, THE SUNDAY 0EEGONIAN, PORTLAND", 'AUGUST 18, 1901.
11"
IsMtPilK,
r
avag'es of Consumption,
"
How Present Great Mortality Rate May
Be Lessened Under Proper Management.
Through the kindness of Dr. August C. . wanting:. To send a phthisical patient
3Cinney. of Astoria, the following: paper is
submitted. It is by Llewellyn P. Bar
bour, M. D., Tullahoma, Tenn., profes
sor of materia medlca and therapeutics.
University of the South; lecturer on tuber
culosis, University of Tennessee:
According to the- statistics of the last
census, 130,000 people die from consump
tion in the United States alone each year.
If the effects of this disease were con
centrated in Memphis your city would
be (depopulated in nine months. By the
same authority there are 2500 deaths from
consumption in Tennessee each year. This
concentrated in a town like Tullahoma
would wipe it from, the earth in a year's
time. Again, these figures mean that in
the United States 15 people die from this
cause every hour. Three hundred and
sixty every day. Ten in Tennessee ev
ery day.
Recently in a gathering- of about 100
men and women I asked if there were
any present who had not felt the dread
fulness of consumption by the loss of
some one dear to them; there was not
one. In the same gathering Ave had
mourned death from yellow fever, seven
from diphtheria, four from scarlet fever,
one from smallpox, and one from cholera.
Surely this is the David among diseases.
Our duty as guardians of the public
health is plain. Our leaders nave dem
onstrated the truths of the contagiousness
of consumption, of its preventablencss,
and of Its curableness in early stages
under proper management. We must
arouse ourselves and be making life-saving
application of these truths. Every
line of attack and defense must be guard
ed, every resource used. Individual ef
forts and municipal, state and national
authority must be enlisted, as is done
when tho Sauls of cholera or smallpox
threaten to invade our shores or lift their
heads within our land.
There are two obvious methods by
which we may hope to lessen the mortal
ity rate of any disease. First, by re
storing those already diseased; second,
by preventing the occurrence of the mal
ady. The first method is the oldest and
seems still to be more popular than the
second. It is, however, less successful,
and considered as a matter of social econ-
away from home to some distant resort.
there to take his chances In fashionable
hotels or unsanitary boarding-houses, and
to be his own guide and counselor, is to
Invite disaster. Good institutional treat
ment In the worst of climates gives far
better results than what I will call uncon.
trolled treatment in the best climatic re
sorts. Indeed, there Is a striking similar
ity of results obtained at good institu
tions, wherever situated. Meissen, In
his sanatorium at Hohennef, Germany, al
titude of 774 feet, reports 27 per cent of
cures and 40 per cent permanently ar
rested. Rompler, at Gorbersdorf, Swit
zerland, altitude 1S40 feet, gives the same.
Detweller, of Falkensteln, altitude 1378
feet, climate somewhat misty and foggy,
reports 23 per cent' of cures. Institu
tions at or near the sea level in Russia,
Belgium and England give about the
same percentage of cures and permanent
arrests as do those at higher altitudes.
"Von Ruck, at Asheville, altitude 2250 feet,
reports from his sanatorium 35 per cent
cured or permanently arrested, 46 per
cent improved. Trudeau, at Lake Sara
nac, altitude 1539 feet, reports out of 91
cases 19 cured and 26 arrested. "While my
work at Tullahoma, Tenn., is yet in Its
indplency. I have to report out of 16
coses 5 apparent cures, 7 greatly Im
proved. Some of these Improved cases are
still under treatment, and I shall, appar
ently, yet be able to report one or two
of them under the . head of cured. Alti
tude of Tullahoma", 1150 feet. The lesson
of these statistics needs no comment.
This segregation of patients in special
institutions Is helpful also In preventing
the spread of consumption, and will be
again referred to under that head. Ob
jection is often made to special institu
tions that the influence must be depressing
upon one surrounded by so many con
sumpltves. This objection is born of ig
norance. The atmosphere of these places
Is usually one of serenity and content.
The Improvement of one patient Inspires
hope in many others. If the physician
in charge has, as he should have, the
gift of Inspiring confidence In his patients,
they will quietly resign all worry and
care about themselves, and willingly sub
mit to the minutest details of manage
ment, serene In their confidence that the
measures taken will restore health. Be
sides Inducing obedience to directions, this
hope and confidence In itself makes large-
ical vigor of young men and women in
our better class of colleges. This work
must be encouraged and extended to
schools of a lower grade and to the public
schools. Especially should the children
of families predisposed to phthisis receive
careful physical training, and be kept In
the best of sanitary surroundings.
Better Sanitary Conditions.
That Insanitary conditions have much
to do In the causation of consumption
was demonstrated by Drs. Bowdltch, of
Massachusetts, and Buchanan, of Eng
land, many years ago. They showed
conclusively that consumption was much
more prevalent in residences situated in
low, wet soils than in those situated on
hillsides and pervioussoils. They con
firmed also the general belief that Ill
ventilated, dark, damp dwellings conduced
to the occurrence of the disease. And
this Is all reasonable In the further light
thrown on the etiology of the subject by
recent Investigations. While the tuber
cular bacillus is the specific cause, it Is
only under conditions favorable to Itself
that It develops In the human organism
and starts the variety of pathological
states called consumption. Dark and damp
surroundings, with Ill-ventilated rooms,
weaken and make susceptible the animal
organism, while the microscopic plant
is conserved In great vigor to infect and
reinfect the hosts. The authorities above
cited also give statistics showing a re
markable lessening of the amount of
phthisis wherever these unwholesome con
ditions have been corrected. And here
Is a great work for the future. The peo
ple must be persistently taught the im
portance of proper construction and loca
tion of dwellings. Our cities and villages
must be thoroughly cleaned and drained.
Landlords must be prohibited the erection
of apartment and tenement-houses not
properly ventilated, sunny and dry. The
most worthless of the population must
not be allowed to herd In damp and filthy
holes. We as physicians must press upon
the people as a scipntlfic truth the lesson
taught by the Great I'hyslclan that all
men are brothers. Germs incubated in
hovels may be carried to halls. Dives
In his princely palace is not safe so
long as Lazarus lives In an unwhole
some den.
Spread of the Tubercular Bacilli.
"There can be no tuberculosis without
the tubercular bacillus" is a pathologic
axiom. This bacillus, under ordinary cir
cumstances, does not propagate Itself,
or long exist outside the animal organ
Ism. Could we absolutely prevent the
spreading of this germ from one animal
organism to another, the phthisical death
rate would soon be zero. This conveyance
of the bacilli occurs through the media
of discharges from tuberculous patients,
and from milk and flesh of diseased ani
mals. The almost complete prevention
of infection from these sources certainly
seems possible, and It Is in this line that
would willingly enter. Many honest work
ing men who arc self-supporting when
wel! And themselves and families the ob
jects of charity when str.cken with a
self, with an attempt at enorcemeT:i?r
would be educational, and a beginmrs
might be made by ordinances forbildlag
expectoration on the floors of public ccti-
PROFESSOR LLEWELLYN P. BARBOUR, M. ., OF THE UNIVERSITY
OF TENNESSEE.
7 X - ,V&&V-'
tto li '4 k xlm ijfejjjjjjSjgffllMl
ROUND DOME, ROYAL ARCH AND WASHINGTON COLU3IN.
omy, Is by far the most wasteful. But the
sick, like the poor, we have with us al
ways, and for humanity's sake we must
be untiring in our efforts to cure.
My discussion of the treatment of con
sumption there must be brief.
An Early Dingmohls.
First, permit a sort of Irishism; the
greatest advance the general practitioner
can make in the treatment of consump
tion is in learning to make an earlier diag
nosis. It Is a. truism to say of any dis
ease -that the earlier It is recognized and
put under correct management, the bet
ter are the chances of recovery. This
is doubly true of phthisis. A distinct dis
ease, a pathological entity at first, it be
comes in more advanced stages a com
plication of various pathological condi
tions. Yet alas and alas! cases are dally
overlooked, only to be recognized when
death has plainly placed his seal upon the
face of the patient. The early diagnosis
liears also upon the prevention of con
sumption; for the atient, knowing his
trouble, can thus be early Instructed as
to the source of danger he may become to
others, and how to avoid that danger.
Therapeutic Management.
By the judicious use of some of our fa
miliar drugs, -we can help to lessen the
mortality rate of consumption. Iron, ar
senic, the hypophosphltes, strychnine, cod
liver oil, digitalis, opium, the digestive
ferments these meet Indications which
frequently arise, and are aids not to be
despised. Yet their excessive and inju
dicious use will defeat the ends aimed
at. The more recently introduced reme
dies for consumption are yet on trial, and
are the subjects of much controversy.
The ' remedies produced by Professor
Klcbs from culture growths of the bacilli
are, I am convinced, a distinct advance
in the therapeutics of phthisis. These
products, antiphthlsin and tuberculocldin,
seem to me to be Identical in results. In
my hands these remedies have certainly
seemed to accomplish all that Klcbs
claims for tbem, namely, the destruction
of tubercular bacilli in living tissue. This
claim Itself shows the limitations of any
Specific for tuberculosis. We must keep
clearly in mind that advanced phthisis
is not a simple disease; that it consists of
a multiplicity of pathological conditions.
With all the bacilli destroyed, there re
main still the septic germ to be overcome,
damages to be repaired, and the body,
shattered generally, to be restored. This
leaves a great work to be done, ana this
work can only be done by wise hygienic
management.
Hycienic Treatment and Special In
stitutions. The wise hygienic management of phthi
sis Involves the close, careful, untiring,
personal supervision of every detail of
tho patient's daily life. Nothing avoid
able must be allowed to occur that will
injure the patient, and nothing left un
done that will make for improvement.
Because of this need of minute personal
supervision of the patient, the general
practitioner fails, and must continue to
Xall, to attain the success reached In spe
cial institutions. The greatest advance
we can make toward lessening the mortal
ity rate of consumption by bringing about
the recovers' of those already diseased,
is in placing them In special institutions.
This proposition is so well established by
statistics as to scarcely admit of discus
sion, yet It Is not generally known. Cli
matic treatment has been tried and found
3y for recovers'. Peace of mind is almost
essential to recovers. Mental treatment
is no less Important than physical treat
ment. In a well-managed institution the
appearance in that of a popular boarding
school, so free from care do the inmates
seem, rather than that of the usualls con
ceived idea of a hospital. Objection on
the score of expense is met bsr the estab
lishment of state sanltoria for the tuber
culous poor. This will be referred to
later, as will be also the objection be
cause of fear of contagion in such Insti
tutions. Prevention of Occurrence of Mnlady.
There are two plans by which we may
attempt this: First, bj- increasing the re
sistance of the race through better phys
ical training of jouths and through the
introduction of better sanltars' condi
tions; second, bs preventing the spread
of the specific germs.
Much is being done to increase the phjs-
we mas' hope for our greatet success in
lessening the mortality rate from con
umption. A complete plan for dolna
this involves first, the education of the
general public as to the contagiousness
of the disease, and how to avoid the dan
ger; second, the registration of every
case of tuberculosis as soon as diag
nosed; third, the thorough disinfection of
all Infected residences, public institutions,
halls and conveyances; fourth, the es
tablishment of special hospitals for the
segregation and treatment of the poor suf
fering from the disease: fifth, the enact
ment of laws forbidding practices by
which others are liable to be infected;
sixth, the inspection of dairies and
slaughter-houses bj' municipal, state or
national authorities.
Opinions may differ as to the relative
value of these measures, but none will
dispute that each has some value. Some
of them have been adopted bj' a few
S(r. a 'a v '& i -' v,v';3;' o o-V 'y vv r ? ' iE9
YOSE3IITE FALLS, 3000 FEET.
cities and states, and wherever any single
one has been, enforced to any extent, thero
has been a lessening of the death rate.
Could all of them be rigidly en
forced the world over, it is not
extravagant to claim that con
sumption would soon be as rare as
leprosy. How soon any or all of those
measures are undertaken In our own
states depends upon the energy and ear
nestness with which we set about our
task.
How to Avoid the Danger.
The masses of the American people
can best be Instructed upon these points
through the magazines and newspapers.
We should avail ourselves of these avenues
of reaching- the people In a sj-stematic
way. To avoid the suspicion of self-advertising
which might attach to the phy
sician who sought thus to enlighten the
public, I suggest that our medical so
cieties appoint committees or Individuals
who shall prepare a series of short, clear
papers, couched In popular phrase, to be
printed in all the newspapers within
the territory of the society. These papers,
signed bs' two or three well-known and
responsible phs'slcians, as a committee of
whatever soclets' authorizes it, would
.have so much more Influence than do the
unsigned paragraphs that occaslonalls'
appear. Of the details of what should
be taught I will not stop for discussion.
They are not difficult to settle. Only I
would not have such horror of consump
tives created as to make them outcasts.
It is not necessars'. Sterilization of dis
charges Is the keynote.
Another mode of reaching the masses is
by means of popular lectures. These can
be given by responsible resident phj-si-cians
in the cities and towns throughout
the land. Societies for the prevention of
tuberculosis should beprganlzed; litera
ture should be distributed land" lectures au
thorized by them. Such a society has
been in existence in Pennsylvania for five
years. It has distributed some 100,000
tracts upon such subjects, as "How to
avoid contracting tuberculosis," "How
persons suffering from tuberculosis can
avoid giving it to others," "How hotel
keepers can aid In preventing the spread
of tuberculosis," etc. This society is mak
ing vigorous efforts for municipal and
state institutions for the tuberculous poor,
with promise of success In the near fu
ture. The results of the work of this so
ciety and of educational work In general
Is shown in the decided lowering of the
death rate from phthisis in Philadelphia.
In 1S70. with each 100,000 of population
there were 342 deaths from this cause, 317
in 18S0, 264 in 1890, and only 220 In 1S94.
Registration of Every Case.
To fight a foe successfullj we must
know where he is. Not only should there
be registration of name and residence at
the beginning of the disease, but record
should be made of his removal to other
residences and distant places. By this
means all those immediately concerned
can be specially Instructed In the pre-
vention, and notice made or inrectea
houses, and disinfection enforced. This
work can best be done bs' our health offi
cers and boards of health. This plan has
recently been undertaken bjr one or two
cities, and we confidently expect marked
results from this one measure alone.
Thorough Disinfection.
Infected buildings are large factors in
the causation of consumption. In an in
vestigation of the origin of consumption
made by me at Tracy CItj-, Tenn., sev
eral years ago, I found about two-thirds
of the capes began In houses where It
had prevlousls occurred. The cases were
in that town comparatively' few, howev
er. Dr. Flick, in the much larger field
of Philadelphia, sas's that "at least 50 per
cent of all cases were contracted in
such houses." He has shown that fam
ilies in whom no claim of Inherited rhthl
sls could be made have been stricken with
the disease after moving Into such houses, ,
and that, after thorough renovation, the
families following remained free. Objec
tion to disinfection may be made on the.
score of expense. We do not hesitate in
other diseases because of expense, still
less should we do so In this disease. Tha
work should be under the supervision of
sanitary officers, and among the poor at
public expense.
The death rate from consumption in pe
nal institutions has in the past been
something appalling. Part of this has
been due to the development of tho dis
ease bs the close confinement and often
depressed mental condition of the convict,
but more of it is due to cases contracted
from Infected cells, etc. Yet these insti
tutions are under the direct control of
the authorities, and preventive measures
can easils' be enforced. A case of con
sumption originating In a penitentiary
ought to be practically unknown.
Factors' Infection is a common source of
tuberculosis. There should be monthlj'
Inspection of factories and workshops not
only to compel disinfection whenever ne
cessary, but also to exclude all workmen
in whom the tuberculosis disease has
reached the point of the breaking down
of tissues with resulting infectious dis
charges. The occupancy of halls,
churches, etc., Is of so short duration aa
to limit vers' much the danger of infec
tion from them. Yet danger lurks in
them, and the predisposed mas yield t'o
fleeting exposure, Tho proper manage
ment and disinfection of these places must
be the result of education.
Cars Are Hotbeds of Infection.
Of our modern cars, street and rallwas",
I would speak more In detail. True the
occupancs' here is short, but sufficient
amount of Infective material makes even
short occupancy dangerous. And nowhere
is more infective material collected. The
floors are used as cuspidors by succeeding
passengers. The broom is used at the end
of the trip, the germ-laden dust raised
and scattered to settle again on seat and
woodwork. This Is again stirred up'-wifh j
off by the clothes of the passengers, and '
sifted into tho air bs' the jar of travel
and the gusts of wind. Sweeping and
dusting must give place to washing and
scrubbing, t'he washing to be done often
with a solution of some germ-destros'ing
substance. This reform should bo accom
plished easily In the case of street cars;
but In railway cars it Involves the over
throw of .plush upholstery and reform In
the construction of cars. These reforms
must come. Of all materials used as up
holstery plush is the most! difficult to
cleanse and disinfect. Whether it Is used
in cars by choice of the' railroads as a
matter of economs", or born of popular
fanes', I cannot tell. Of the Pullman
sleepers I can hardls' speak with patience.
Others have called them "centers of pes
tilence" and "hotbeds of Infection." Re
calling the fact that patients with phthi
sis are the most frequent of travelers, that
they generalls' occups' sleepers, recalling
the curtains, the plush upholstery and tho
carpets, we can see that thes are horrible
centers from which tuberculosis Infection
arises. Pullman sleepers are an abomina
tion that must not be suffered. And pop
ular opinion Is the lever bs" which we can
overthrow them popular opinion and the
passage of laws. For If railroad compa
nies were compelled to steam their .car
pets, boll their curtains and soak their
plush frequentls', thes' would rid them
selves of this media of contagion. I do
not attempt' to suggest a perfect sleeping
car, but it must be an apartment car,
thus doing away with the hangings; thero
must bo no filigree in the woodwork, the
upholstery must bo of leather, and there
must! be no carpets.
Establishment of Public Sanatoria.
It is among the poorer that this infec
tion spreads most surely and rapidlj' not
the wretohedls' poor onls', but also among
tho working classes, whoso home are
small and often crowded. I have Insisted
upon Institutional treatment' of the disease
heretofore; I urge the establishment of In
stitutions for the poor under the head of
prevention, because It is on the ground of
protection tb others that we can most ef
fectually and most legitlmatels-' advocate
the appropriation of mones' by city or
state. That this segregation of the af
flicted would protect ofhers is beyond
doubt. The Progress Medical, in a recent
number, makes a statement relative to
phthisis In France and England which
demonstrates clearly the results accom
plished in the prevention of the disease by
special hospitals. That! journal states:
"There are three times as mans deaths
in Parl3 as In Great Britain. In 1S70 the
mortality in England and Wales was 2410
for each million of inhabitants, but since
consumptive have been treated In special
hospitals this number has fallen to 1463
in 1S93." The hospitals In England were
built, most of them, bs' philanthropists
as a matter of charlts' to the poor. But
now that wo know that they afford pro
tection to the communits", we should no
longer hesitate to urge tfheir establish
ment at public expense. Europe Is ahead
of us in this matter. Berlin, Cologne,
Hanover, Breslau, Dresden, Worms,
Wurzburg, Bremen, Vienna, Paris, and
several cantons o Switzerland have re
cently built, or have in course of erection,
such hospitals for their poor.
I would not, for the present at least?, risk
any violation of the ethical sense of our
citizens by compelling entrance at these
Institutions. The professional paupers
chronic disease. To' compel this class Is i ves'arces, public halls, etc., and requiring
to invite resistance, .tsur. oy proper pre
sentation most of these could bo Induced
to accept this opportunlts" of recovers and
thus relieve their families, who could then
in mans Instances maintain tfheir inde
pendence. The gathering of these inva
lids in communities where thes would be
under the care of experts, where
the sanitary regulations are. as per
fect as possible, and where every
thing Is made to work for their com
fort and recovers, is agreeable to the feel
ings when looked at properls. I would,
however, comDel all patients, rich or poor,
high or low, to choose between fhe alter
native of attendance at some such special
Institution, private or public, or submis
sion to close Inspection and regulation of
their homes bs a sanltars officer.
The flrst objection made to public sana
toria for tttiis purpose is alwas"s on the
ground of expenslveness it would in
crease our taxes. I answer, first, we can
not weign tne suuemng ana loss or me
caused bs this disease In the balance with
mones; second. It would not Increase the
expense of society at large, but is to be
urged on the vers ground of economs.
Tho tuberculous poor Inevitably become
object's of charlts; mans of them are al
readsr In hospitals and poorhouses. The
expense of their maintenance would be no
more In sanatoria, and the'.r chance or.
recovery and restoration to usefulness
would be immeasurably Improved. Others
are supported bs the charlts of their
friends and neighbors, to whom thes are a
source of danger; and tho expense of all
this finally reacts upon the community at
large.
Another objection made to gathering
consumptives in communities Is that the
danger of further Infection Is Increased.
To this I answer: The posslbllits of com
plete enforcement of necessary precau
tions makes tne air of all properly-conducted
' sanatoria much freer from bacilli
than that of most houses containing a
single consumptive. This objection may
be urged against the hotels and boarding
houses of health resorts, where patients
are not controlled, but not against sana
toria. The same answer applies to the ob
jection that these institutions spread the
disease in the communities where they are
located. Rompler states tnat not onls has
consumption not increased among the In
habitants of Gorbersdorf, but on the con
trars has diminished since the establish
ment of the sanatoria at that place. Tho
same is frue of Kalkenstein. This lessen.
cuspidors to be placed In all such plae.
this is being attempted In New York cow.
The iale of clothing or furniture Jst d by
consumptives should be prohlbitted by law.
unless these articles are flrst thorox.ghy
disinfected. The habit of kissing is per
haps not a subject for legal prohibition
Neither legal prohibition nor risk of infec
tion, will stop all torms of kissang; but
indiscriminate kissing Is something to bfr
deplored and discouraged. I hae felt my
blood grow cold at seeing women with ad
vanced phthisis and with frequent tot
ting of germ-laden sputa, kissing friend3,
children and helpless babes square upon
the mouth.
Inspection of Dairies.
The possibility of contracting tuberculo
sis from tho flesh and milk of infected
cattle Is nov-,a fixed fact. This subject Is
receiving much attention from state
boards of health, state cattle commiss. n
er.J, etc.. but their efforts at preventng
tuberculosis among cattle are much ham
pered by the Ignorance of the people on
the subject and by the want of efficient
laws. Tho subject Is of importance, ani
wo must continue to agitata until prcer
laws are secured; indeed, on the whae
subject of tuberculosis we must not ceasa
to agitata, agitate, educate, educate.
SICK ANIMALS IN CAPT1VITT-
Iniuntei of Zoological Gardens Ver
Susceptible to Disease.
The wild. animals who hold dally recep
tions are our zoological gardens are net
always as healthy as they look, saya a.
writer In the New York World. In fact,
ho asserts, the death-rate among the cap
tive members of the brute creation is)
alarmingly high.
Every animal has some particular ali
ment to which ho is liable. Lions and
tigers, for Instance, are apt to be over
come bs nervous debility. As soon aa
thes exhibit signs of being run down tho
keepers ply them with port and sherry
wine. The wine is first mixed with their
drinking water, and the dose Is increased;
until the patient Is reads to takt its med
icine straight from the bottte or keg.
In the monkes'-house It Is consumptions
that proves most fatal. Verj litte can
be done for the sufferers, and many off
them die from this cause every year. Birds
also have lung troubles, and are dosed;
BRIDAL VEIL FALLS, 1000 FEET.
Ing of tho death rate Is to be attributed
to the educational influence of the sana
toria. Preventive Ordinances.
The benefits that would result from the
enforcement of such ordinances are very
paten!. Consumption is not the only dis
ease which would be lessened bs stopping
the filths and disgusting habit of Indis
criminate spitting. The public needs to be
educated to the dangers, however, before
such laws can be enforced. The law It-
WtfSBBssStsMm fSMEL v? "' Jv ., 3V &UtBm!GIBaBxQzyvc&&WA&s!3i
HALF DOUE, MERCED RIVER.
with tincture of Iron and lime to counter
act the disease. Wild hogs of all sorts
in captivity are liable to have paralyls.
The hard flooring of the cages is sup
posed to affect them so thes lose the- usa
of their legs. The bear has his off days,
but he Is the .easiest animal to ply with
medicine. So long as he has any strengths
left ho will eat whatever is thrown to him.
He Is thus made to gulp down loaves
of bread, with castor oil or magnesia, hid
den Inside; apples hidden with pills, et?.
The most troublesome patient In a zoo
is the elephant. His wonderfully keei
sense of smell enables him to detect med
icine under ans covering, and he must
sometimes be starved for several weeks
before he will take tho dose that has been
prepared for him.
Broken legs are most frequent among
tho deer. Generally, no attempt Is mad 3
to set tho fractured limb, as tho bores
knit of themselves. If left alone. Tho
struggles of the Injured animal to escape
from the doctor have been found to pro
vent tho healing process.
Once a year every Hon, tiger and bear
Is obliged to have his nails trimmed a,
vers dangerous operation for the mani
curist who does the work. The animal 13
securels strapped, face forward, to tha
front of his cage, while the keepers witu
long-handled scissors shear away tha
long claws.
The healthiest animals in a zoological
garden are the frogs and alllators. Snakes
also are hards and seldom experience a
das of sickness.
Yesr He SabeM AH Right.
A well-known Pacific Coast attorney;
who prides himself upon his handling of
Chinese witnesses, was defending a rail
way damage case. The lawyer i3 a bt
nearsighted, so failed to nota when a Chi
naman came upon the stand that the wit
ness' clothing was of finer texture than,
the ordinary coolie.
Instead of following the usual questions
as to name, residence. If the nature of an
oath were understood, etc, the following ,
dialogue ensued:
"What Is your earner
"Kee Lung." '
"Vnii Hva In Rnn TiYnnpIscrt?1'
"Yes." r.
You sabe God?"
1Ir. Attorney. If you mean Do I un
derstand the entity of our Creator?' I will
simpls say that Thursday evening next'
I shall address the State Ministerial Asso
ciation on the subject of 'The Divinity of
Christ,' and shall bo pleased to have you
attend."
When order wa3 restored the examina
tion proceeded on ordinary lines, but to
the day of hl9 death the lawyer will never
cease to be asked If he "sabe God.
New York Telegraph.
The most Influential newspaper In Scotia-.1
is the Edinburgh. Statesman, and the cMcat
Is the Dundee Advertiser. They are edited, ro-
spectiveiyv oy air jonn Long- and Charl-
Cooper, both of whom are Engllshmer
natives of Hull, Yorkshire.
A