
which must surely have hnd much to do.
with his translation of "Wllhelm Meister's
Apprenticeship," with Its Insistence upon
the value of wander-years. His student
life in Edinburgh, with his struggles and
his spiritual new birth; his notable
friendship with Edward Irving at Kirk
caldy; his love stories there and at Had
dington; his visits to Germany; his settle
ment after marriage, llrst In Edinburgh,
and his six years of formative solitude at
Cralgenputtock; these are the essential
points for whoever seeks to reconstruct
the antecedents nnd environments, and
discern their Influences upon the growth
of, this man, our last great force In prose
literature.
Next week, "Tennyson," by Canon
Rawnsley.
(Copyrlshted, 1902.)
THE CUTLERS HALL AT SHEFFIELD.
factory centers of England can have no
Idea of the terrible condition of thef work
ing classes as regards tho use of intox
icating liquors. "Women and girls patron
ize the saloons almost as much as the
men, and you cannot go Into a public
house without finding from ono to a
dozen women drinking. There are sa
loons near all the factories, and at the
meal hours the hundreds of factory girls
rush for them and sit down with the men
and have their beer, gin or whisky with
their meals. They drink at noon and at
night, and many drink too much.
The average man when he receives his
wages lays aside a certain amount for
his drink- over Sunday. If he makes HO
a week he may give his wife Jo for the
household expenses and reserve the other
$3 for the public house where he slta and
guzzles. In many cases ho prolongs his
spree till Monday, and the factory then
looks for him in vain. This fact makes
English labor very unreliable. The com
panies dare not contract to finish their
Jobs In a fixed time, and as a result much
of their business Is going out of the coun
try. Again, when tho American capitalist
has a big Job his workmen will turn In
and work nights to help him. Here. I
am told, the average man works rather
against than for his employer, and the
moro skillful a man Is the slower he
works.
For fear what I have said about Eng
lish drunkenness may be disputed I have
looked up the national drink bill for one
year and I find that it exceeds that of
any other nation. It amounts to more
than JSOO.OOO.OOO annually, or almost a
hundred dollars per year for each family
of five. The amount spent for liquors
In 1500 was more .than the Government
revenue of that year and more than the
rents of all the houses and farms of the
country. Taking out the people who It
Is estimated abstain from the use of In
toxicants, it amounted to about $35 per
head, and two-thirds of the whole was
drunk by tho working claeses. These flg-r
ures are taken from the London Mail
Year Book, which also adds that of all
the nations of the world the English
OF INTEREST TO WOMEN
RECIPES FOR DISHES THAT ARE UNIVERSALLY
POPULAR ssr Continued From Page 28.
night, and In the morning pour off syrup,
boil for five minutes and again pour
over fruit. Repeat this for three suc
cessive mornings, then seal tight In jars
and store.
HINTS ABOUT SUMMER FOOD.
NO responsibility Is greater than that
which pertains to the food served
to tho family, particularly during the
hot months. Two most Important consid
erations are Involved In this question,
the sanitary and the economic. Warmth
and moisture, of which we have had an
over-abundance of the latter this sea
son, are great Inducers of the growth of
those minute organism known as bac
teria, the results being tho decay of
foods, the souring of milk, the fermen
tation of fruits, even when canned or
preserved, the molding of bread, etc.
The housewife cannot be too careful In
Summer to avoid the placing before her
family anything which Is not fresh and
prime. The utmost cleanliness, the con
stant airing of all food receptacles, the
eternal watch over the edibles. Is re
quired if the health of the family Is to
be retained. There are various ways by
this rnn ho nvnmtl!:hpd nocord-
ing to circumstances. The housekeeper
wno nns a clean, cooi. ary ceimr 13 ior
tunatc; next to this Is perhaps the Ice
chest, which must also be kept scrupu
lously clean. All cooked foods should be
tVini-ftiirrVilir innloi1 yffnro nilttlnir nmv.
1 It Is therefore not enough that recep
tacles ami storage piacc3 do Kept in
proper order, but the food Itself must
be teken care of so as not to attract
decay.
Never mix warm food with cold. If you
THE NEWEST
GUESTS ARE REQUIRED TO DRAV THE FEATURES
OF A FRIEND IN THE "FACE BOOK"
I "YUITE the latest idea Is to have a face
book. Instead of the old style al
bum, a collection or drawing paper sncuis
are bound together, and the friends of the
bookowner are expected to do the rest. A
book Is sometimes made of heavy, coarse
white linen, and Is a desirable and dur
able style, with the cover of brilliant crim
son, deep blue or yellow linen. If a clever
sketch drawn In black Is put on It, so
much the better. Here are lines that
may be written in fancy letters below the
sketch:
TIs a. face book rare.
And, friends, I dare.
To trace its iases o'er;
"With -what is la
Their minds to limn.
However it may bore.
It Is the proper caper to Introduce the
book at 5 o'clock teas and Sunday even
ing suppers. In It each guest Is asked
to draw a head of some sort girl, man,
child or animal. It does not In the least
matter If they cannot draw at all. They
must do their best, or worst. Usually
the worst Is very desirable, because It
make's a laugh. The amateur artists must
blen their names, or write 'lines descrip
tive of their efforts. The protests against
thus committing themselves are sometimes
loud and deep. No attention should be
paid to them.
The most amusing pages in the face
drink tho most and tho Americans the
least.
But let me tell you something about
this city of Sheffield la which I am now
writing. It 13 the typical English steel
manufacturing town, and is the chief
cutlery town of the whole world. It Is a
city of the rich and poor, of many capi
talists and tens of thousands of work
men. Its workmen have 'been doing the
same class of work for generations, and
they are among the most skilled of their
kind. A vast amount of tho work Is done
by hand. I went through one of the
largest cutlery establishments and found
In it hundreds of blacksmiths pounding
out knife blades and razor blades upon
anvils, fashioning them just as the coun
try blacksmith does his work at home. I
saw the grinding done by hand, and in
other little shops the handles were made
and the knives and razors put together
In the same way. Much of the work it
seemed to me could have been equally
well and more rapidly done by machin
ery. Sheffield makes me think of Pittsburg.
It is about as big as Pittsburg, and It lies
in a nest In the hills at the Junction of
two rivers- It has "hundreds of foundries
and factories, and the foundry chimneys
rise through the smoke which hangs over
It like the ghosts of a dead forest vlelng
In height with the spires of the churches.
The city has good streets, some of
which have been recently widened at the
cost of the corporation. It has an excel
lent car system, which will givo you rides
for one or two cents a trip. It has a
magnificent town hall, which cost $S0O,C0O.
and other fine buildings.
The business blocks would do credit to
Pittsburg itself, and in one of the best of
them is the American Consulate, with the
good old American flag flying from the
windows.
The United States Consul, by the way.
Is Major Church Howe, a business man
from Nebraska. He has brought the
consulate out of the chaos In which It
formerly was and is now pushing Amer
ican Ideas in a most respectable way.
FRANK G. CARPENTER.
(Copyright. 1B02.)
are going to put away bread, fish or
meat, cool them first in a current of air.
The more quickly a substance Is cooled
the better It will keep. All green vege
tables, except those to be eaten raw.
should be cooked as soon as posslblo after
being gathered. Everyone knows how
soon green peas or beans or sweet corn
lose their flavor and sweetness. The
housewife who has a small vegetable
garden of her own Is fortunate. There she
may pluck the vegetables In the early
morning, while they are yet wet with tho
dew, and cook them while they retain all
the delicacy of their flavors. But. of
course." the city woman must do the next
best thing she can try to secure her food
as fresh as possible, and take prompt
care of It.
There are many Httlo "tricks" In the
trade of housekeeping. Meat may be
protected from flies by jmearlng It with
pepper or ground ginger, which can be
washed off before cooking. These Httlo
aids also help to preserve It longer. Pow
dered charcoal also keeps meat from be
ing tainted. If meat has been kept upon
Ice It should be cooked at once upon be
ing removed. There are some foods that
take the place of fresh meat in hot
weather with good satisfaction, amonj
which may be counted the sometimes
scorned salted codfish. This fish may
be "prepared In various delicious ways,
creamed or boiled. Also dried beef Is
nice creamed, while a good-sized soup
bone may be mado into a pot of stock
and kept in the Ice chest, ready for use
on short notice. Pickled tongue, coll
ham. plenty of eggs, rice and macaroni,
all go to moke a healthful Summer diet,
added to vegetables and fruit In their
season.
FAD
book are apt to be the ones in which de
tached human features are drawn. For
instance, there may be a nose done by one
friend, and ear by another, just the tip
end of the dimpled chin by a third, or the
sketch of a hand. It Is a good plan to
have the pages with these odds and ends
of features sketched In without auto
graphs. A good line at the head of the
page would be. "By their works ye shall
know them." These are the guessing
leaves of the face book, and many a Jolly
hour may be passed by visitors who try to
guess the names of the artists. Some
women Insist that musical friends shall ex
press a sentiment by means of a bar of
music The selection of the bar Is made
from a popular song, and the first word
of the line Is written over the initial note,
while the last one appears above the clos
ing one. This helps out the guesser. who
cannot read music, but who Is familiar
with the songs of the day. Other face
book owners, with original minds, insist
that only flowers or plants or trees be
drawn on the pages. A glance at some
of these makes one wonder to see how
little form in flowers Is appreciated. Color
appears to be the chief point that appeals
to the average eye. and form to a little or
no place .at all In it.
The face book neeu never be complete,
for each evening that a woman entertains
a fresh leaf may be added.
CATHERINE PRINDIVILLE.